FSHN 167 - Final Exam

A footlong coney dog at Sonic has 50 g. of fat, 55 g. of carbohydrates and 30 g. of protein. How many total kcalories are there?

790

You have just finished a light breakfast of toast and jelly. Which of the following series of events proceeds upon digestion/absorption of the meal until it is near time for lunch?

Blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin, glucose is taken up by the cells through the action of insulin, blood glucose levels decline, the pancreas releases glucagon, glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood, blood glucose rises

Common gastrointestinal tract (GI) system problems include: [1] which occurs when the acidic content of the stomach leaks back into the esophagus; [2] which occurs when clumps of solid material accumulate in the bile duct; [3] which occurs when the mucous barrier of the stomach or small intestine breaksdown allowing damage to GI lining; and [4] which occurs when material moves too quickly through the colon for sufficient fluid absorption.

Common gastrointestinal tract (GI) system problems include: Correct GERD which occurs when the acidic content of the stomach leaks back into the esophagus; Correct gallstones which occurs when clumps of solid material accumulate in the bile duct; Correct peptic ulcers which occurs when the mucous barrier of the stomach or small intestine breaksdown allowing damage to GI lining; and Correct diarrhea which occurs when material moves too quickly through the colon for sufficient fluid absorption.

Significant amounts of hydrogenated fats would be found in canola oil.

False

Food and body proteins contain [1] amino acids. Of these amino acids, [2] are considered essential and must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make them.

Food and body proteins contain Correct 20 amino acids. Of these amino acids, Correct 9 are considered essential and must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make them.

Cheese

Saturated fatty acid

Which of the following is NOT a general function of body proteins?

Insulate the body to preserve heat

Which of the following is not a typical component of stool (feces)?

Starch

Canola oil

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Which of the following statements about sugar is true?

Sugar is cariogenic, meaning it contributes to the development of dental caries (cavities)

Corn oil

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (cis formation)

Sunflower seeds

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (cis formation)

What is the usual state of nitrogen balance for healthy infants, children, and pregnant women?

Positive

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

Protects stomach cells from gastric juices

The RDA for nutrients are generally

designed to meet the needs of almost all (~97%) healthy people

glucose

does not contain nitrogen

fatty acid

doesn't contain nitrogen

Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?

The vast majority of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes

If a food label indicates the food has 20% Daily Value for fat, this would indicate...

if you eat one serving of the food you will have eaten 20% of the total amount of fat you should eat each day.

Shortening

Trans fatty acid

Fat is an essential nutrient.

True

Urea

a product of amino acid breakdown

milk, skim

complete (high quality) protein

milk, whole

complete (high quality) protein

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with...

insulin resistance

Which of the following would be found in our body, but not our food?

lipoproteins, such as LDL

Particles that are formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile.

micelles

Put the following steps in the correct order for the metabolic breakdown of protein for energy.

1. Protein broken down to amino acids 2. Deamination 3. TCA cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain

The thermic effect of foods is highest for which of the following?

100 kcalories of tuna (protein)

How many kcals do you have to remove from your diet each DAY (and/or expend extra kcals through more exercise) to lose about 2 pound of bodyfat per WEEK?

1000

According to Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?

35%

After exercise, with another intense exercise event the same day.

5-6 cups of fluid/kg body weight loss

What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 75g. of carbohydrates, 20 g of protein, and 30 g of fat?

650

James weighs 100 kg. According to the RDA, James needs ______ grams of protein each day.

80

Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis?

A copy of the code for protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA to the site of protein production.

Which of the following statements describes the glycemic index of foods?

A way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose

Accessory organs for the digestion of food include [1] which secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines, [2] which stores and secretes bile, and [3] which is the first organ to receive blood from the GI tract.

Accessory organs for the digestion of food include Correct pancreas which secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines, Correct gallbladder which stores and secretes bile, and Correct liver which is the first organ to receive blood from the GI tract.

Which of the following is true regarding the MyPlate food guidance plan and foods with empty kcalories?

According to MyPlate food guidance plan, ice cream and pizza would contain empty kcalories

The effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from...

