FSOT 3

Bridgetown, Barbados

Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei

Germany

During the global depression, war debts caused great suffereing in

Hijra

Muhammad's emigration from Mecca to Yathrib

Congenial Internatl Environment/Interdependence

Needs cooperative interational environments - US needs more free states

Expert Power

Power that is derived from an individuals extensive knowledge in one or more areas

Federal Reserve Sytem under Paul Volcker

RR, aided in keeping money from growing too fast, reduced inflation

de jure discrimination

Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy

Fulbright scholarships

Scholarships for the exchange of students between US & other nations

Economic Force

The necessary reaction to scarcity

flextime

a program that allows workers to choose their work hours

confirming response

a response that conveys valueing caring & or respecting another person

capacity

ability to hold, receive, store, or accommodate

direct investment

e. g. building a hotel in another country

frustration & agony

emotions felt when typing up all of these freaking vocabulary words

exports

goods & services sold to other countries

innovation

introduction of things that are new - technology, methods, ideas, & new products & services

Distal goals

short - term goals or subgoals

cold canvassing

the process of locating as many potential customers as possible without checking out leads beforehand

Cortez

A spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs

Dual sovereignty

A variation of double jeopardy. A person accused of a crime can be tried once in a state court & once in a federal court

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military & diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch & later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Equal rights for women

Declaration of the Rights of Man guaranteed everything except

Ford & Congress

GFrelations weren't that good

Kaiser

German word for emperor

Congress

If the Pres. does not receive a majority of the Electoral College, how is the Pres. determined

Democratic Party

Political party that evolved from the original Democratic - Republican Party. It is one of the two major political parties

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade & manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati

Davy Crockett

Settler & politician. Killed at the Alamo

Horizontal Merger

The combining of two companies in the same industry

express warranty

a warranty that is explicitly stated, in writing or verbally, to encourage a customer to make a purchase

freed

absolved

destruction

annihilation

denotative level

conveys content & is literal & restrictive meaning of a word

job lead

information about a job opening

generic definition for globalization

the trend towards a more integrated & interdependent global Economic systems

Core rate of inflation

The rate of increase of all prices except energy & food

Health Communication

The study of communication that has an impact on human health

Concentration Ratio

The value of sales by the topfirms of an industry stated as a percnetage of total industry sales

How many types of accomplishment bullet statements are there Name them

There are three - action verb bullet; modified verb bullet; & specific achievment bullet

Central Pacific Railroad

USG, A railroad that started in Sacramento & connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants

govt officials alone

Under Stalin's command economy, all economic decisions were made by

Family & Medical LeaveAct 1993

WJC company with more than 50 employees, allow 12 weeks of unpaid keave

China & Clinton

WJC even though turmoil, us had to keep good relations with China

Interprets Laws

What does the Judicial Branch do

it drained the treasuries of Europe

What impact did the war have on the economy of Europe

immediate - delayed

Which feedback may take awhile to get to a person

Germany

Which nation's actions caused the US to fight in WWI

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Who led Germany during the last decade of the 1800's & most of WWI

Interagency councils

Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making & implementation across a host of governmental agencies

eclectic paradigm promoted by John Dunning. focused on location specific advantages

_ is a theory of foreign direct investment that combines two other perspectives into a single holistic explanation of FDI

Company vision

a business;s purpose or reason for existing

Garibaldi

behind the group known as Young Italy

Consent of the governed

A condition urged by many as a requirement for a legitimate govt

Closed Shop

A firm where unions control the hiring

Gettysburg

AL 1863 meade & lee, July 1 - 3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

internet

a worldwide network of computer networks, allowing a free flow of information

Halo Effect

One good quality implied other ones

Cato

Roman politician bent on destruction of Carthage

Distribution

The allocation or dividing up of the goods & services a society produces

Hearing

The physiological process of decoding sounds

Causal attribution theory

cause for behavior is person, stimulus, circumstance

canyon

deep & narrow valley with steep walls

Faults of Containment

ideolical threat of communism - military threat of the red army - security dilemma

generous nature

magnanimity

express powers

powers sepcifically granted to one of the branches of the national gov by the Constitution

In re Debs

strikes & interstate commerce

evaluation: adoption process

the consumer considers whether trying the new product makes sense

breadth

the range of topics at which an individual discloses

Dominican Republic occupied

1916 - the collapse of the govt in the Dominican Republic similarly precipitated a U. S. intervention to restore order

Desmond Tutu

A South African cleric & activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984

Home - rule charter

A charter that allows the city govt to do anything that is not prohibited by the charter or by state law

Collective good

A good or service that, to at least some degree, is nonrival but excludable

Business

A private producing unit in our society

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad baron, he controlled the New York Central Railroad

Human capital theory

A theory of pay determination that says a worker's wage will be proportional to his or her stock of human capital

Credible threat

A threat to take an action that is in the threatener's interest to carry out

Embargo

A total restriction on the import or export of a good

Firm

An economic institution that transforms factors fo production into goods & services

Funding

An economic policy of Hamilton where the government would pay the national debt at face value. It would help relieve the government out of its huge debt.

Disengagement

A view that U. S. involvement in Vietnam had led to a military defeat & political disaster & that further similar involvements should be avoided.

Equality of opportunity

A view that it is wrong to use race or sex either to discriminate against or give preferential treatment to minorities or women

Electorate

Citizens eligible to vote

Donut Hole

Disputed area between Russia & the US in the Bering Strait

issue areas

Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts & sometimes achieve cooperation

Fall of Rome

Collapse of Roman empire in 5th Century. Plundered by the Vandals, then finally abdication of the last Roman emperor, romulus Augustulus, 476

holding co mpany

Business owning a majority of stock in member companies & therefore able to dictate common policy. Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest publicly traded holding companies; it owns numerous insurance companies, manufacturing businesses, retailers, & other companies

E - commerce

Buying & selling over the Internet

Bryan resigns

June 9, 1915 - Believing the strong language in Wilson's note to Germany after the sinking of the British ship Lusitania would lead the U. S. into an unnecessary war; Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned his post

Judiciary committee

Key Senate committee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval

Immigration Act

LBJ 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin

Elizabeth Blackwell

First female to graduate from medical college

homogeneity

Globalization results in a greater degree of _ across markets than would be present otherwise

Cumberland (National) Road

Highway that stretched across nation, providing much aid to Westerners. (1811)

Guilds

Organizations of artisans in the Middle Ages

civil society

Organizations outside the state that help people define & advance their own interests

Constituent

Person living in the district of an elected official

Compellence

Persuading a country from doing something they wouldn't have done

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519 - 1522 that was the first to sail around the world

First Continental Congress

September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, & sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation & unfair judicial system

House of Hanover

Series of English kings & queens who strengthened parliament

immigration act of 1924

Set immigration quotas of 2 percent of the number of foreign - born persons from a given nation, based on the Census of 1890. Drastically cut immigration from south & east europe, as well as asia

Federal System

Sharing Power between the State & National govt

Helen Hunt Jackson

She wrote a book humanizing the Indians for people who didn't understand them that well. Sort of like Uncle Tom's Cabin, but for Indians

Fisher effect

The tendency for nominal interest rates to be high when inflation is high & low when inflation is low

five different patterns used when organizing a presentation

Types of patterns include: topical; time or chronological; reason;problem - solution; spatial or geographical; and/or summarize of facts or data

Doughboys

US infantry in WWI

Chief executive

Used to describe the Pres. Powers found in Article II of the Constitution

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests & evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives & grenades & to propel cannonballs, shot, & bullets

Competitive service

The govt offices to which people are appointed on the grounds of merit as ascertained by a written examination or by having met certain selection criteria (such as training, educational attainments, or prior experience)

flexible - price policy

a price policy that lets customers bargain for merchandise

critical theory

addresses how to overcome "exclusion" & seeks to understand the underlying conditions in which emancipation is possible

just - in - time (jit) inventory system

an inventory system that controls the flow of parts & material into assembly & manufacturing plants

centralized buying

buying process for all branches in a chain store operation, usually done in a central location, such as company headquarters

fair

candid

Competitors

companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers

Department of Labor

concerned with improving working conditions & employment opportunities for laborers. Its programs include job training (especially for the poor), appraising manpower resources & needs, & regulating occupational safety

connotative level

conveys feelings, people create personal & subjective meaning

competitive dimensions

cost/price, quality, delivery speed, delivery reliability, coping with changes in demand, flexibility & new - product intro speed, product - specific criteria

certainty, risk, uncertainty

decision - making done under 3 conditions

interventionist

describing an activist govt and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, & social arenas

human risks

risks that are triggered by errors or omissions as well as the unpredictability of customers or of working environments

Dove

soft liners; avoid conflict & confrontation; passionate & considerate even if it means a deal of naivety

imports

goods & services purchased from other countries

foreign policy process

how policies are arrived & implemented

gothic novel

identified with romanticism

collective responsibility

in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions & that all will be responsible for the results

case method of organizational speech structure

in which the speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub points

Business confidence indices

indices that show managers' level of confidence about future business growth

freedom

liberty

enumeration

listing items in order

How does self - concept develop

others tell us who we are; social comparisons; culture; & gender

Implicit personality theory

our past influences how we judge others

Equity theory

people try to maintain or est. an equality b/w their own ratio of what they put in to a job vs. what they get out of it [I/O (self) = I/O (other)]

entrepreneurs

people who create, launch, organize, & manage a new business & take the risk of business ownership

discharge petition

petition that, if signed by a majority of the members of the House, will pry a bill from committee & bring it to the floor for consideration

4 types of noise

physical, physiological, psychological, semantic

influences on perception

physiological, & social

hierarchy of plans

planning flows in a top - down sequence from overall vision to more specific detailed level of plans

bureaucrat

a career govt employee

hyperpersonal communication

a certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationship with others because you are more mindful about what you're saying

database

a collection of related information about a specific topic

consensus

a decision on which all members of a team agree

Department of the Interior

responsible for the National Park Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, & a variety of programs designed to preserve natural resources in the U. S. & its territories & possessions in the Pacific Ocean

Internal environment

the events & trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, & organizaional cutlture

inventory turnover

the number of times the average inventory has been sold & replaced in a given period of time

chronemics

the study of how humans use & structure time

Command

to lead, select, & evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan

codify

to write down a law in formal language

Gueranica

town in spain; used by hitler for target practice; used first ariel bombing against unarmed citizens

chain stores

two or more outlets that are commonly owned & controlled

devil effect

ugly: dumb, poor, dishonest

cannot be taken away

unalienable

Informative advertising

used heavily when introducing a new product category

flexible plants

zero - changeover - time plant - moveable equipment, knockdown walls, & easily accessible & reroutable utilities

Commonwealth

1649 brief Republic established between Britain & Ireland. Later say resoration of the Monarchy

English Bill of Rights

1689 document guaranteeing certain basic rights to English subjects. Those rights include the right to a speedy trial; protection against excessive bail & cruel & unusual punishment; & the right to petition the govt. This document also prevented the king from interfering with elections or from imposing taxes without consent of the Parliament

He Kept Us Out of War

1916 - Wilson used this slogan in his 1916 campaign for the presidency. On April 6, 1917, the U. S. entered the war

Cantigny

1918 - A village of northern France south of Amiens. It was the site of the first major U. S. offensive in WWI on May 28 1918

Destroyer Deal

1940 - U. S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies. ) Signaled the end of U. S. neutrality in the war

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A clearinghouse for member nations to discuss monetary issues & develop international plans & policies to deal with monetary issues. Regulating monetary exchange rates is its primary task

Change to Win Federation

A coalition of American labor unions originally formed in 2005 as an alternative to the AFL - CIO. Includes the Teamsters, Laborers' Union, the United Food & Commercial Workers International Union, & the SEIU

Economic Principle

A commonly held economic insight stated as a law or general assumption

E pluribus unum

A motto of the U. S. Latin for "Out of many, one. " It refers to the Union formed by the separate states. E pluribus unum was adopted as a national motto in 1776 & is now found on the Great Seal of the U. S. & on U. S. currency

iron triangle

Also called subgovt. Formed by the close working relationship among various interest groups, congressional committees, & executive agencies that enforce federal regulations

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing & is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, & deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature

Harding scandals

Major incidents of corruption in govt that occurred while Harding was pres. Most notable, lease of federally owned oil reserve land to private interests in return for bribes

data analysis

the process of compiling, analyzing, & interpreting the results of primary & secondary data collection

copy

the selling message of a written advertisment

equality

a type of supportive communication suggesting that the sender reguards as worthy of respect

fluid alliances

alliances that shift as national interests change

Greece

english poet Lord Byron fought in the war for the Independence of

FDA

federal agency that regulates labeling & safety of food, drugs, & cosmetics sold in the U. S

interested money

financial contributions by individuals or groups in hope of influencing the outcome of an election & subsequently influencing policy

Designing acceptable controls

focus on critical control points, integration, acceptability, timeliness, feasibility, accuracy & comprehensibility

contract carriers

for - hire trucking companies that provide equipment & drivers for specific routes

Bush's stance on international trade

for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector

Germany

forced to assume the sole responsibility for the war under the Treaty of Versailles

centripetal forces

forces that pull societies closer together

dialectical tensions

inherent conflicts that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exsist simulaneously

Five Power Pact

limited the naval capacities of the U.S, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, but later the treaty was ignored or broken.

govts

main difference between European colonies & protectorates in Africa had to do with their

fabrication

making up information or guessing at information & making it appear true

growth stage

sales start climbing quickly

Durand Line

Established to separate Pashto people in Afghanistan & Pakistan (then India)

