Fruits and Vegetables Exam 1
What is the recommended irrigation amount for a single irrigation event?
0.5"
Most fruits/vegetables need at least _________ of water per week in the growing season
1"
A method of seeding that involves scattering seed, by hand or mechanically, over a relatively large area
Broadcast Seeding
Joining a bud with a rootstock
Budding
Nutrients are recycled through the nutrient solution.
Closed Nutrient System
Type of tillage that leaves at least 30% residue coverage on the soil.
Conservation Tillage
Full-width tillage which disturbs all of the soil surface and is performed prior to and/or during planting.
Conventional Tillage
With the application of biofumigation biocontrol to kill perennial weeds and seed, irrigation must be used to initiate the proper reaction after incorporation into the soil
Correct. The vaporization can't occur without water
Developing a plant from a detached plant part
Cutting
Roots hang into a nutrient solution
Deep Flow Hydroponics (DFH)
What are some advantages of growing in a Greenhouse? Choose all that apply.
Easier to control most pests and pathogens, Longer growing season, Often higher yields
It is better to eat raw fruits rather than cooked fruits because:
Enzymes and some nutrients are destroyed in cooking
The proper C:N ratio when you add organic matter to your soils should be >30:1.
False
Joining a twig with a root stock
Grafting
Fruit trees need how much full light for fruit bud initiation?
Greater than 30%
Which of the following are used as cover crops?
Legumes, Radishes, Sudan-Sorghum
When utilizing "Controlled Environment Agriculture" growers can control.....
Light, temperature, humidity, water, nutrients, carbon dioxide, growing media
The most preferable soils for vegetables, generally speaking, are:
Loams (either sandy or silty)
It is better to buy fruits and vegetables in season because of all of the following except:
Local farmers do not use fertilizers
Field capacity is the
Maximum soil water capacity after drainage due to gravity.
A singlecrop is grown in a field and other vegetation is excluded during the production cycle."
Monoculture
By using legumes as a cover crop, what nutrient can be added to the soil?
Nitrogen
What nutrient deficiencies show up first on older leaves? (mobile in plant tissue)
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Magnesium
Seeds/transplants are placed directly into the previous season's crop residue.
No Till
A system of hydroponic that has a film of nutrient solution flowing by the plant roots is:
Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
I want to plant a crop of apples on my land. I have various potential sites on my land. In order to avoid late spring freezes of blossoms I plant:
On a northeast slope
How much lime is recommended per acre?
2 tons
How deep do you plant seeds?
3-5 times the diameter
The highest number of Fruit and vegetable farmers are found in which age bracket?
65 and older
The transpiration component makes up what percentage of ET
70%
Where is the best place to plant fruit trees?
On the top of a slope facing north.
One-way passage of nutrient solution through irrigation system. The used nutrient solution often is distributed on the ground surface or collected and redistributed on other plants (e.g. outdoor crops).
Open Nutrient System
The botanical definition of a fruit says that fruit is developed of the _________________ of a seeding plant.
Ovary
A seed is a mature, fertilized _______________.
Ovule
Which nutrient is represented by the 30 in a bloom booster that reads "10-30-20"
Phosphorus (NPK)
What is responsible for Photosynthesis andthe conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR)
What Can Influence seed germination, Flower Bud Induction and Plant Morphology
Photosynthetic Active radiation (PAR)
The P in PAR stands for
Photosynthetically (or Photosynthetic)
If it is drier and hotter than what is recommended, what should you do with your seeds when planting?
Place seed deeper in soil.
When using Biofumigation you must cover the plant with what?
Plastic
When selecting fruit, you should look for
Pleasant smell
The art and science pertaining to fruit is
Pomology
What are four ways you can increase light into the canopy?
Pruning, Ground Cloth, Mulches, Kaolin Spray
Usually done with a chisel plow and leaves 15% to 30% residue coverage on the soil.
Reduced Tillage
The part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via numerous branches and fibers.
Root
A shoot, branch, or twig springing from the root. Also called a "stolon"
Runners
Phytonutrients are ______________.