All of the above

Alberta is a 20 year old who has been a vegetarian for 3 years. She comes to you for advice after reading some material online by the Meat Promoters of America organization. One of their statements is: ". . . vegetarians are at risk for protein deficiency because they cannot consume all of the essential amino acids necessary for healthy individuals." How should Alberta be advised?

Although many foods don't provide all the essential amino acids individually, she could consume complementary proteins throughout the day, which would provide all the essential amino acids she needs.

Vitamin ___ is important for amino acid synthesis and protein metabolism.

B6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the development of atherosclerosis?

Blood platelets tend to clump together and add to the buildup of plaque in artery walls.

Which of the following is true regarding the body's energy source when someone is fasting?

Body protein will be broken down for energy when someone is fasting.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an essential nutrient?

Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body so it must be consumed

Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?

Control the passage of food through the GI tract

Tamara is trying to decide which two cereal provides the best nutritional value.

Daily Values

Maximum heart rate ______ with age.

Decreases

Which of the following is associated with the condition known as xerosis?

Deficiency of vitamin A

Jamal wants to know if his current sodium intake is increasing his risk for hypertension (high blood pressure.)

Dietary Guidelines

Which of the following is true regarding cardiovascular disease and strategies for reducing your risk of developing it?

Dietary intake of fat is one of several factors influencing one's risk for developing cardiovascular disease.

Hyponatremia is a concern of marathon runners which can be caused by

Drinking too much water during a marathon

Americans currently meet the minimum Dietary Guideline recommendations for whole grain consumption.

False

Cooking a protein lowers the quality of the protein.

False

Physical performance is improved by consuming a very low fat diet (less than 10% of calories) for endurance athletes (marathon runners).

False

Since the body regulates the absorption of calcium, there is no risk from over consuming it.

False

Based on our current understanding, which is the following best describes what happens to fat cells when we gain body fat?

Fat cells generally increase in number in childhood and increase size in adulthood

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?

Fat, carbohydrate, and protein

Which of the following is not one of the six classes of nutrients?

Fiber

Which statement is false?

Folate is only found in animal products

Food labels provide different types of nutrition information. They are required to have a [1], which provides information about the amounts of specific nutrients in a standard serving and [2], which provides information of products in order of their prominence by weight. Food labels may contain [3], which are descriptors with standard definitions established by the FDA or [4], which refer to relationships between nutrients or food components and a disease or health condition that has been reviewed by the FDA.

Food labels provide different types of nutrition information. They are required to have a Correct Nutrtion Facts panel, which provides information about the amounts of specific nutrients in a standard serving and Correct ingredient list, which provides information of products in order of their prominence by weight. Food labels may contain Correct nutrient content claims, which are descriptors with standard definitions established by the FDA or Correct health claims, which refer to relationships between nutrients or food components and a disease or health condition that has been reviewed by the FDA.

Which of the following is converted to pyruvate before it is converted to acetyl CoA?

Glucogenic amino acids

According to the video The Universe Within, the speed skater Bonnie Blair used which of the following for her major energy source?

Glucose from a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?

Glycogen

Which of the following, does an endurance athlete need to focus on restoring prior to the next workout?

Glycogen stored in the muscle and liver

Which of the following is TRUE about hypertension?

Hypertension is more common in African Americans than non-Hispanic whites

Maintain oxygen carrying capacity

Iron

Which of the following is a feature of water?

Is an end product of energy metabolism

Which of the following is an advantageous physiologic change that occurs in response to an increase in the number of red blood cells with increased aerobic fitness?

It allows greater oxygen to be transported to tissues.

What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption?

It attaches to B12 to form a complex that allows absorption from the small intestines.

Which of the following is a feature of leptin?

It is a hormone produced by body fat that promotes less food intake.

Which of the following is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?

It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes.

What of the following is the outcome of the nitrogen portion of proteins when the protein is metabolized for energy?

It is converted to urea and excreted via the urine

All of the following are true about anorexia nervosa EXCEPT...

It is easily treated in a relatively short amount of time

Which of the following is a feature of creatine supplementation in athletes?

It may enhance performance of weight lifters and sprinters

During exercise

Keep fluid loss to less than 2% of body weight

All of the following sets of values are included in the Dietary Reference Intakes except

LUT

Which of the following is a feature of polyunsaturated fats?