Hippocrates

Medicine in the 5th century BC greek empire

In Re Gault

due process, juveniles

give up

relinquish

4 steps to maintaining a healthy & self - empowering self - concept

1. identify yourself with a strong opinion of self 2. find positive role models to guide you 3. take time to reflect & become aware of your personal needs & motivations 4. try different experiences

Exposition & Protest

1828 JQA John C. Calhoun wrote this in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law The Tariff of 1828

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food & clothing to needy blacks & helped them get jobs

How long did reconstruction last

1865 to 1877 the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal govt before being readmitted to the Union. First were occupied by Union armies, then readmitted to the union after elections which saw many former slaves vote, & blacks even win positions of power

Foraker Act

1900 Gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular govt. In 1917 they got US citizenship

Elkins Act

1903 gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

Haiti occupied

1915 - Despite rhetoric opposing the interventionism of previous administrations, Wilson decided to try to restore order when revolutionary upheaval & bloodshed swept Haiti in the summer of 1915

Hitler becomes chancellor

1933 - he suspended the constitution, forcibly suppressed all political opposition & brought the Nazis to power. He enforced policies with a brutal secret police (the Gestapo) & formed concentration camps for the organized murder of Jews, Gypsies & political opponents. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy precipitated WWII in 1939. Although he had remarkable early success in the war, by 1942 the tide had turned

John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression

Congress of Racial Equality

1941 - 42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates & political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi & Alabama

Bulge

1944 - The last major offensive by the German army in WWII. In late 1944, the invasion of Belgium by the Allies was temporarily stopped by a German counterattack in which the Germans broke through the Allied defenses, seizing territory that caused a large "bulge" in their lines. The Allies, led by General George Patton, drove the German forces back with heavy casualties on both sides

Federal Employees Political Activities Act

1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. Federal employees are now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan elections & to contribute money to campaigns in partisan elections

Irish potato famine

19th century famine due to failure of potato crop. Lead to mass migration to the US

Five prophets of Islam

1Noah 2Abraham 3Moses 4Jesus 5Mohammadlast & greatest prophet

crimes against humanity

A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after WWII to encompass genocide & other acts committed by the political & military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany)

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth & death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

Chivalry

A code of conduct among nobles which held a high ethical standard of individuals to become examples of behavior in society

Daniel Boone

A frontier settler who explored & settled Kentucky

Fair gamble

A gamble whose expected value is zero

federal govt

A govt in which the national govt & the local govts share certain power. The US is this

Decisional Roles

A managers activities as an entrepreneur, resource allocator, conflict resolver, or negotiator

Informational Roles

A managers activities as an information gatherer, information disseminator, or spokesperson for the company

Interpersonal Roles

A mangers activities as a figurehead, company leader, or liaison

Efficient Market

A market where the quantity supplied=quantity demanded & the price of goods is set at the equilibrium price

Flow

A measure that is defined per unit of time

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation

Double - tracking

A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business

city - state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center & the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic & Classical Greece, Phoenicia, & early Italy

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three - masted ship used by the Portuguese & Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang & Song Empires, specially designed for long - distance commercial travel

Economic loss

An economic profit that is less than zero

Elite

An identifiable group of persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource - - such as money or political power

A Scribed Identity

An identity assigned to you by others

Inflation Tax

An implicit tax on the holders of cash & the holder of any obligations specified in nominal terms

graduated income tax

An income tax that takes proportionately more from higher wage earners

Economic Growth

An increase in real output as measured by real GDP or per capita real GDP

escalation

An increase in the intensity of geographic scope of a war or diplomatic confrontation

district attorney

An official responsible for representing the govt in court cases & for prosecuting criminals

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.

Crisis Stage

Consequences begin to be noticeable

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people & its culture by means of mass killing & the destruction of historical buildings & cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

Cathars

Encountered Byzantine ideas in long distance trade. Adopted an ascetic heretic lifestyle

California enters Union

Entered as a free state as part of Compromise of 1850, threw off balance

Congo, Burundi, & Rwanda

Ethnic violence between Huutus & Tutsis in Burundi in the 1980s pushes Tutsi refugees into Rwanda. Tensions rose in Rwanda, where 800,000 Tutsis were killed in 1994. The Huutu militants fled to the DRC, causing more unrest & civil war there

Central Powers

Germany & its allies in WWI

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse - drawn plows & vehicles

Fritz Roethlisberger

Hawthorne Studies, Behavioral Approach, Human Relations

Dominion of New England

In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York & New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority - James II. Charters & self rule were revoked, & the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco & fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement

Executive order

Order signed by the pres. that has the effect of law, even though it is not passed by Congress. An example of an executive order includes Pres. Clinton's order legalizing the abortion bill, RU486. All executive orders must be published in the "Federal Register"

Horizontal Integration

Owning many different businesses who sell the same thing. Ex: Gap owns Forth & Towne, Banana Republic, Old Navy, & the GAP company itself

Degree of economies of scope

Percentage of cost savings resulting when two or more products are produced jointly rather than individually

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, & most other products & were enforced by the police powers of the state

Contingency Plan

Plans that identify alternative courses of action for very unusual or crisis situations; typically stipulate the chain of command, standard operating procedures, & communication channels the organization will use during & emergency

hawks & doves

Popularly, "hawks" are those who advocate an aggressive foreign policy based on strong military power. "Doves" try to resolve international conflicts without the threat of force

Hafaz Assad

Pres. of Syria 1971 to 2000. Hard - liner against Israel & Islamic fundamentalism

exclusionary rule

Rule that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial. The Supreme Court has created several exceptions to the exclusionary rule, notably the objective of good faith rule & the inevitable discovery rule

Consumption expenditure

Spending by households on goods & services such as food, clothing, & entertainment

Dual Economy

The existence of two sectors: a traditional sector & an internationally oriented modern market sector

international norms

The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states

Discount rate

The interest rate that the Fed charges commercial banks to borrow reserves

British raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 & 1947 by the East India Company & then by a British govt

Equal Time Rule

The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell campaign air time equally to all candidates if they choose to sell to any

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England & spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal & legislative checks

Egypt & France

WHich 2 countires worked together to build the Suez canal

counter - culture

Young hippies rose as a self - conscious culture that was opposed to traditional American ways

foreign corporation

a company that is incorporated under the laws of a state that differs from the one in which it does business

independent regulatory commission

a gov agency or commission with regulatory power who independence is protected by Congress

industrial policy

a govt's decisions & actions, which define goals & methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy

descriptive label

a label that gives information about the product's use, construction, care, performance, & other features

Carry Nation

a leading proponent of prohibition

brand licensing

a legal authorizaion by a trademarked brand owner to allow another company (the licensee) to use its brand, brand mark, or trade character for a fee

corporation

a legal entity created by either a state or a federal statute authorizing individuals to operate an enterprise

cover letter

a letter written by an applicant to an employer describing why that applicant is the best person to fill a specific job opening

identity

a principle for solving collective goods by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community

category management

a process that involves managing product categories as individual business units

desktop publishing programs

a software application that is part word processor & part graphics application, & enables users to edit & manipulate both text & graphics in one document

impromptu speaking

a speaker uses information acquired from experience, speaks with little or no preparation, & organizes ideas while he or she is communicating

failed state

a state within which the govt has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services

forecast

a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming

generalization

a statement that is accepted as true by by most people

franchise

a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)

fusion of powers

a system of governance in which the authority of govt is concentrated in one body

free enterprise system

a system that encourages individuals to start & operate their own businesses in a competitive market, without govt involvement

bundling

a tactic of political action committees whereby they collect contributions from like - minded individuals (limited to $2000 each) & present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle" thus increasing their influence

greeting approach

a way to approach a customer that focuses on welcoming the customer to the store

general partnership

a way to organize a business in which each partner shares in the profits & losses

brand name

a word, group of words, letters, or numbers that represent a product or service; also known as a product brand

ethical behavior

behavior that conforms to a society;s accepted principles of right & wrong

ethnocentrisim

belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group

business philosophy

beliefs about how a business should be run that demonstrate an understanding of the business's role in the marketplace

collectivist culture

benevolence, tradition & conformity (group values) your responsible for contributing to the success of the group

Francis Parkman

born in Boston, Massachusetts. He is best known as a historian, & particularly as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie & Rocky - Mountain Life, & his monumental seven volume France & England in North America. These works are considered masterpieces of both history & literature

debt capital

borrowed funds that must be repaid

Great Purge

campaigns of political repression & persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. involved purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union & the persecution of unaffiliated persons. In the West the term "the Great Terror"

capacity utilization rate

capacity used/best operating level

impel

cause someone to do something

investiture (feudal)

ceremony where the lord gave his vassal a clod of earth or sprig of leaves as a symbol of the land the vassal was receiving

inventory investment

changes in business inventories

indirect marketing channel

channel obtaining one or more intermediary levels

Customs Union

characterized by common external tariffs

Economic Union

characterized by harmonization of economic policies of member nations, including introducing a common currency

Forward Vertical FDI"

choosing to invest in economic activity downstream from the core business activity of the business unit

Comparative Business/Management

compared business practices/management in various countries that are different enough to justify study & separate treatment in the academic curriculum

current issues in OM

coordinating relationships bw mutually supportive but separate orgs, optimizing global supplier, production & distribution networks, increased co - production of g/s, managing customer touch points, raising senior management awareness of operations as a significant competitive weapon

Conglomerates

corporations that combine several different retailing forms under central ownership

civil court

court in which lawsuits are heard

Geert Hofstede

created a framework of culture

disadvantages of pure project

duplication of resources, organizational goals & policies are ignored, org falls behind on its knowledge of new technology team members have no functional area "home"

insensitive listeners

failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker instead accepting the speakers words at face value

constitutional democracy

gov that enforces recognized limits on those who govern & allows the voice of the people to be heard through free, fair, & relatively frequent elections

citizens

govts obtained their authority from its _ & was responsible to them

Cognitive maps

graphic depictions of how mangers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions

Economic interest groups/ Issue groups/ identity groups

groups that promote public interest such as labor unions & industry groups, pro - life & pro - choice groups, & minority & women's rights groups

cabinet

in a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministries) & make up the govt, which is responsible to the parliament; in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the pres.

Confederate Advantages

in the Civil War - Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, & could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war & only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, & most of the existing military equipment & supplies

Department of the Treasury

includes the IRS. has general responsibility for setting federal fiscal policy by collecting taxes & customs duties, administering the public debt, keeping all govt accounts, minting currency, & licensing ships engaged in international & interstate commerce. The Department of the Treasury administers the Secret Service

high - context culture

information shared through assumptions, information is communicated but not stated explicitly

investment companies

institutions that manage portfolios of financial instruments called mutual funds on behalf of shareholders; exist largely because of cost savings from their greater scale of operations

Federal Reserves notes

largest component of U. S. currency (paper bills); distributed by the Fed

Congress

legislative; Popularly elected; pass laws. important role in the system of checks & balances; bicameral organization acts as an internal check. a variety of functions, including appropriation of funds for executive & judicial activities; instituting taxes & regulating commerce; declaring war & raising & supporting a military; setting up federal courts & conducting impeachment proceedings; & approving presidential appointments

Foreign Agricultural Service

links U.S. agriculture to the world to enhance export opportunities and global food security

empathetic listening

listening in which the goals are to help the speaker solve a problem

critical listening

listening in which the goals are to judge the quality or accuracy of the speaker's remarks

decentralized buying

local chain store managers or their designated buyers who are authorized to make special purchases for their individual stores

grassroots politics

locally - organized activism; as opposed to top - down, hierarchical organizing

Farewell Address George washington

maintain national unity, obey principles & authority, create permanent allience but not embroil in European affairs

controlling function

making sure things are being done in a way that we want; the reverse of planning (measure/observe how much performance is deviating from plans)

First - Line managers

managers who train & supervise the performance of non managerial employees who are directly responsible for producing the company's products or services

8 Key Results Areas

market share, productivity, profitability, innovation, resources, worker performance & morale, manager performance & development, social responsibilities

descriptive research - marketing research process

marketing research to better describe marketing problems, situations, or markets, such as the market potential for a product or the demographics & attitudes of consumers

Exploratory Research - marketing research process

marketing research to gather preliminary information that will help define problems & suggest hypotheses

casual research - marketing research process

marketing research to test hypotheses about cause & effect relationships

dimensions of culture

masc. /femm. low/high power distance. uncertainty avoidance. individualism/collectivism

abstract

meaning resulting from inability to experience a referent with one of senses

Diseconomies of scope

means that there can be gains from trade, even when production possibilities frontier are identical

Civil rights act of 1968

meant as a follow - up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. expanded on previous acts & prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, & financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap & family status. It also provided protection for civil rights workers. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968)

consumer price index (cpi)

measurement of the change in price over a period of time of approximately 400 retail goods & services used by the average urban household

Chan Buddhism

meditation & appreciation of natural & artistic beauty, popular among the rich

Equal Pay Act of 1963 (part of EEO)

men & women performing the same work must get the same pay

channel

message is sent from source to reciever by some sort of pathway. - talking on phone: auditory channel. - face to face has many channels (visual, auditory, smell (olfactory), touch (tactile)

evaluative communication

messages in which the sender judges the reciever in some way

controling message

messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of out come on the reciever usually resulting in a defence reaction

feedback

messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what was said

Delian League

military alliance led by Athens to resist Persian Imperialism

Ex parte Quirin

military tribunals for enemy spies

absolute majority

more than 50% of all votes cast

decision criteria

musts & NTH's ("nice to have's")

isthmus

narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas

fractions

numbers used to describe or compare parts of a whole

heterostereotype

observation about another culture without judgement

coinciding cleavages (polarizing)

occur when the factors composing one's social identity tend to pull in the same political direction