Secondary metabolites in plants
Plant is broken into two or more parts, each with root and crown kept in tact
Seperation
Growing two or more crops in sequence in 1 year in the same field
Sequential Cropping
Shoots from true roots
Slips
What are two characteristics of drip irrigation
Small-acreage fields and integration with fertigation
The primary reason to use raised beds is:
Soil drainage
In woody plants, __________________ is regulated by physiological factors inside the plant structure.
endodormancy
Because fruits and vegetables are high in fat, they are also high in calories
false
Boiling is a good method to use for vegetables because more nutrients are retained
false
Canned fruits are generally more nutritious then fresh fruits
false
Endodormancy in plants is regulated by environmental factors outside of the plant.
false
Vegetables need more of a slope than fruit, generally
false
The temperature of soil on a hot summer day can be lowered the most with which type of mulch?
hay
What is a reason NOT to use transplants?
inexpensive seed
Name three factors that delay or reduces cold acclimation?
late harvest, late summer pruning, excess nitration applied late in the growing season.
NFT technique would most often be used for:
lettuce
Name three influences of the environment on fruit and vegetable crops.
light, temperature. wind
The light saturation point of a particular crop is important for indoor producers because it allows them to:
optimize the intensity of artificial lighting for maximum PAR
What is the biggest danger to plants that are covered for cold protection, whether by plastic, in high tunnels, in low tunnels, or by fabric?
over heating
PAR stands for
photosynthetic active radiation
Solar radiation is affected by all of the following.
season, latitude, altitude
Hydroponics means growing plants in _________________.
soil-less media
Garlic is propagated by separation of bulbs and a bulb is:
storage in swollen scale leaves
Which plant is not normally started from transplants?
sweet corn
Photoperiodism refers to the regulation of plant growth stages by ________________.
the day length
If I had a choice where to plant a peach orchard to avoid spring frosts during bloom, where would I plant?
towards the top of a slope facing north
Enzymatic browning of cut fruit can be prevented by coating the fruit with lemon juice or ascorbic acid
true
Good fruit should give when pressed, be heavy, and be full of color
true
Nutrients are lost when cooking fruits and vegetables
true
Plants that are asexually propagated are normally identical clones
true
Potatoes should be stored in a cool, dry place
true
Unpleasant, bitter flavors can develop when overcooking vegetables
true
Weed killer CAN be used with organic crops if applied 3 years before to eliminate weeds
true
CH2O storage in short, thicken horizontal underground stems
tuber (rhizome)
Olericulture refers to the production of:
vegetable crops
What time of year are hardwood cuttings done
Winter
When asexually propagating by grafting, it is very important not only to not let the graft union desiccate but to match ____________.
cambiums
When trying to change a variety of an apple out, which type of graft would you use to change an old tree out by top-working the tree?
cleft graft
An underground compressed swollen stem, used in banana asexual propagation is a:
corm
Which crop requires the most light for optimal production?
corn
Name three examples of freeze damage include:
damage to the seed, damage to the fuit, southwest injury
White plastic mulch tends to _______________ soil temperature.
decrease
Rooting offspring while still attached to the mother plant.
Layering
What Type of Seed is the best to save for generations?
Heirloom
Growing two or more crops together at the same time on the same land is called:
Intercropping
Two or more crops are grown simultaneously on the same land
Intercropping
What is caused by rapid freezing after a warm day?
Southwest Injury
Only the narrow strip of land needed for the crop row is tilled.
Strip Tillage
Name three secondary nutrients.
Sulfur, Magnesium, Calcium
What time of year are softwood cuttings done?
Summer
Name three effects of heat stress in the summer?
Sunburn necrosis, Sunburn browning, Photo-oxidative sunburn
Propagating from a meristem
Tissue Culture
Name the 5 types of Asexual Reproduction
Tissue Culture, Separation, Layering, Cuttings, Grafting, Budding
Most crops are sensitive to water deficit stress during reproductive growth stages.
True