Liquid at room teperature

Lisa is a 30 year who old does not like milk or milk products. Which of the following is likely true?

Lisa has a low intake of calcium

Which of the following correctly identifies the changing needs of an athlete's diet with the correct reason for the change?

Marathon runners need to increase their carbohydrate intake to maintain glycogen stores.

Matt decides to lose weight by going on a very low kcalories diet. He plans to drop his kcalorie intake by 50%. Which of the following is likely to occur in response to this drop in kcalories?

Matt basal metabolic rate will drop and decrease his energy expended.

Dissaccharide

Milk

Olive oil

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Which of the following is true regarding the behavioral characteristics of "successful losers," (i.e. individuals who have lost at least 30 pounds and kept if off for at least one year)?

Most "successful losers" found they needed to maintain a high level of activity (1 hour or more a day) to keep the weight off.

Which of the following statements regarding ATP production is FALSE?

Most ATP are produced by anaerobic metabolism.

Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?

Muscle and liver

What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid?

Niacin flush

Can fatty acids from fat in food or body adipose (fat) tissue be converted to glucose when blood glucose is very low?

No

Which of the following is true regarding the functioning of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for the breakdown of bone.

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

Osteomalacia

Select the food item from the following that does NOT contain cholesterol.

Peanut Butter

While researching your southern family history, you find that your grandmother had a sister who died fairly young. The symptoms leading up to her death included diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. Because the family led a poor, corn-farming existence, you suspect this relative died of...

Pellagra

Which of the following defines the body's set point?

Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

Complex Carbohydrate

Potato

What is the primary function of glucagon?

Raise blood glucose levels

Howard has kept track of his diet for the past week. He wants to know if his average vitamin C intake is adequate to prevent a deficiency.

Recommended Dietary Allowance

What is the best approach to weight loss?

Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure

Which of the following is generally NOT associated with a regular program of physical fitness?

Reduced bone density

Which of the following is true regarding the incidence of obesity in the United States and the world?

Researchers believe that the recent increase in the incidence in obesity in United States and the world is primarily due to changes in environment factors, such as cost of food and activity levels.

Milk

Riboflavin

Which of the following vitamins is involved substantially in energy metabolism reactions?

Riboflavin

Salad dressings are made from various types of vegetable oils. Based upon this information, which of the following would be true?

Salad dressings are likely high in unsaturated fatty acids.

Coconut oil

Saturated fatty acid

Steak

Saturated fatty acid

Maintain fluid balance

Sodium

Which of the following is true regarding sodium intake in the average American's diet?

Sodium is found naturally in foods, but most sodium in the average American's diet comes from processed foods.

Which of the following should Sam do, if he wanted to increase the amount of energy he expended as part of his basal metabolism?

Start a workout program to build lean body mass

Which of the following is likely the highest in potassium?

Sweet potato

Matt wants to have a body with less than 10% bodyfat. He has approached you for dietary advice on how to achieve this goal by manipulating his diet. Which of the following is true?

Tell Matt that the amount of fat on the body is not directly related to the amount of macronutrients in the diet.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range is [1] for carbohydrates; [2] for lipids; and [3] for proteins

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range is 45-65% of total kcalories for carbohydrates; 10-35% of total kcalories for lipids; and 20 to 35% of total kcalories for proteins

The chemical digestion of protein starts in the [1] where the [2] causes the molecule to be [3], or unfolded. In the [4], the proteins are broken down to [5] and absorbed into the bloodstream.

The chemical digestion of protein starts in the Correct stomach where the Correct hydrochloric acid causes the molecule to be Correct denatured, or unfolded. In the Correct small intestines, the proteins are broken down to Correct amino acids and absorbed into the bloodstream.

Which of the following is true regarding energy production and control in the body?

The energy from food the body uses is in the carbon-hydrogen bonds of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

Which of the following is a benefit of sports drinks as compared with common sugar-containing drinks, such as soda pop?

The level of carbohydrate concentration and sodium content enhances glucose absorption from the GI tract.

Which of the following describes an association between various methods energy measurement and the actual amount of energy available to the body from foods?

The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry.

Which of the following represents the results of well-controlled studies of vitamin C supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds?