Federal Register

official document, published every weekday, that lists the new & proposed regulations of executive departments & regulatory agencies

horn effect

one bad quality implies others

cultural differences in general talk

opening & closing conversations, interrupting, knowing when to use humor, using nonverbal behavior, knowing proper balance of speech & listening

egocentric communicator

person who creates messages without giving much thought to the person who is listening; a communicator who is felf focused & self - absorbed

conscientious objector

person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons

coercive participation

political action organized by ruling authorities rather than by interest groups or civil society groups

Dreyfus Affair

political scandal which divided France during the 1890s & early 1900s. the wrongful conviction of Jewish military officer Dreyfus for treason. split France into Dreyfusards & anti - Dreyfusards. the division was between right - wing anti - Dreyfusards supportive of a return to monarchy & clericalism & left - wing Dreyfusards supportive of the Republic & angry with the Church

Civil Rights Cases

power of federal govt to prohibit racial discrimination by private parties

International Business:

private or governmental business that involves activities crossing national boundaries

decision - making done under risk

probability of event is known or can be estimated - can be assigned a value from 0 to 1. 0

Casework

process of solving constituents' problems dealing with the bureaucracy

Function of the Federal Reserve System #2

provides payment - clearing systems: long operated systems for transmitting & clearing payments

6 Tactics to weaken states

prying away its allies - weakening hold on sphere of influence - stopping trade - removing hostile gov't - waging preemptive war - fighting wars to prevent status quo disturbance

forced - choice questions

questions that ask repsondents to choose answers from possibilities given on a questionnaire

destroyed

ravaged

Charles Townshend

reated the Townshend Acts. British Prime Minister (Grenville's replacement) Townshend Acts formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, & tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. Townshend Acts led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre

human communication as an interaction

reciever responds to source with feedback. - linear action/reaction within a certain context

Industry regulation

regulations & rules that govern the business practices & procedures of specific industries, businesses, & professions

During the rule of Frederick II, Prussia

rejected pragmatic sanction against division of Hasburg land

Ex parte Crow Dog

repeal of law dealing with Native American Indians requires express language by Congress

investment function

represented bas an inverse relationship between the rate of interest & the value of planned real investment (as interest rates fall planned investment spending increases)

Department of Education

responsible for providing federal aid to educational institutions & financial aid to students, keeping national educational records, & conducting some educational research

Department of Transportation

responsible for the national highways & for railroad & airline safety. It also manages Amtrak, the national railroad system, & the Coast Guard

Ex parte Garland

retroactive civil disability for former Confederate officers

Global Diversity

richness increases with area; richness increases towards tropics (tropics have greater land mass, milder, stabler climate, species energy hypothis: greater exposure to solar energy=greater productivity=more species accomodated in food web); richness declines with elevation, less O2; richness declines with increasing depth; richness increases with energy

coureurs de bois

runners of the woods French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among & often married with Amerindian peoples of North America

direct distribution

sales of goods or services directly to the customer, with no intermediares

consumer promotions

sales strategies that encourage customers & prospects to buy a product or service

feature - benefit selling

sales that match the characteristics of a product to a customer's need & wants

episode

series of interactions between individuals during which the mssage of one person influences the messages of another

Gramm - Rudman - Holings Bill (1985)

set budget reduction targets to balance budget but failed to eliminate loopholes

Conservative Republicans

similar to liberal Dem;

budget

single - use plan - plan for use of resources (usu. along w/ expected results stated in quantitative terms)

core competencies

skills that differentiate the service or manufacturing firm from its competitors

entitlement programs

social insurance programs that allocate federal funds to all people who meet the conditions of the program, they are a form of mandatory spending so it is incredibly difficult to cut funds during the budgetary process (Social Security largest & most expensive one)

graphics & design programs

software applications for creating & modifying images

database programs

software applications that store & organize information

collateral

something of value that a person pledges as payment for a loan in case of default

impression management

stratagies used by communicators to influence the way others view them

comparative foreign policy

study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of societies/govts consistently have similar types of foreign policies

Department of Agriculture

that provides services for farmers, including agricultural research, soil conservation, & efforts to regulate & stabilize the farming economy

Continental Army

the American army during the American Revolution

cultural context

the beliefs, values & ways of behaving that are shared by a group of people & passed down from one generation to the next

denominator

the bottom number in a fraction; it represents how many parts make up a whole

executive branch

the branch of government, headed by the president, that carries out the nation's laws and policies

governance

the characteristics of a regime or govt

Economic System

the combination of social & individual decision making a society uses to answer the 3 economic questions

Entrepreneur Role

the decisional role managers play when they adapt themselves, their subordinates, & their units to change

Disturbance handler role

the decisional role managers play when they respond to sever problems that demand immediate action

Ethical intensity

the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue

Buyers dependence

the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to supplier & the difficulty of finding other buyers for it products

7. McCellands Theory power

the desire to control overs & have influence over them

foreign direct investment by non - U. S. firms was motivated primarily by the following two factors:

the desire to disperse production activities to optimal locations; & the desire to build a direct presence in major foreign markets

General environment

the economic, technological, sociocultural, & political trends that indirectly affect all organizations

devolution revolution

the effort to slow the growth of the federal govt by returning many functions to the states

copyright

the exclusive right to reproduce or sell a work authored by an individual, such as writings, music, & artwork

Economic responsibility

the expectation that a company will make a profit by producing a valued product or service

hypertext transfer protocol (http)

the global computer protocol used to identify & locate web pages on the internet

Constitutional court

the highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution.

Cultural Imperialism

the imposition of an alien ideology or civilization on an unwilling society

Gaul

the modern day nation of France

govt Accountability Office (GAO)

the non - partisan audit, evaluation, & investigative arm of Congress, & an agency in the Legislative Branch of the U. S. govt. established by the Budget & Accounting Act, 1921. exists to support the Congress in meeting its Constitutional responsibilities & to help improve the performance & ensure the accountability of the federal govt for the American people. headed by the Comptroller General

Environmental complexity

the number of external factors in the environment that affect organizations

income velocity of money (V)

the number of times per year a dollar is spent on final goods & services; identically equal to nominal GDP divided by the money supply

infrastructure

the physical development of a country, including its roads, ports, sanitation facilities, & utilities

informal balance

the placement of several small items with one large item within a display

dollar control

the planning & monitoring of the total inventory investment that a business makes during a stated period of time

business risk

the possibility of financial loss

imperialism

the practice of one nation - state taking control of nations & territory of other countries

fixtures

the principle installations in a store; permanent or movable store furnishings that hold & display merchandise

Environmental change

the rate at which a company's general & specific environments change

horizontal short - run aggregate supply curve

there is excessive unemployment & unused capacity in the economy (classical assumptino of everlasting full employment no longer holds)

bureaucracy theory - 3 kinds of authority

traditional (the way it's always been done); charismatic (leader has magnetism); rational - legal (based on expertise, training, experience)

brick - and - mortar retailers

traditional retailers that sell goods to customers from physical stores, rather than over the internet

calculation of required reserves

transaction deposits X required reserve ratio

issue advocacy

unlimited & undisclosed spending by an individual or group on communications that do not use words like "vote for" or "vote against" although much of this activity is actually about electing or defeating candidates

CPM with three time estimates

used when activity times are uncertain, used to obtain the same info as the single time estimate model & probability info

economic forecasting

uses variety of methods to predict general levels of economic activity for a locality, region, country or the whole world

department

usually the largest organization in govt; also the highest rank in federal hierarchy

Ideological party

values principled stands on issues above all else, including winning. It claims to have a comprehensive view of American society & govt radically different from that of the established parties

hypertext markup language (html)

a detailed code used to write web pages

Bureaucracy

the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience

feedforward

information you provide before sending your primary message

increasing govt spending

new deal involved attempts to stimulate the American economy by

Dublin, Ireland

no official capital; govt offices in Yaren District, nauru

Circular structure

A method of organizing a pres.'s staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the pres.

Economically Efficient

A method of production that produces a fiven level or output at the lowest possible cost

How do communications flow within an orginization

Communications flow in three directions - upward, downward, & lateral

7 Sins of US foreign policy

EEIIUA Emphasis on Military; Executive Branch Dominance, Ignorance, Isolationsm, Unilateralism, Arrogance

Emperor Menelik

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889 - 1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions & defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896)

5 Sequential Steps of Rational Actor

1. definition of situation 2. identification of goals 3. identification of options 4. cost benefit analysis

German Joins NATO

1955 - Germany joined as West Germany in 1955 & German reunification in 1990 extended the membership to the new Federal Republic of Germany

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Signed

1978. it was a reaction to the abuses of the Nixon whitehouse

Camp David Accords

1979 peace agreement between Israel & Egypt

Il - Khan

A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il - khans' khanate was founded by Hleg, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran & Iraq

Grand & Petit Jury

A Grand Jury is established to determine if a crime has been committed. A petit jury determines whether a person is guilty of a crime that has been committed

Civic competence

A belief that one can affect govt policies

Fiscal federalism

A concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal govt to the states with specific conditions attached. The legislation can be in the form of mandates

Boycott

A concerted effort to get people to stop buying goods & services from a company or person in order to punish that company or to coerce its owner into changing policies

Department of Justice

A department of the federal executive branch, headed by the attorney general, which administers the FBI, prosecutes violations of federal law, & is responsible for enforcing all civil rights legislation

ex post facto

A descriptive term for an explanation or a law that is made up after an event & then applied to it: "The chairman's description of his plan sounds like an ex post facto attempt to justify an impulsive action. " Ex post facto is Latin for "from after the deed. "

Contractual Intermediary

A financial institution that holds & stores individuals' financial assets

domestic firm

A firm that has little or no international business activity

hung jury

A jury that is unable to reach a verdict of guilty or not guilty. The result is a mistrial, & legal proceedings must be reinitiated to bring the case to trial again. Trying the case a second time does not constitute double jeopardy

Direct Regulation

A kprogram in which the amount of a good people are allowed to use is directly limited by the govt

IWW - The Industrial Workers of the World

A labor union for industrial laborers, this group performed many acts of industrial sabotage in pursuit of its goals. Openly opposed the Great War.

Dillon's rule

A legal principle that holds that the terms of city charters are to be interpreted narrowly. Under this rule (named after a lawyer who wrote a book on the subject in 1911) a municipal corporation can exercise only those powers expressly given it or those powers necessarily implied by, or essential to the accomplishment of, these stated powers

Information superhighway

A linked conglomerate of computer - generated information also known as the internet

Illustrator

A non verbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message & either complemets, contradicts, or accents it

Common Sense

A pamphlet that was easy to understand, sold 100,000 copies in a few months, Put into writing that colonists had nothing to gain & much to lose if they stayed tied to an unjust king

In - kind transfer

A payment made not in the form of cash but in the form of a good or service

gunboat diplomacy

A policy toward a foreign country that depends on the use, or threat of the use, of arms

Direct Relationship

A relationship in which when one variable goes up, the other goes up too

Environmental impact statement

A report required by federal law that assesses the possible effect of a project on the environment if the project is subsidized in whole or part by federal funds

Economic Takeoff

A stage when the development process becomes self - sustaining

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam & was annexed by Annam & destroyed as an independent entity in 1500

Disinflation

A substantial reduction in the rate of inflation

hypothesis

A tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a basis for further investigation

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law

Covered wagon

A typical conveyance for settlers moving west

Incentive

A valued benefit obtained by joining a political organization

Commitment device

A way of changing incentives so as to make otherwise empty threats or promises credible

Emma Willard

AJ in 1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in New York which was a model for girls' schools everywhere

First Bull Run

AL 1861 - First battle of the Civil War. Union soldiers were commanded by McDowell & defeated by the Confederate soldiers under Beauregard Stonewall Jackson

Bounties

AL payments to encourage volunteers North not South

Good - faith exception

Admission at a trial of evidence that is gathered in violation of the Constitution if the violation results from a technical or minor error

George Wallace

Alabama govenor who opposed integration. National Guard forced him to back down when he tried to block entry into the U. of Alabama

Implicit costs

All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners

Confiscation Act

Allowed Union to liberate those slaves used by the Confederacy for "insurrectionary purposes. "

Ferghana Valley

An area in Uzbekistan walled off by mountains with an extremely dense population. Some ethnic differences

Feudalism

An economic system in which traditions rule

Cost

Any burden, monetary or nonmonetary, that some people must bear, or think that they must bear, if a policy is adopted

Electoral Count Act

As a belated result of the disputed election of 1876 involving Samuel J. Tilden & Rutherford B. Hayes, the Electoral Count Act of 1887 placed the responsibility of deciding electoral disputes mainly on the states themselves. Congress now counts the votes on Jan. 6

Direct Preception Checking

Asking someone else whether your interpretations of what you preceive are correct

Jurisdiction

Authority vested in a particular court to hear & decide the issues in any particular case

Haymarket Riot

Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days & then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths

Cult of Domesticity

Belief in Middle & Upper Classes in US & Britain - women embodied perfect virtues in all senses

Fiorello La Guardia

Beloved mayor of NZC in 30s & 40s

Inelastic

Below the mid - point on a straight - line demand curve, demand is _

Common Market

Characterized by free movement of factors of production

govt Bonds

Bonds issued by the gov't & bought & sold by the Fed as a form of monetary policy to manipulate the money supply

Ethiopia

Borded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east. CHRISTIAN

J. P. Morgan

Business man - refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

England

By 1812, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe except

Czechoslovakia

By 1935, the only eastern European country that was still a democracy was

Customer discrimination

The willingness of consumers to pay more for a product produced by members of a favored group, even if the quality of the product is unaffected

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Called for Seneca Falls Convention, worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony for Women's suffrage

high culture

Canons of artistic & literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes

Demographics

Characteristics of a population, including age, sex, & race. Demographics are often used to determine changes in the make - up of a population

Carolina

Colony (ultimately split in two) used as outpost for West Indies trade. Where American slavery is said to have started

HUAC

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During WWII it investigated pro - fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947 - 1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U. S. govt & Hollywood film industry

junk" bonds

Companies with less - than - investment - grade ratings issue bonds. These securities, known as high - yield, or "junk," bonds, are generally too speculative for the average investor, but they can provide spectacular returns

Implementing CIS

Computer operations, System programming, Data entry, Application development, Application maintenance, data management, Communication management End - user computing

External Balancing

Concept of altering the distribution of power abroad in 3 ways: - manipulating the system of interstate alliances - tolerate spheres of influence - weaken adversary states

Internal Balancing

Concept of increasing the state's power resources in 4 ways: - strengthening armed forces & bottomw of economy - focusing policy on resource heavy regions - creating economic policy designed to produce relative gains - using military force when it maintains the state's prestige or reputation

During the 19th century, what happened in Europe

Conflict between conservative & liberal movements, the resurgence of conservatives over liberals, & the decline of established empires

Each time your work is edited, what should the editor be reading for

Content, arrangement & flow, & readability & mechanics

disregards

Continental Congress agreed that a country loses its right to govern when it _ the people's rights

Free Association with New Zealand

Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau (in process)

Global Corporation

Corporation with substantial operations on bothe the production & sales sides in more than one country

Ethical Issues for Multinational Corporations

Corruption, Sweatshops, Child labor, Sustainable development

Inquisition

Court established by Catholic Church to try people for Heresy. Most active in Spain

criminal court

Court in which criminal trials are heard

Food Administration

Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

How did the Puritans finally win the English Civil War

Cromwells army defeated the ROyalists & the Puritans held the King Prisoner

Hard currency

Currencies, such as dollars, euros, & yen, that are acceptable in private channels of int'l economics

Expansion Path

Curve passing through points of tangency between a firm's isocost lines & its isquants

Custer's last stand

Custer pursuing Sioux indians, but underestimated their force. His whole group was killed in the Battle of Little Bighorn

Customer - Driven Organizations

Customers want: High quality, Low price, On - time delivery

David Ricardo

David Ricardo (April 18, 1772 - September 11, 1823), a British political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, & was one of the most influential of the classical economists. He was also a successful businessman, financier & speculator, & amassed a considerable fortune

Capital losses

Decreases in the value of existing assets

Daniel Webster

Defended national unity in the Senate against advocates of States rights such as Calhoun

Hawaiian Incident

GC2 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was depost, US govt petitioned to annex Haiwaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930 - 1974) & symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 & regained his throne during WWII, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Ford's Asian Trip

GF Ford & Brezhnev talked about continuing policy of detente, to prevent a third world war

Congressional Reform

GF created the seniority system to appoint chairpersons of committees, incease the size of the Ways & Means Committee from 25 to 37, & no member of other commitees could be chairperson of two major committes at the same time

five types of support & give a brief description of each

Definitions explain or clarify unfamiliar items;examples provide an illustration of what we are trying to communicate; comparisons provide a reference to a similar & usually better known item; testimony express the item through the words & thoughts of others; & statistics show relationships and/or summarize collections of facts or data

Enumerated powers

Delegated powers of Congress, including the power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense & general welfare, regulate commerce among the states, coin money, & declare war

Demand is unit elastic where on the demand curve

Demand is unit elastic at the MIDPOINT of the demand curve

Federal Campaign Finanace Law

GFfines up to 10,000 for each violation of the law in a civil case,PAC no more than 5000 per candidate

Imperial Congress

Describes a Congress that succeeds in establishing itself as dominant in legislative & foreign policy

Diversity

Describes differences among people at work. How diversity is handled in the workplace reflects the organization's culture

Helent Hunt Jackson/"A Century of Disorder"

Detailed the injustices of the reservation system, & inspired reformers to push for a change

house rules committee

Determines the rules for debate of each bill, including whether the bill may be amended. This is the most powerful committee in the House

Confucianism

Doctrine that focused on morally superior individuals which took a broad view of political affairs but emphasized social activism

Domestic

Does the presiden't cabinet deal more with foreign or domestic issues

Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness

Fred Fiedler; effectiveness of a particular leadership style depends on the situation

Give me liberty or give me death

From speech by Patrick Henry urging American colonies to revolt against England

isolated

From the 1200's to the early 1700's, Russia can best be described as

accepted standards for the format of the printed presentation

Double spaced, all main points are adequately supported; 12 - point, Times New Roman font; one - inch margins; left aligned; handwritten, print or write legibly; 8. 5" by 11" college - ruled notebook paper; remove frayed, edges; letter are distinguishable from lower case letters

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed & obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U. S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618

general election

Election held on the first Tuesday of November, during which voters elect officials

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China & mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, & resisted reforms of the Chinese govt & armed forces

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces

Hoovervilles

Encampments of the poor & homeless that sprang p during the Great Depression

British Proclamation of 1763

English law enacted after French & Indian War which forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It helped spark the American revolution

Delaware

Established by Lord de la Warr. Had a strong Swedish influence

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the basic 3 - tiered structure of the federal courts system

Hurrican Andrew

GB1 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency FEMA

Euribor

Euribor (Euro Interbank Offered Rate) is a daily reference rate based on the interest rates at which banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the euro wholesale (or "interbank") money market. The Euro reference rates are based on this

humanists (renaissance)

European scholars, writers, & teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, & moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century & later

Explain the two audience concept as it applies to communication

Every communication has a sending & receiving audience. The sending audience is the group we represent, while the receiving audience is the group with whom we are communicating

Chauvinism

Exaggerated belief in the supremecy of one's nation

Homo habilis

Extinct species of early hominid that inhabited parts of sub - Saharan Africa about 2 million to 1. 5 million years ago, & generally accepted as the earliest member of the genus Homo, following Australopithecus & preceding H. erectus. Remains of H. habilis were first discovered in 1959 & 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania. Name, by Leakey, refers to able or "handy" man

Jingoism

Extreme & emotional nationalism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war

Industrial distributors - types of intermediaries

Find distributors in the different regions or industries who will buy & carry the new line

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

First Quota Act of 1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890

Great Migration (colonial times)

Flood of Puritan immigants from Europe to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1629 - 42

Currency Act of 1764

Forbade the colonies to issue paper money. The colonists saw the British govt increasing its control over the colonies against the colonists' will

Foreign Policy Objectives

Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation & the power available to the state

International reserves

Foreign currency assets held by a govt for the purpose of purchasing the domestic currency in the foreign exchange market

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European & US nationals in certain areas of Chinese & Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)

gens de couleur

Free men & women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights & later supported the Haitian Revolution

Four Freedoms

Freedoms FDR said are worth fighting for: speech, worship, want & fear. Used to justify US involvement in WWII

Generalized other perspective

Future predicted based on what people generally do

Generic Language

General terms that stad for all persons or things within a given category

Homo sapiens sapiens

Genus & species to which all modern human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens) belong & to which are attributable fossil remains of humans 100,000 to 200,000, & perhaps as much as 400,000 years old

Catherine the Great

German born, Russian Zarina. Combined ideas with a strong policy. Converted nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them the power over the peasants

classical antiquity

Greek & Roman times

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia & northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

Clans

Groups of extended families which tended to cluster together, bound together by ties of kinship

chartered Company

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France & England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies

industrial product

product bought by individuals & organizations for further processing or for use in conducting a business

Hinton R. Helper

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non - slave - owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer

Incorporation Doctrine

Holds that the Due Process Clause applies to State & Local gov'ts in addition to national

How were the Holocaust & Hitler's final solution related

Holocaust is the term for genocide that resulted form the plan called the "final solution"

Culture shock stages

Honeymoon, crisis, recovery, adjustment, reverse

Cognitive dissidence

Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person's opinion

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting & they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic govt. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies & was a beginning for the other states' charters & constitutions

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, & maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia

Give more power to elected parliaments

In the early 19th century Europe, one political goal that liberals had was

Great Britain & Germany

In the late 1800's, who competed for industrial domination of Europe

Deists

Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe & then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws

How did indirect control compare to direct control

Indirect control allowed limited self - rule

First - dollar insurance coverage

Insurance that pays all expenses generated by the insured activity

Conglomerate FDI"

Investing in business overseas that has no relationship to your core business

Class A Mandates

Iraq, Palestine, Syria

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during WWI. It emphasized aggressive nationalism & was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943

Dissenting opinion

Judicial written opinion that is contrary to the ruling of the full court

Income Tax Cut

LBJ 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down

Homophobic Language

Language that overtly denigrates persons of non - heterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian

Clear Air Act (1970)

Law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, & regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry

Comparable Worth Laws

Laws mandating comparable pay for comparable work

Child labor laws

Laws passed forbidding employment of children except in specific circumstances. Later Supreme Court ruled these unconstitutional. Later still 1930s, Fair Labor Standards Act upheld by the Court, banning employment of children in manufacturing jobs

Grange/Oliver Kelley

Led the National Grange of the Pattrons of Husbandry, first real organization of the populist movement

Campaign finance reform

Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money & gifts from individuals & special interest groups

charismatic legitimacy

Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader

Jeffersonian democracy

Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man

During the editing phase, what specifically are you looking for

Look for basic grammatical errors & correct format. Check for complete paragraphs & sentences, then compare it to your outline to ensure you have included all of the main points & subpoints you intended to cover

Economic Efficiency

Maximization of aggregate consumer & producer surplus

Fiorello LaGuardia

Mayor of New York from 1934 to 1945. He was popularly known as "the Little Flower," the translation of his Italian first name, also perhaps a reference to his short stature of just 5 feet. According to modern historians, LaGuardia is considered one of New York City's greatest mayors because of his role in leading New York during the Great Depression

Concrete Meaning

Meaning that refers to something that cannot be perceived with one of the senses

Abstract Meaning

Meaning that refers to something that con not be preceived or experienced with one of the senses

confirmation hearings

Meetings held by the Senate to gather information about candidates for federal office nominated by the pres. of the U. S. Under the Constitution, the pres. has the right to appoint whomever he wants to various govt offices, including members of the cabinet & federal judges, but each appointment must be approved by the Senate as part of the separation of powers

Direct tax

Money paid directly to the govt in the form of income taxes

Indirect tax

Money paid to the govt as a result of purchased goods

Commodity Money

Money that has an intrinsic value, that is, value beyond any value given to it because it is money. An example of this would be a gold coin that has value because it is a precious metal

Fiat Money

Money that has no intrinsic value, that is, its only value comes from the fact that a governing body backs & regulates the currency. This system only works if a gov't backs the money & regulates its production

Dunnings Eclectic theory

Monopolistic/Ownership Specific Advantage (OSA) explained why firms invested overseas, Internalization explained Which form of entry the firm should take & explained Where the firm should invest through Location Specific Advantage (LSA)

Civil rights movement

Movement in 50s & 60s to eliminate segregation & gain equal rights. Major moments were when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white person, MLK's 'I have a Dream Speech', the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, & Fair Housing Act of 1968

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial govts of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, & Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central govt in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation

example of an administrative trade policy

Netherlands exports tulip bulbs to almost every country in the world except Japan. reason is that Japanese customs inspectors insist on checking every tulip bulb by cutting it down the middle (which destroys the bulb). insistence on the part of the Japanese to inspect the bulbs in this manner (which makes it impractical for the Netherlands to export to Japan)

Dominance

Non - Verbal behaviors such as relaxed posture, greater personal spaces, & protected personal spaces that communicates power status, & control

Immediacy

Non verbal behavior such as eye contact, foward lean, touch & open body orientation that communicate feelings of liking pleasure & closeness. the degree of interest or attraction we feel toward & communicate to others

Democratic - Republicans

One of the first two American political. Founded by Jefferson & Madison. Those two & Monroe were the only Democratic - Republican pres.s. Party disbanded in the 1820s, splintering into two factions, the Democratic Party & the Whig Party. Members of the Democratic - Republican Party believed that a strong federal govt would weaken & not respect the rights of the states & the people

Congressionalist

One who believes that Article II's provision that the pres. should ensure "faithful execution of the laws" should be read as an injunction against substituting presidential authority for legislative intent

fellow traveler

One who supports the aims or philosophies of a political group without joining it. A "fellow traveler" is usually one who sympathizes with communist doctrines but is not a member of the Communist party. The term was used disparagingly in the 1950s to describe people accused of being communists

Crossover voting

Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated

Caucus

Party regulars meeting in small groups asking questions, discussing qualifications regarding the candidate, & voting on whether to endorse a particular candidate. The Iowa caucus has taken on almost as much importance as the New Hampshire primary because of its timing

Clean Water Act

Passed in 1987, this law established safe drinking standards & creates penalties for water polluters

Intellectual capital & Knowledge Workers

People are the ultimate foundations of organizational performance. - Intellectual capital is the collective brainpower or shared knowledge of a workforce that can be used to create value - a knowledge worker adds to the Intellectual capital of an organization

Indo - Europeans

People from India/Europe: referring to Hitties who migrated to the central plain of Anatolia & imposed their rule & language on the people

Critical or realigning periods

Periods during which a sharp, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties. The issues that separate the two parties change, & so the kinds of voters supporting each party change

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Permanent tribunal for war crimes & crimes against humanity

France

Popular Front helped preserve democracy in

First degree price discrimination

Practice of charging each customer her reservation price

Intertemporal price discrimination

Practice of separating consumers with different demand functions into different groups by charging different prices at different points in time

cooperative federalism

Preeminent form of US federalism. (Marble cake analogy) National & state govts share many powers

inequality

Prerevolutionary French society was marked by great social

four steps in the process of writing

Prewriting, drafting, editing, andrevising

Delegated Powers

Printing Money, Declaring War, & Creating the Post Office are Examples of what Type of Powers

Franking

Privilege enjoyed by members of Congress entitling them to free postage for any mailings made as part of their official duties

Companies achieve competitive advantage by:

Products, Pricing, Customer service, Cost efficiency, Quality

Controversial Visit

RR, 1985 Regan visits German cemetry at Bitburg, graves of victims of Nazis

Free Exercise Clause

Prohibits US govt from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion

Compromise Tariff

Promised to gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of eight years

Immigration act of 1986

Provided an opportunity for illegal immigrants to become legal residents (one time amnesty). Penalties to employers who knowingly hired illegal immigrants.