There is a significant reduction in the duration of a cold.

Why is iron toxicity a concern for young children in the United States?

There is concern of acute excess iron intake from children overdosing on dietary supplements.

Which of the following is true regarding hydrogenated oils?

They provide kcalories to the body.

Wheat Bread

Thiamin

Which of the following is true regarding fluid regulation in the body?

Thirst is signaled when brain receptors are triggered with a decrease in blood volume.

To improve [1] fitness, it is recommended to raise your heart rate to 60-69% of [2], 5 to 7 days a week for 30 to 60 minutes each time. This is considered your [3].

To improve cardiorespiratory fitness, it is recommended to raise your heart rate to 60-69% of maximum heart rate, 5 to 7 days a week for 30 to 60 minutes each time. This is considered your aerobic zone.

Sharon loves milk and drinks more than the typically person. She is concerned she is getting too much calcium.

Tolerable Upper Limit

John is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?

Tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries

A deficiency of a trace mineral is just as damaging to your health as a deficiency of a major mineral.

True

An individual can be considered metabolically fit, even with a BMI in the overweight or obese category.

True

For most nutrients, it is difficult to exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) by consuming food

True

Heme-iron has a higher rate of absorption than does non-heme iron.

True

There is approximately 3500 kcalories in one pound of body fat.

True

To improve vitamin A status in Guatemala, the fortified sugar with it.

True

When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used to synthesize niacin?

Tryptophan

Which of the following is characteristic of vitamin E?

Vegetable oils and foods rich in polyunsaturatef fats are a good source of vitamin E

Needed for vision and to maintain cells that like the body surface (epithelial)

Vitamin A

Milk, lowfat

Vitamin A and D

Pumpkin bread

Vitamin A only

Sliced beef

Vitamin B12

The absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis with leads to low levels of acid in the stomach?

Vitamin B12

Supplements of which of the following nutrients may be needed by older adults?

Vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium

Collagen formation

Vitamin C

Tomato slices

Vitamin C

What vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

Vitamin C

Which of the following has been shown to increase the bioavailability of non-heme iron when consumed at the same time?

Vitamin C

Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion?

Vitamin C

Elderly are often at risk for deficiency of this vitamin due to limited sunlight exposure and restricted intake of milk.

Vitamin D

Which of the following is true regarding vitamin D's impact on one of its three target tissues?

Vitamin D activates bones to take more calcium out of the blood into the bones, when blood calcium levels are low and Vitamin D causes the small intestines to increase the rate of absorption of dietary calcium.

Cabbage

Vitamin K

Which of the following classes of nutrients requires no digestion before absorption can occur?

Vitamins

When considering the quality of a fat, which of the following would be true.

When the quality of fat increases, the number of calories per gram remains the same.

Among the following groups, which has the highest basal metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight?

Young males

A provitamin is a:

a chemical substance the body can convert to an active form of a vitamin.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is defined as ....

a high energy molecule used by cells to power activities that require energy.

Denaturation

a result of protein exposed to severe heat

_____________ is the major symptom of Vitamin K deficiency.

abnormal blood coagulation

Fat-soluble vitamins are...

absorbed into the body with the help of bile

The ratio of a person's body weight to height is represented as his or her...

body mass index

Improving muscle conditioning improves...

both strength and endurance

Which group consists only of nutrients that are classified as energy-yielding nutrients?

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

pork

complete (high quality) protein

Illness or disease

condition favoring negative nitrogen balance

Pregnancy

condition favoring positive nitrogen balance

Jason has a goal try to eat fewer total kcalories but really does not want to be hungry between meals. Which of the following would you recommend?

consume some protein at each meal

Vitamin A toxicity is likely to occur from:

consuming high doses of retinal vitamin A supplements.