Cotton Mather

Religious leader behind the Salem Witch Trials

Earth Summit. 1992

Representatives of more than 175 nations, including the U. S. met at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced a treaty on climate change & was the largest international meeting on the environment ever convened

Guadalupe - Hidalgo

Required Mexico to cede the American southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, & California, to the U. S. The U. S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest

Capital

Resources & goods made & used to produce other goods & services. Examples include buildings, machinery, tools, & equipment

Cross of Gold Speech

Responsible for gaining Bryan popularity. To supporters of gold: "You shall not crucify mankind upon this cross of gold. "

Distributive policy

Results in the govt giving benefits directly to people, groups, farmers, & businesses. Typical policies include subsidies, research & development funds for corporations, & direct govt aid for highway construction & education

Bull Moose Campaign

Roosvelt's campaing under the Progressive Party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. It was called "Bull Moose" because Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a bull moose

Court of St. James

Royal court of Britain

Fairness Doctrine

Rule in effect from 1949 - 1985 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately & to present contrasting views on important public issues

Class B Mandates

Rwanda & Burundi, Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togoland

How did civilians join the war effort

Scrap metal drives, working in war industries, rationing

Chechnya

Separatist movement from Russia; terrorist acts by Chechens have spurred Russian intervention. Oil in the area exacerbates it

insulated listeners

a style in which the reciever ignores undesirable information

Hawthorne studies: Lessons from the Hawthorne Studies:

Social & human concerns are keys to productivity. Hawthorne effect — people who are singled out for special attention perform as expected

four types of sentences you should use throughout your written communication

Simple sentence - a sentence that expresses one complete thought. Compound sentence - A union of two or more simple sentences. Complex sentence - a simple sentence with a dependent clause attatched to it. Compound - complex sentence - a combination of a compound & a complex sentence

Division of labor

Skilled workers each have a specialized function, resulting in increased productivity

Clipper ships

Sleek ships that sacrificed cargo space for speed

international security

a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war & peace

Family unit

Social unit resulting from ability to choose sexual partners, emotional bonding, & length of time needed to raise human offspring

Hawthorne studies: Employee attitudes, interpersonal relations & group processes

Some things satisfied some workers but not others. People restricted output to adhere to group norms

Inflation hawk

Someone who is committed to achieving & maintaining low inflation, even at some short - run cost in reduced output & employment

Inflation dove

Someone who is not strongly committed to achieving & maintaining low inflation

Epic of Gilgamesh

Sometime before 2000 BCE in Sumeria. Tells story of a king's quest to achieve immortality

Indus

Source: Himalayan Mountains, Tibet Outflow: Arabian Sea

Ganges

Source: Himalayas Outflow: Bay of Bengal

Clayton Antitrust Act

WW 1914, New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions, also made labor unions not dependent on antilaws

Expressed power

Specific power of the pres. as listed in Article I of the Constitution

Jim Crow laws

State & local laws passed in the post - Reconstruction Era South to enforce racial segregation & otherwise restrict the rights of African Americans

Cabinets of the executive branch

State, Treasury, Defense, Attorney General, Interior, Agriculture, Commercie, Labor, Health & Human Services, HUD, Transportation, Energy, Education, Vetrans Affairs, Homeland Security

Int'l. Court of Justice

States must bring the contention to the ICJ. They pay for the costs of litigation. Both states must agree to abide by the ICJ decision

Jones Act

WW 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U. S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years

Fulton's steamboat

Steamboat faster than any other form of transportation at the time, revolutionized industry

Jim Fisk / Jay Gould

Stock manipulators & brothers - in - law of Pres. Grant, they made money selling gold

Elements of observable culture

Stories, Heroes, Rites & rituals, Symbols

Ethics training

Structured programs that help participants to understand ethical aspects of decision making. Helps people incorporate high ethical standards into daily life

Clovis

The Frankish warlord who conquered much of Gaul in 486 who converted to Roman Christianity

Fourteen Points

WW 1918, program for world peace, freedom of seas, removal of barriers to international trade, reduction of armaments

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Suspension of chinese immigration for fear they were driving down wages for whites. By 1902, Chinese immigration banned completely. Became eligible for citizenship in 1943

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans

Drago Doctrine

TR 1902 No nation should use force to collect debts unless debtor nation refused arbitration, Luis Drago

Gentlemen's Agreement

TR 1907 Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US & in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

island hopping strategy

Take over one island after the other as American troops slowly moved closer to Japan

Free Soil Party

The Free Soil Party was a short - lived political party in the U. S. organized in 1840 that faded out by about 1856. Its main purpose was opposing the extension of slavery into the territories, as well as advocating the abolition of slavery itself

Goods

Tangible objects that satisfy economic wants

Hawley - Smoot Act

Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse

Excise taxes & tariffs

Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program

Focus group

Technique used by pollsters to determine how a cross section of voters feels about a particular topic

Imperial presidency

Term developed by historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. refers to pres.s who dominate the political & legislative agenda

Five Civilized Tribes

The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, & Seminole tribes, all located in the southeast. They were considered civilized by whites because they followed many of their practices, such as slavery

Chesapeake Affair

The Chesapeake was boarded by the British, who forced the crew to sail on British ships. This is one of the more famous cases of impressment, & led to the War of 1812

Judicial Nationalism

The Constitution & Federal Law is superior to State Constitutions & State Law - Article VI of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the final arbiter on Constitutional Questions

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's & 1740's to modivate the colonial America. Modivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together

Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy

The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, & international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity & cooperation among states rather than competition & conflict

Japanese Instrument of Surrender

The Instrument of Surrender of Japan was the armistice ending WWII. It was signed by representatives of Japan, US, China, UK, USSR, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, & New Zealand on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, & which thereby ended the Pacific War & with it WWII

Boyar

The Russian Nobility

Huey Long

The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million & a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 & his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society

Committee clearance

The ability of a congressional committee to review & approve certain agency decisions in advance & without passing a law. Such approval is not legally binding on the agency, but few agency heads will ignore the expressed wishes of committees

Competitiveness

The ability of a country to sell its goods to other countries

Franking privilege

The ability of members of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for postage

Explicit costs

The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production & other suppliers

International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights

The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations

Demand for money

The amount of wealth an individual or firm chooses to hold in the form of money

Criminal law

The body of rules defining offenses that, though they harm an individual (such as murder, rape, & robbery), are considered to be offenses against society as a whole & as a consequence warrant punishment by & in the name of society

Civil law

The body of rules defining relationships among private citizens. It consists of both statutes & the accumulated customary law embodied in judicial decisions (the "common law")

Electronic Media

The broadcast media, including television, radio, computerized information services, & the Internet

Chapman Catt

a suffragette who was pres. of the National Women's Suffrage Association, & founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920

judicial branch

The court systems of govts, responsible for interpreting the laws passed by the legislative branch & enforced by the executive branch. These courts try criminal cases or civil cases. The courts attempt to resolve conflicts impartially in order to protect the individual rights The courts may exercise the powers of judicial review & injunction

Credibility

The degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, & able to inspire

Economic surplus

The economic surplus from taking any action is the benefit of taking the action minus its cost

capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions - banks, stock exchanges, investment companies - that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy

Income - expenditure multiplier

The effect of a one - unit increase in autonomous expenditure on short - run equilibrium output

Efficient quantity

The efficient quantity of any good is the quantity that maximizes the economic surplus that results from producing & consuming the good

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the govt of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well - educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians

clique describe one advantage & one disadvantage of a clique within an organization

The formation of a clique is the direct result of our social instinct to band together in groups. A clique can bind people together by enhancing unit moral. However, a clique can also take on a life of its own & become independent of organization objectives

integration

The free association of people from different racial & ethnic backgrounds; a goal of the civil rights movement to overcome policies of segregation that have been practiced in the U. S. Those favoring integration of schools by such forceful means as busing or affirmative action have frequently argued that integration of schools will lead to integration of society as a whole

income statement

a summary of income & expenses during a specific period of time; also known as profit & loss statement

Duration

The length of an unemployment spell

Congressional Medal of Honor

The highest military decoration in the U. S. armed services, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor. It recognizes valor & bravery in action "above & beyond the call of duty. " There have been some 3,400 recipients of the medal, which was established by an act of Congress in 1862

Caesaropapism

The idea that a king's rule has an aura of divinity & is sanctioned by God

Equilibrium Income

The level of income toward which the economy gravitates in the short run

County

The largest territorial unit between a city & a town

Discount window lending

The lending of reserves by the Federal Reserve to commercial banks

Gold Specie Flow Mechanism

The long - run adjustment mechanism that maintained the gold standard

District courts

The lowest federal courts where federal cases begin. They are the only federal courts where trials are held. There are a total of ninety - four district courts in the U. S. & its territories

Conglomerate Merger

The merging of relatively unrelated businesses

emotional barriers

biases against the sender's opinions that prevent a listener from understanding

gay rights

The movement for civil rights for homosexuals. It originated after a police raid on a gay bar in New York City in 1969, which triggered a riot & launched the grassroots reform movement seeking to end social & legal discrimination against gays

carrying capacity

The number of people that an environment, such as the Earth, can feed, provide water for, & otherwise sustain

Foreign Policy

The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states & international organizations

Closure

The preceptual process or filling in missing information

Favorite son

The presidential candidate backed by the home state at the party's nominating convention

Congressional Review

The process by which Congress can nullify an executive branch regulation by a resolution jointly passed in both houses within sixty days of announcement of the regulation & accepted by the pres.

Empowerment

The process of giving employees increased autonomy & discretion to make decision. as well as control over the resources needed to implement those decisions

enculturation

The process of learning your culture that you are born into

Consumption function

The relationship between consumption spending & its determinants, in particular, disposable (after - tax) income

international relations (IR)

The relationships among the world's state govts & the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the UN, multinational corporations, & individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, & domestic politics), & with geographic & historical influences

Denotative Meaning

The restrictive, or literal, meaning of a word

academic freedom

The right of teachers & students to express their ideas in the classroom or in writing, free from political, religious, or institutional restrictions, even if these ideas are unpopular

Corporate Culture

The set of attitudes, values, & standards that distinguishes one organization from another

Expected value of a gamble

The sum of the possible outcomes of the gamble multiplied by their respective probabilities

conflict & cooperation

The types of actions that states take towards each other through time

dollar diplomacy

The use of diplomatic influence, economic pressure, & military power to protect a nation's economic & business interests abroad. The term was first used to describe the exploitative nature of U. S. involvement in Latin America

geopolitics

The use of geography as an element of power, & the ideas about it held by political leaders & scholars

how is effect implemented in communication

There is always an outcome or consequence from an action or behavior, communication always has an effect

greenfield investment

This is foreign direct investment that builds new factories or infastructure. It is the type of FDI most sought by host countries because it leads to infastructure & knowledge transfers

bread - and - butter issues

Those political issues specifically directed at daily concerns of most working - class Americans, such as job security, tax rates, wages, & employee benefits

Formula for Total Earnings

Total Earnings = Wage x Quantity of Labor Demanded

Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act was extended to cover federal, state & local public employers & educational institutions by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

Costly - to - fake principle

To communicate information credibly to a potential rival, a signal must be costly or difficult to fake

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch govt to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas & Africa

How are transitional devices valuable tools when arranging the elements your message

Transitional devices, when woven skillfully into your message, can assist your audience in following your train of thought

Huns

Tribe from Western Asia who conquered much of Europe during the 5th century

Chief Joseph

Tried to lead his people to Canada to avoid forced resettlement, but captured at border & surrendered

Fuel Administration!!!