Body protein

contains nitrogen

essential amino acid

contains nitrogen

non-essential amino acdi

contains nitrogen

When the amount of glucose exceeds the amount needed for energy, it may be...

converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles

Which of the following has clear scientific evidence that it is caused by regular ingestion of added sugar?

dental cavities

After exercise, with another intense exercise event in two days

drink to thirst

Less than an hour before exercise

drink to thirst

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?

fat, carbohydrate, and protein

Which of the following has 9 kcalories per gram?

fats

When a diet leads to a quick weight loss (5-10 lb in one week), the weight primary comes from which part of the body?

fluid (water)

A deficiency of which nutrient appears to be related to an increased risk of neural tube defects in the newborn, such as spina bifida?

folate

According to the Nova video titled Obesity, 70-80% of one's weight is predetermined by:

genetics

Which of the following would be a source of energy during anaerobic metabolism?

glucose

Glycolysis is the conversion of

glucose to pyruvate

Iodization of salt has been successful in reducing the incidence of:

goiter

Which of the following is a characteristic of minerals, but NOT vitamins?

has a variable rate of absorption

A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of ...

high density of lipoproteins

Evidence that there may be a genetic factor influencing obesity is suggested by:

identical twins have similar body weights

peanut butter

incomplete (low quality) protein

wheat

incomplete (low quality) protein

Mark's protein need is about 55 grams per day, and his energy need is about 2,500 kcalories per day. He has been meeting his needs for kcalories and protein, but decides to increase his protein intake to 120 grams per day. He makes no other changes to his diet. The most likely effect of this increase in protein is...

increase in body fat

Which of the following compartments holds the most water in the body?

intracellular

Which is NOT a property of fiber?

it elevates blood glucose levels

The slow movement of food stuff through this portion of the digestive tract favors the growth of microflora.

large intestine

Bile is produced by the ________ and stored in the ________ until it is released into the small intestine.

liver; gall bladder

In general, minerals in plant foods have an absorption rate that is ________ that in animal foods.

lower than

Aerobic metabolism can use fat and carbohydrate, but not protein, to generate energy.

lower, higher

Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat soluble vitamins and large fats?

lymphatic

Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions within cells?

metabolism

Which of the following would be considered a significant source of naturally occurring sugar?

milk

The end product of carbohydrate digestion is...

monosaccharides

Which of these could be absorbed into the body?

monosaccharides

Which of the following may be used to determine the quantity of protein an individual needs?

nitrogen balance

Which of the following is an example of an unrefined food?

oatmeal

William has a BMI of 26.5 kg/m2. He would therefore be classified as:

overweight

Bone density...

peaks at about 20 years of age

Which of the following has been shown to be most effective in reducing hunger and maintaining satiety?

protein

The MyPlate icon is designated to illustrate...

the proportions of food from each group that make up a healthy diet

After you cook an egg, which of the following will happen to the egg's protein?

the three diminsional shape of the protein will be lost

Which of the following general characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins is FALSE?

they are not easily excreted when consumed in excessive amounts.

Major differences between the nutritional needs of a serious athlete and a casual exerciser are the amount of _____ and _______ needed in the diet.

total energy and fluids

About 95% of lipids in food and the human body are:

triglycerides

Canola Oil

vitamin E

What are the end products from the metabolism of energy yielding nutrients?

water, carbon dioxide, and energy at ATP

A simple goiter may be caused:

when the thyroid gland enlarges in an effort to compensate for a lack of iodine essential for the synthesis of thyroxin.

Sally consumes 1800 calories and 60 grams of fat per day. What percent of her calories is from fat?

~30%

Jamal consumes 2500 kcalories which includes about 420 grams of carbohydrate per day. What percent of his kcalories is from carbohydrate?

~66%

The rhythmic contractions that move ingested food along the GI tract are called...

peristalisis

If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid:

protein synthesis will be limited.

After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to

removal of its amino group

HDLs....

return cholesterol from body cells to the liver.

Which of the following helps regulate the pH of the small intestines?

secretin

What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?

small intestine

What is composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol?

triglyceride

Added Sugar

Coke

The physical design of the small intestine with its folds of villi and microvilli causes:

an increase in surface area to aid absorption of nutrients

Naturally occurring sugar

apple

Health benefits from weight loss...

are seen with small amounts (e.g. 10 pounds) of fat loss

Iron deficiency anemia is...

assessed by hematocrit or blood hemoglobin

The body's total daily energy expenditure includes:

basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effect of physical activity.

Alli, an over-the-counter drug, treats obesity by...

blocking the digestion of fat

Vitamin K's chief function is to help the body with ...

blood clotting