WW Harry Garfield, Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" & "gasless Sundays. " The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war

George Keenan "Containment"

US diplomat who advocated to keep communism where it was & not to let it spread

First Continental Railroad

USG Central Pacific Railroad, Union Pacific, Irish & Chinese, meets at Promontory Point, Utah

cottage industries

Weaving, sewing, carving, & other small - scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent

Budget Priorities

WJC cut federal deficit, edu. for the poor operation head start, inc. energy taxes, increase income taxes on upper classes, min. wage raised, did not act on health care, Kennedy Kassebaum bill change jobs doesn't lose med. insurance, cannot be denied based on preexisting condition, did little to hasten economic & provide better jobs

Evergalades Restoration Fund

WJC largest environmental operation ever, in Florida, buffer zones north & east

guerilla war

Warfare without front lines & with irregular forces operating in the midst of, & often hidden or protected by, civilian populations

direct expenditure offsets

actions on part of private sector in spending income that offset govt fiscal policy actions; any increase in govt in an area that competes with the private sector will have some direct expenditure offset

Domesday Book

a comprehensive survey of the lands of england

intervening variable

a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable

decimal number

a fraction or mixed number whose denominator is a multiple of 10

feedback

a receiver's response to a message

capacity flexibility

ability to rapidly increase/decrease production levels

Economic Policy

an action (or inaction) taken by govt to influence economic actions

Executive agreement

an agreement between the Pres. & the leader of another country

demand

consumer willingness & ability to buy products

halo

attractive: smart, happy, rich, honest

complementary transactions

bringing your own ideas to the conversation & how you build on others ideas/sayings

Bureaucratic Politics Model

bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing

intermediaries

businesses involved in sales transactions that move products from the manufacturer to the final user; also known as middlemen

conclusion of a speech

can be used to summarize and/or motivate listeners to take a prescribed action

conditionality

collective reference to measures imposed on debtor nations (privatization of enterprises, trade liberalization, tax reform, etc)

ethnic identity

commitment to the beliefs & philosophy of your culture

causes of inflation

decline in long - run aggregate supply (continual reductions in economywide production) & if aggregate demand curve shifts rightward over time at a faster pace then the rightward progression of the long - run aggregate supply curve

emblems

deliberate non verbal behaviors with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group

inputs

demands & support by individuals & groups upon the policymaking process of govt

Cuneiform

earliest known forms of writing in ancient Sumer

Department of Defense

entrusted with formulating military policies & maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon

Fair Labor Standards Act

established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time & a half for overtime in certain jobs, & prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The law originally contained a large number of special industry exemptions, many of which were designed to protect traditional pay practices in small, rural businesses. The bulk of these exemptions have been repealed

green - field investment

establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country is referred to as a(n):

Ex parte Young

exception to sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment

govt bargaining model

foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various govt agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome

Intelsat - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

formed to handle INTERNATIONAL satellite needs for many countries; operated today by international telecommunications satellites org.

Child labor

full - time employment of children for work otherwise done by adults

Content Regulation

governmental attempts to regulate the electronic media

Corruption

illegal practices that further one's business interests

clear & present danger test

interpretation by justice Oliver Wendell Holmes regarding limits on free speech if it presents clear & present danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater

Function of the Federal Reserve System #8

intervenes in foreign currency markets (attempts to keep the value of the dollar from changing by buying & selling U. S. dollars in foreign exchange markets)

foreign direct investment (fdi)

investments in factories, offices, & other facilities in another country that are used for a business's operations

buzz marketing

involves cultivating opinion leaders & getting them to spread information about a product or service to others in their communities

How did the Lend - Lease act benefit the US

it enriched the US economy through selling arms to the Allies

Funding at par

it meant that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value with interest

Hayburn's Case

justiciability & separation of powers

debt utilization ratio

measure how well the firm is utilizing debt & XYZ company's ability to repay the debt. Many novice investors believe that a company with no debt is superior. Having little debt on the balance sheet is generally very safe. But most companies assume debt to finance operations so the company can grow. General finance textbooks state that the ideal ratios is around 30%, due to leveraged buyouts the ratio of debt to assets or equity has been increasing

Ideological Principle Conception of NI

policy is central to country's values - use democracy to promote justice, peace

generic brand

products that do not carry a company identity

COINTELPRO - Counter Intelligence Program

program of the U. S. FBI aimed at investigating & disrupting dissident political organizations within the U. S. the formal operations of 1956 - 1971 were broadly targeted against organizations that were (at the time) considered to have politically radical elements began in 1956 & was designed to "increase factionalism, cause disruption & win defections" inside the Communist Party U. S. A

functional project

project housed within a functional division

core goods

provide a significant service component; appliances, data storage systems, automobiles

global company

sells a single product all over the world

enterprise resource planning (erp)

sophisticated software that integrates all parts of a company's business management

components of commuication

source, message, receiver, channel

collective farming

soviet govt decided to eliminate Kulaks because of their strong resistance to

jargon

specialized vocabulary used by members of a particular group

haptics

study of human touching behaviors

Function of the Federal Reserve System #5

supervises depository institutions: Fed periodically & without warning examine depository institutions to see what kinds of loans have been made, what has been used as security for the loans, & who has recieved them

darwins universal emotions

surprise, anger, disgust, fear, interest, sadness, happiness

Closed systems

systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environment

How does culture affect communication

talking with friends, lovers, family; interacting in group; topics you talk about & strategies used to inform & persuade; how you use the media & the credibility you give it

human skills

the ability to work well with other

Coordination

to fit diverse efforts together & ensure information is shared & problems solved

institute

to form or create

introduction to a speech

to gain the listeners' attention & orient them to the material that will be presented

exempt carriers

trucking companies that are free from direct regulation of rates & operating procedures

common carriers

trucking companies that provide transportation services to any business in their operating area for a fee

disadvantages of matrix project

two bosses, doomed to failure unless PM has strong negotiation skills,suboptimization is a danger

group

two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals

impression formation theory

we make up stories about people

confirmation

what is it called when you acknowledge the presence of the other person but also accept the person

Domestic Impact Conception of NI

what would improve lives of citizens - foreign policy relates to citizens of state

In re Winship

when a juvenile is charged with an act which would be a crime if committed by an adult, every element of the offense must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt

Emotional Noises

A form of communication noises caused by emotional arousal

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on & for lighting, industrial motors, & railroads beginning in the 1880s

irredentism

A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts

Emmett Till

A fourteen year old black boy who was lynched by a Mississippi mob for leering at a woman

Brandeis Brief

A friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men & women in the workplace

farm bloc

A group of both Democratic & Republican members of Congress from the farming states of the Middle West that pressures the federal govt to adopt policies favorable to farmers

Joint Chiefs of Staff

A high - level military advisory board in the Department of Defense, composed of high - ranking representatives of the army, navy, air force, & marines. The Joint Chiefs are responsible for formulating military policy & recommending action regarding issues of national security & international relations

British Orders in Council

A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies, but American ships were seized also & Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812

High - High leader

A leader high in both initiating structure & consideration behaviors

Congressional campaign committee

A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members who are running for reelection or to would - be members running for an open seat or challenging a candidate from the opposition party

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia & Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals & military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria

Epicureanism

A philosophy that identified pleasure as the greatest good

clientism

A process whereby the state co - opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support

Budget resolution

A proposal submitted by the House & Senate budget committees to their respective chambers recommending a total budget ceiling & a ceiling for each of several spending areas (such as health or defense) for the current fiscal year. These budget resolutions are intended to guide the work of each legislative committee as it decides what to spend in its area

Congressional Record

A published account of the votes, speeches, & debates of the U. S. Congress

change some of their cultural & religious practices

According to Ram Mohun Roy, in order to successfully move towards independence, Indians had to

Freedom of Information Act (1974)

Act that incorporates sunshine laws; opened up the govt's meetings of record to the public & media

Conservative coalition

An alliance between Republicans & conservative Democrats

Efficient point

Any combination of goods for which currently available resources do not allow an increase in the production of one good without a reduction in the production of the other

effective communication

Any communication that results in the receiver interpreting your message as you intended

Currency Stabilization

Buying & selling of a currency by the gobernment to offset temporary fluctuations in supply & demand for currencies

Conservatives

By 1849, most of Europe was under the control of the

In what way can organization personnel verify whether they are engaging critically & constructively in the exchange of ideas

By completing a short, self - diagnostic exercise that personal but applicable barriers to communicating

Granger Laws

GC Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Conrail

GF 1976, combined 7 railroads in NE US in an attempt to revitalize service, last ditch attempt to avoid outright govt ownerships & operation

Domestic & Foreign Debts

GW, Hamilton, funding at a par

Genet Affair

GW, refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France & against England

FACTOR PROPORTIONS THEORY

HECKSCHER & OHLIN - the pattern of international trade is based on differences in factor endowments rather than differences in productivity

Federal Farm Board

HH Agency of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming

homicide

HOM - uh - seyed The killing of one person by another, whether intended murder or not manslaughter. Not all homicide is unlawful; killing in self - defense, for example, is not a crime

Death of Stalin

He died in 1953 and was replaced by his successor Nikita Khrushchev

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, & the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system

Induced aggregate demand

The portion of aggregate demand that is determined within the model

Implementation

The process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy

Dualist Theory

The theory that there has always been an underlying binary party nature to US politics

Flappers

Wild women (relatively speaking) of the 1920s

intimacy

a state of closness between two people

Edwin Meese

RR helped minority workers

Change in the Eighties

RR, reduced the domestic funds of govt by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education Willaim Bennett, rich benefited, poor didn't, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing

Francis Bacon

Renaissance leader in England

domestic producers

main gains from subsidies accrue to _, whose international competitiveness is increased as a result of them

certianty

messages that imply that the speakers position is correct & that the other person's ideas are not worth listening to

calculation of change in equilibrium real GDP

multiplier X change in autonomous spending

impression

must have met a person to form one

5 basic categories of kinesics

emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors

dominance advantage

like a govt, it forces members of a group to contribute to the common good

joint resolution

A measure approved by both houses of the U. S. Congress & signed by the pres. Similar to an act of Congress, the joint resolution is used to approve or initiate foreign policy actions, to grant a single appropriations proposal, & to propose amendments to the Constitution

Hostile Takeover

A merger in which the firm being taken over doesn't want to be taken over

corporatism

A method of co - optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public & restrict those not set up or approved by the state

Cost - plus regulation

A method of regulation under which the regulated firm is permitted to charge a price equal to its explicit costs of production plus a markup to cover the opportunity cost of resources provided by the firm's owners

indentured servant

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years

Classical Growth Model

A model of growth that focuses on the role of capital accumulation in the growth process

Expentancy Violations Model

A model that suggests that we develope rules or expectations for appropraite non verbal behavior & react when those expectations are violated

Indian National Congress

A movement & political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in govt. Its membership was middle class, & its demands were modest until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

constructivism

A movement in IR theory that examines how changing international norms help shape the content of state interests & the character of international institutions

City

A municipal corporation or municipality that has been chartered by a state to exercise certain defined powers & provide certain specific services

Issue network

A network of people in Washington - based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities & think tanks, & in the mass media who regularly discuss & advocate public policies - say, health care or auto safety. Such networks are split along political, ideological, & economic lines

Dust Bowl

A parched region of the Great Plains in OK, ARK, & TX, where a combination of drought & soil erosion created enormous dust storms in 1930s

Earned - income tax credit (EITC)

A policy under which low - income workers receive credits on their federal income tax

conservative

A political ideology that tends to favor defense spending & school prayer & to disapporve of social programs, abortion, affirmative action, & a large, active govt. Generally affiliated with the Republican party

Federalist papers

A series of eighty - five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay (all using the name "Publius") that were published in New York newspapers in 1787 - 1788 to convince New Yorkers to adopt the newly proposed Constitution. They are classics of American constitutional & political thought

international regime

A set of rules, norms, & procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy)

Cue (political)

A signal telling a congressional representative what values (e. g. liberal or conservative) are at stake in a vote - who is for, who against a proposal - and how that issue fits into his or her own set of political beliefs or party agenda

Explain the following formula: SAB=SAC+2

A single accomplishment bullet consists of the following attributes: specific, accurate, concise, single accomplishment/achievment, & impact

Efficient (or Pareto - efficient)

A situation is efficient if no change is possible that will help some people without harming others

Implicit Collusion

A typd of collusion in which multiple firms make the same pricing decisions even though they have not explicitly consulted with one another

contract of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians

indictment

A written statement of criminal charges brought against a defendant. Guarantee that defendants know the charges against them so they can plan a defense

Francis E. Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month

Firm's structure, strategy, & rivalry" imply in Porter's Theory

Different nations are characterized by different management ideologies help or hinder the evolution of national competitiveness. Competition in an industry also tends to breeds rivalry & innovation, improved quality, cost reduction & investment in upgrading same

Bystroe Canal & Serpent Island

Disputed by Romania & Ukraine. ICJ split Serpent Island in 2009. Mouth of the Danube at issue

Continuing resolution

Emergency spending legislation that prevents the shutdown of any department simply because its budget has not been enacted

Filipino insurrection

Emilio Aguinaldo led a Filipino movement for independence in 1896, & wrote constitution when Spain surrendered. When US received Philippines, they tried to fight again, but quickly gave up

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge

est. standards for company retirement plans

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

Foreign Service

The professional arm of the executive branch that supplies diplomats for the U. S. embassies & consulates around the world. Ambassadors, though officially members of the Foreign Service, are sometimes friends of the pres. of the U. S. appointed in gratitude for support given during elections

ABC Democrats

The promotion by the US of any govt opposed to communism regardless of human rights violations

Civil disobedience

The refusal to obey a lay out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. David Thoreau, Ghandi, Martin Luther King

Disappearing political discourse

The theory that people who support a position may remain silent, because speaking out would create a risk of being misunderstood

Efficient markets hypothesis

The theory that the current price of stock in a corporation reflects all relevant information about its current & future earnings prospects

Bubble standard

The total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory. A company is free to decide which specific sources within that factory must be reduced & how to meet the bubble standard

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, & living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, & communications (599

fiscal year

Twelve month period starting on October 1. govt budgets go into effect at the beginning of the fiscal year. Congress & the pres. agree on a budget resolution in April to guide govt spending for the coming fiscal year

Create beginnings of European democracy

What did Klemens von Metternich Not want to accomplish at the Congress of Vienna

German invasion of Belgium

What event caused ITaly to refuse to support its ally Germany

a Communist revolution

What fear added to the appeal of fascism in Italy & Germany

Inflation

What happens if the fed interest rate goes too low

how many votes each estate gets

What issue arose after the king called for the Estates General to meet

Colonization of America

What killed more people: the black plague or colonization of america

German invasion of Poland

What prompted Great Britain & France to declare war on Germany

it resulted in Germany's having to fight on two fronts

What was significant in the Allied victory as the First Battle of the Marne

dominance "status hierarchy"

a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below

geographical pricing

a pricing technique that makes price adjustments because of the location of the customer for delivery of products

Federal Funds Market

a private market (made up mostly of banks) in which banks can borrow reserves from other banks that want to lend them (usually lent for overnight use)

Environmental scanning

searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization

geographics

segmentation of the market based on where people live

cloture

a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate (if three fifths of the total number of the Senate [60 of 100] vote in favor of cloture, no senator may speak on the measure under consideration for more than one hour)

Absolute comparisons

a process in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits

database marketing

a process of deisgning, creating, & managing customer lists that contain information about an individual's characteristics & transactions with a business; also known as customer relationship management (crm)

focused factory

a production facility works best when it focuses on a fairly limited set of production objectives

institutional promotion

a promotion method used to create a favorable image for a business, help it advocate for change, or take a stand on trade or community issues

business plan

a proposal that outlines a strategy to turn a business idea into a reality

counterfeit question

a question that disguises the speakers true motive which doesn't include a genuine desire to understand the other person

abstaction ladder

a range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object

judging

a reaction in which the reciever evaluates the sender's message either favorably of un favorably

experimental method

a research technique in which a researcher observes the results of changing one or more marketing variables while keeping certain other variables constant under controlled conditions

internal summary

a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave, before proceeding to the next segment

interdependence

a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation - states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, & services & political assets such as security & stability

Intensive distribution

a strategy in which they stock their products in as many outlets as possible

horizontal organization

a structure where top management shares decision making with self - managing teams of workers who set their own goals & make their own decisions

civil service

a system of carefully describing the tasks involved in performing govt jobs, evaluating applicants for these jobs, & hiring people from among those applicants based on skills & experience rather than political factors; civil service also protects incumbents in civil service positions from politically based retribution

five levels of integration of a Trading Group

a. Free Trade Area b. Customs Union c. Common Market d. Economic Union e. Political Union

four primary motives for engaging in FDI

a. Resource seeking b. market Seeking c. Efficiency Seeking d. Responding to Competitive dynamics

Immigration & Nationality Services Act of 1965

abolished the national - origin quotas that had been in place in the U. S. since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first - come, first - served basis. Congress in favor. Pres. Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law

Efficiency wages

above - equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity

cost - plus pricing

all costs & expenses are calculated, & then the desired profit is added to arrive at a price

External environments

all events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it

Delphi method

an approach to technological forecasting; used w/ expert respondents in the field of interest; getting individuals to state their judgments, review them, & make a final judgment about some question

command economy

an economic system in which the govt decides what, when, & how much will be produced & distributed

imperium

consuls could take military power & authority

convenience product

consumer product that the customer usually buys frequently, immediately, & with a minimum of comparison & buying effort

consumer market

consumers who purchase goods & services for personal use

informative speaking

has been defined as discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces accumulated information

How did Menelik II keep colonial interests of Ethiopia

he exploited European rivalries & built a modern army

causal method of issue arrangement

shows how two or more events are connected in such a way that if one occurs, the other will necessarily follow

Conservative Democrats

similar to liberal Rep;

job descriptions

written statements listing the requirements of a particular job & the skills needed to fulfill those requirements

Galton's Fallacy

higher growth rates imply eventual `convergence' i. e. While the poor countries might have higher percentage growth rates, this does not mean that they are closing the absolute output gap with rich countries

indirect communication

hinting at a message instead of expressing thoughts & feelings directly

classical dichotomy

holds that the `real' & `monetary' sides of the economy can be analyzed separately

Contingency approach

holds that there are no universal management theories & that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time & place

customer relationship management (crm)

identifying & understanding customers to form a strong, long - lasting relationship

Disseminator role

the informational role managers play when they share information with others in their departments or companies

45 degree reference line

the line along which planned real expenditures equal real GDP per year

home page

the main page of a web site that clearly & quickly lets people know what site they are visiting

direct check method

the merchandise is checked directly against the actual invoice or purchase order

interest articulation

the methods by which citizens & groups can express their desires & make demands upon govt (e. g. political participation, lobbying, protest, etc. )

discretionary income

the money left over from a consumer's income after paying for basic living necessities such as food, shelter, & clothing

Export - Import Bank of the U. S

the official export credit agency of the U. S. govt. an independent agency of the Executive Branch that finances or insures foreign purchases of U. S. goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk. There are many other banks around the world called Eximbank, some analogous to the U. S. Ex - Im Bank, & some private commercial banks

gross domestic product (gdp)

the output of goods & services produced by labor & property located within a nation

illustration

the photograph, drawing, or other graphic elements used in an advertisement

headline

the phrase or sentence that captures the readers' attention, arouses their interest, & entices them to read the rest of the ad

break - even point

the point at which sales revenue equals the costs & expenses of making & distributing a product

brand equity

the positive differential effect that knowing the brand name has on customer response to the product or service

buying behavior

the process individuals use to decide what they will buy, where they will buy it, & from whom they will buy it

endless chain method

the process of asking previous customers for names of potential customers

inventory management

the process of buying & storing materials & products while controlling costs for ordering, shipping, handling, & storage

Decision making

the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives

customization

the process of creating products or promotions for certain countries or regions

closing the sale

the process of obtaining a positive agreement from the customer to buy

equity capital

the process of raising money from within your company or by selling part of tthe interest in the business

extensive decision making

the process used when there has been little or no previous experience with an item

hearing informational speaking

the process where a sound wave strikes the ear - drum & causes vibrations that are transmitted to the brain

inherent powers

the pwers of the national gov in the field of foreign afairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national govt

doing business as (dba) registration

the registraion by which a county govt officially recognizes that a new proprietorship or partnership exists

differentiable: effective segmentation

the segments are conceptually distinguishable & respond differently to different marketing mix elements & programs

international system

the set of relationships among the world's states structured by certain rules & patterns of interaction

competition

the struggle between companies to attract new customers, keep existing ones, & take away customers from other companies

international political economy

the study of the politics of trade, monetary, & other economic relations among nations, & their connection to other transnational forces

digit

the ten basic symbols that compose the numbering system; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9

intensional orientation

the tendency to view people, objects, & events according to the way they are talked about

effect time lag

the time that elapses between the implementation of a policy & the results of that policy

gross natinal product (gnp)

the total dollar value of goods & services produced by a nation

Concentration of effect

the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person

communibiological approach

theoretical perspective that suggest commmunication behavior can be predicted based on personal traits & characteristics that result from people's genetic or biological backround

Hegemonic Stability

theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i. e. Pax Britanica

divine right

theory used to justify absolutist rule in Europe was called

fatiguing

tiring

Foresight

to complete a plan of action for the future

Cultural evolution

which view states that some cultures are higher than others & relates to Darwinism view of humainty

Department of Commerce

whose responsibilities include management of the census & the U. S. Patent Office. Through a variety of bureaus & agencies, such as the Industry & Trade Administration & the Office of Minority Business Enterprise, the Department of Commerce works to promote American business interests at home & abroad

democratic consensus

widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance & the values that undergird them

Johari model of self disclosure

window of self (open,blind,hidden,unknown)

Herzberg's Two - Factor (Motivator - Hygiene) Theory

motivators lead to extraordinary job performance while hygiene factors keep employee showing up & doing the minimum necessary

illustrators

non verbal behaviors that accompany & support non verbal messages

indiscrimination

not evaluating an individual as unique, categorizing them in a group

Indian Removal Act

removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest

Department of Energy

responsible for developing policies for effective use of the nation's energy resources. The Department of Energy is involved in energy conservation, regulating oil pipelines, & encouraging research on new sources of energy

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda & secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective & a few years later almost every colony had one

Horace Mann

Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education - created public school system in MASS - became model for nation

Efficiency Seeking"

Seeking to minimizing unit delivered cost to market, for both production & delivery (transportation, insurance, marketing, tariffs etc), to establish a portfolio of production sources reducing risk, obtaining knowledge including technology & skills

devshirme

Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries

First peacetime draft

Selective Service Act (by FDR 1940); prohibit discrimination; all men of military age (18 - 26) register with local draft boards

Irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Dharma

Set of laws

Department of Health & Human Services

responsible for the Social Security Administration, the Public Health Service, & other programs designed to promote public welfare. It was originally called the Department of Health, Education, & Welfare, until the separate Department of Education was created in 1979

Federal Reserve System

The central bank of the U. S. incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks & all national banks & state - charted commercial banks & some trust companies. It was was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act

Corrupt Bargain

The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals & preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, & were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)

e - tailing

retailers selling products over the internet to the customer; also known as online retailing

economic risks

risks that result from changes in overall business conditions

illiberal regime

rule by elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy

indirect distribution

sales of goods or services to the customer through one or more intermediaries

consultive selling

sales that provide solutions to customers' problems by finding products that meet their needs

business - to - business selling

sales that take place in a manufacturer's or wholesaler's showroom (inside sales) or in a customer's place of business (outside sales)

Chester Barnard

saw organization as open system

French Alliance

The colonies needed help from Europe in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival & hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose the American colonies. persuaded to support the colonists by news of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga

Global interdependence

The degree of linkage among the community of nations

Credibility of monetary policy

The degree to which the public believes the central bank's promises to keep inflation low, even if doing so may impose short - run economic costs

Inside lag (of macroeconomic policy)

The delay between the date a policy change is needed & the date it is implemented

contempt of court

The deliberate obstruction of a court's proceedings by refusing to obey a court order or by interfering with court procedures. Contempt of court can be punished by fine, imprisonment, or both

contempt of Congress

The deliberate obstruction of the workings of the federal legislative branch. For example, a witness under subpoena who refuses to testify before Congress can be cited for contempt of Congress

conflict resolution

The development & implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts

Economic profit

The difference between a firm's total revenue & the sum of its explicit & implicit costs; also called excess profit

Federal Funds Interest Rate

The discount interest rate at which the branch banks of the Fed loan money to other banks

Gender division of labor

The division of work into two categories based on sex, or gender. The result is that men and women do different kinds of work.

Eastern Establishment

The elite universities & financial institutions of major cities in the northeastern U. S. These institutions, by virtue of their long - standing economic & social dominance, are often believed to exert an influence out of proportion to their size. In American politics, the Eastern Establishment often takes a liberal Republican stand

Culture of poverty

The establishment of an income level by govt that references the point at which an individual is considered to be living in poverty

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, & technologies between the Americas & the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

Discretionary authority

The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action & make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws

Chavin

The first major urban civilization in South America (900 - 250 B. C. E. ). Its capital, Chavn de Huntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavn became politically & economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)

congressional district

The geographically defined group of people on whose behalf a representative acts in the House of Representatives. Reapportioned every 10 years according to new census data. All of equal size

capital punishment

The infliction of the death penalty as punishment for certain crimes. In the U. S. an extremely controversial issue on legal, moral, & ethical grounds. 39 states now practice the death penalty

Council of the Indes

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia & then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)

Client politics

The politics of policy - making in which some small group receives the benefits of the policy & the public at large bears the costs. Only those who benefit have an incentive to organize & press their case

Indexing

The practice of increasing a nominal quantity each period by an amount equal to the percentage increase in a specified price index. Indexing prevents the purchasing power of the nominal quantity from being eroded by inflation

Controlling

The process of assessing the organizations progress toward accomplishing its goals; includes monitoring the implementation of a plan & correcting deviations from it

equivocal words

words that have more than one dictionary definition

Intolerable Acts

1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party & the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative govt. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress

Jacksonian Democracy

1829 - 1841 included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, & the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man & his opponent, J. Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the Electoral College were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions

Dyad

2 interacting people

Homo sapiens - Neanderthal

500,00 - 200,000 years ago; name means "wise man"; lived in Europe and Southern Asia; buried their dead/believed in afterlife; had speech, though not developed; lived at the same time as Homo Sapien Sapiens

Hannibal

A Carthage military commander. Marched troops through the alps & defeated many Roman armies. Returned to Carthage & failed as an administrator. Voluntary exiled himself to the Seleucid Court where he was a military adviser

Costa - Gavras

A Greek - French filmmaker best known for films with overt political themes. He has made movies mostly in French but also several in English

Brook Farm

A Massachusetts commune that wanted to created a perfect union between intellect & manual labor. It failed because nobody really wanted to work

Ingmar Bergman

A Swedish stage & film director who is one of the key film auteurs of the second half of the twentieth century. His films usually deal with existential questions about mortality, loneliness, & faith; they are also usually direct & not overtly stylized. Persona, one of Bergman's most famous films, is unusual among Bergman's work for being both existentialist & avant - garde

Checks & Balances

A System that kept 1 Branch of govt from being too Powerful

compound tariff

A TARIFF for a good that combines both a SPECIFIC TARIFF plus an AD VALOREM TARIFF

Demagogue

A politician who seeks to win & hold office by appeals to mass prejudice

Hartford Convention

A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status & War of 1812. When they wrote their "resolutions" & considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)

Insurance program

A self - financing govt program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons

Commitment problem

A situation in which people cannot achieve their goals because of an inability to make credible threats or promises

Gothic

Architectural developed in the Middle age in Western Europe/ Flying Buttress

Force Bill

Bill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by South Carolina.

Exodusters

Blacks who knew what fate awaited them in the South & moved to the Midwest to start anew

How were France & Russia similar during the 1800's

Both had policies that encouraged industrialization

Iconoclasm

Breaking of images; Religious controversy of the 8th century. Byzantine Empire attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration

How did the Allies respond to Wilson's vision for peace

Briatin & France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's plan, B & F were concerned with strengthening their own security, B & F wanted to strip Germany of its war - making power

Impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, & often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen & not British

Indira Ghandi

Daughter of Nehru, PM from 1966 to 1977, later 1980 - 84. Focused on helping poor & independence of Bangladesh. Assassinated by her own bodyguards

Clarence Darrow

Defense attorney in the Scopes trial

Front runner

Designation given to the candidate who leads in the polls

Creative federalism

Developed during Pres. Lyndon Johnson's administration, it was characterized by the Great Society programs, which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian leader who took Suez Canal in 1956. Also launched unsuccessful 6 day war against Israel

Honeymoon stage

Everything seems fabulous

Federal Securities Act

FDR 1933, 1934, required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks & bonds

Charles Sumner & Preston Brooks

FP Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler & subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

Elenor Roosevelt

First lady to FDR, involved in humanitarian & diplomatic efforts around the world. Represented US in UN

Frances Perkins

First women to hold a cabinet position (Secretary of Labor under FDR). She assisted in drafting of New Deal & creation of Social Security system

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gave more rights to Blacks after Civil War

Hard Power

Getting others to do what another says

hearsay

Information heard by one person about another. Hearsay is generally inadmissible as evidence in a court of law because it is based on the reports of others rather than on the personal knowledge of a witness

Inca Socialism

Interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia. Organized in which every community collectively contributed to the whole

How did zoroastrianism influence judaism & christianity

It introduced the concepts of angels, satan, ressurection, & afterlife

dirty float in economics

It is when a country tries to manipulate the value of its floating currency

Edict of Milan

It was a policy under Constantine the great under the Roman empire to end persecution of the christians in the eastern Roman empire, which became the Byzantine empire after Constantine's death

Energy Problem 1979

JEC, Iran revolution ended oil shipment, so in spring of 1979, gas & oil priced were raised

Economies of Scope

Joint outuput of a single firm is greater than output that could e achieved by two different firms when each produces a single product

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

LBJ a joint resolution of the U. S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U. S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia

Heterosexist Language

Language that revels an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if hemosexuality or bisexual did not exist

Guptas

Large Indian empire. Lasted 200 years. Gave classical India its greatest period of political stability

Inca

Largest & most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco

Consultative Leaders

Leaders who confer with subordinates before making a decision but who retain the final decision - making authority

Budestag

Lower house in Germany

Bakke decision

Major decision in which the court upheld the general principle of Affirmative Action

environmental forces

Market screening eliminates:

Demand tends to become more or less elastic over time

More Elastic, because consumers have more time to adjust to a price change

Internment of Japanese Americans

More than 100,000 people put in relocation camps during WWII

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain & the western Sudan

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Most critics regard "The Great Gatsby" as his finest work. Written in 1925, it tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure - seeking people around him

Jim Thorpe

Native American olympic athelete in 1912 games

Declaratory Act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face - saving mechanism & nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in & control the colonies

How were Muhammad Ali's policies & European colonial policies similar

Peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food

dissidents

Persons who refuse to conform to prevailing political & social values

four parts to self - image

Phsychological(introspection), physical self - image, emotional self - image, intellectual self - image

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, & improve the country's transporation system

Entrepreneurial politics

Policies benefiting society as a whole or some large part that impose a substantial cost on some small identifiable segment of society

Congressional oversight

Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations & budgets of executive departments & independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, & bring to the public's attention the need for public policy

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465

Concurrent Powers

Powers Shared by both the Federal & State govt

Economic Growth & Deregulation

RR wanted free enterprise system, which would help pour revenue into the pockets of taxpayers, as a result, dismantled govt programs like Clean Air & Water Acts & OSHA, economic regulations EPA, accused of making deals with industries, America doing well in Europe since they were good customers huge trade surpluses, they had private saving ans invested in US Treasury bills, however downfall was unbalanced budgets

de facto discrimination

Racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social factors) rather than the law

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields

fourth world

Refers to a sub - population subjected to social exclusion in global society, but since the 1974 publication of The Fourth World: An Indian Reality of George Manuel, Cheif of the National Indian Brotherhood - Assembly of First Nations, fourth world has come to be known as a synonym for stateless nations

Judicial Implementation

Refers to how & whether judicial decisions are translated into actual public policies affecting more than the immediate parties to a lawsuit

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312 - 337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople & made Christianity a favored religion

Dewey/Manila

Spanish - American war was started when Dewey's fleet seized or destroyed all ten Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay (Philippines)

Homestead Strike

Strike that turned violent at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant. (1892)

Caste System

System of rigid social hierarchy. Birthed into specific "ranks"

Hold

Tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor. This stops the bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed

European Union

The Western European regional organization established in 1983 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Community, the EEC & EURATOM

Invisible Primary

The first phase of the presidential nomination process, where candidates attempt to gain front - runner status & raise the most money

Force Acts

The four Force Acts passed by the Congress of the U. S. shortly after the American Civil War helped protect the voting rights of African - Americans

Federalism

The overall division of power between the federal govt & state govts; as defined in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. It specifically tells the states that they have reserved powers. Powers not delegated to the govt by the Constitution are given to the respective states

Connoative Meaning

The personal & subjective meaning of a word

Department of Veterans Affairs

The second - largest cabinet department, the VA coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces & their dependents. The benefits include compensation for disabilities, the management of veterans' hospitals, & various insurance programs

current dollars

The value of the dollar in the year for which it is being reported. Sometimes called inflated dollars. Any currency can be expressed in current value

convertible bonds

They carry a provision that the bond can be converted into shares of common stock under certain circumstances. Convertible bonds can be more attractive that bonds with no conversion provision, depending on the price of the underlying stock

Discretionary Spending

Those appropriation items in the budget that are not mandatory. In the federal budget, discretionary spending consists of measures in the 13 appropriation bills that must be passed by Congress by October 1 in such categories as transportation, agriculture, & education

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942 - 1943

Hansaetic League

Trade network in the Baltic & North Sea which embraced many cities. This encouraged economic, social, & banking growth

devices are used to ensure the continuity of thought

Transitions & interim summaries are used to ensure the continuity of thought

Despotism

Unlimited political rule by one person

Ethiopia & Liberia

What African countries were never colonized

Groups of accepting a long establish form of govt

What was most likely NOT influenced by nationalism during the 1800's

it believed that the US should stay out of European affairs

What was teh American public's opinion about joining the League of Nations

Greek

What was the dominant language of the Roman Empire

brand extension

a branding strategy that uses an existing brand name to promote a new or improved product in a company's product line

executive summary

a brief overview of an entire marketing plan

joint venture

a business enterprise that different companies set up together; often, the venture involves a domestic company & a foreign company

for - profit business

a business that seeks to make a profit from its operations

color wheel

a circular illustration of the relationships between colors

horse race

a close contest; by extension, any contest in which the focus is on who is ahead & by how much rather than one substantive differences between the candidates

causation

a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others

independent agency

a gov entity that is independent of the legislative, executive, & judicial branches

Gantt chart

a graphic chart that shows tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

industry

a group of establishments primarily engaged in producing or handling the same product or group of products or in rendering the same services

faction

a group organized on the grounds of self - perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or govt

grade label

a label that states the quality of the product

class action suit

a lawsuit filed on behalf of a group of people, & whose result affects that group as a whole, interest groups such as the NAACP often use these to assert their influence over policy decisions

franchise

a legal agreement to sell a parent company's product or services in a designated geographic area

Human Relations Skills

a managers interpersonal skills that are used to accomplish goals through the use of human resources

differentiated marketing: targeting strategies

a market coverage strategy in which a firm decides to target several market segments & designs separate offers for each

catch - all party

a political party whose aim is ot gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de - emphasis of ideology & an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, & marketing

disclaimer

a statement that contains exceptions to & exclusions form a warranty

Function of the Federal Reserve System #6

acts as the "lender of last resort" (the Federal Rserve's role as an institutions that is willing & able to lend to a temporarily illiquid bank that is otherwise in good financial condition to prevent the bank's illiquid position from lending to a general loss of confidence in that banks or in others)

formal alliances

alliances established between states through a written treaty, concerning a common threat & related issues of internatl security, & that endure across a range of lives & period of time

extended coverage

an endorsement tha provides protection against types of loss that may not be covered under a basic property insurance policy

Dynamic environment

an environment in which the rate of change is fast

Complex environment

an environment with many environmental factors

direct aggression

an expression of the speakers thoughts or feelings that attack the position & dignity of the reciever

empathy

an understanding of a person's situation or frame of mind

emotional response theory

any human emotion experienced can be interpreted along three deminsions

In re Neagle

authority of the U. S. Attorney General to appoint U. S. Marshals as bodyguards to Supreme Court Justices

buyer readiness stages

awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction, & purchase

industrial market

businesses that buy products to use in their operations; also called the business - to - business market (this can be abbreviated as b - to - b or b2b)

drop shippers

businesses that own the goods they sell but do not physically handle the products

How did the Japanese try to build a pacific empire

by taking over US British & French territories

Hagia Sophia

church rebuilt by Justinian. The model for churches all over the empire

graft

corruption/ill - gotten money

internation communication

country based communication

direct marketing

direct connections with carefully targeted individual consumers to both obtain an immediate response & cultivate lasting customer relationships

Incorporation of the 14th Amendment

doctrine that made the Bill of Rights apply to the states as a result of Supreme Court decisions

General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia 1995

ended the Bosnian civil war by providing for NATO troops to serve as peacekeepers

But, still, however, nevertheless, & yet

examples of transitional devices you can use to show a contrasting relationship

branches of govt

executive, legislative, & judicial branches. The executive branch consists of the pres., the cabinet, & the various departments & executive agencies. The legislative branch consists of the two houses of Congress, the Senate & the House of Representatives, & their staff. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court & the other federal courts

Company Sales Force - types of intermediaries

expand the company's direct sales force. Assign salespeople, develop company sales

fixed investment

expenditures by firms on new machines & buildings (capital goods) that are expected to yield a future stream of income

capital budget

expenditures on investment items, such as machines, buildings, roads, & dams

Forty Acres & a mule

failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land & a mule to plow with

Evaluation apprehension

fear of what others will think of your ideas

EPA

federal agency that protects human health & our environment

civil rights act of 1964

federal law that made segregation illegal in most public places, increased penalties & sentences for those convicted of discrimination in employment, & withheld federal aid from schools that discriminated on the basis of race or gender

depository institutions

financial institutions that accept deposits from savers & lend funds from those deposits out at interest

inventory control

finding the optimal combination of products to stock in a network of warehouses or storage locations

distribution scheduling

finding the optimal shipping schedule for distributing products between factories & warehouses or between warehouses & retailers

causing fear

formidable

democracy

gov by the people, either directly or indirectly, with free & frequent elections

clip art

images, stock drawings, & photographs used in print advertisements

brand label

label giving the brand name, trademark, or logo

equivocal language

language with one or more interpretations

3 self

material, social, spiritual, cyber

consumer goods

most global of markets are not markets for _, where national differences in tastes & preferences are still often important enough to act as a break on globalization

family

most important consumer buying organization in society

cause packaging

packaging that is used by companies to promote social & political causes

centralists

people who favor national action over action at the state & local levels

Cognitive dissonance

perception of incompatibility between 2 cognitions, which can be defined as any element of knowledge, attitude, emotion, belief or value, as well as a goal, plan, or an interest. contradicting cognitions serve as a driving force that compels the mind to acquire or invent new thoughts or beliefs

honeymoon

period at the beginning of a new pres.'s term during which the pres. enjoys generally positive relations with the press & Congress, usually lasting about six months

influence public opinion

purpose of propaganda during WWI was to

Budgeting

quantitative planning trough which mangers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals

Department of Housing & Urban Development

responsible for home finance, promoting civil rights in housing, urban renewal, & the development of new communities

home country

state where a multinational corporation has its headquarters

factual statement

statement that can be verified as being true of false

commander

the officer in charge of an army

Catholicism

the oldest branch of christianity

China

the oldest ongoing country in the world

e - marketplace

the online shopping location where products are sold to customers & industrial buyers through the use of the internet

credit

the opportunity for businesses or individuals to obtain products or money in exchange for a promise to pay later

economy

the organized way a nation provides for the needs & wants of its people

contract manufacturing

the process of hiring a foreign manufacturer to make products according to certain specifications

institutional advertising

the process used to try to create a favorable image for a company & foster goodwill in the marketplace

Conventional level of moral development

the second level of moral development in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectations

control

the social need to influence others

information screens

the subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them

buying signals

the things customers do or say to indicate a readiness to buy

display

the visual & artistic aspects of presenting a product to a target group of customers

How are people with low self - esteem counterintuitive

they pay more attention to negative evaluations; are more likely to have partners with similar self views; experience worse health after experiencing positive events

dissolve

to do away with

ideal model of communication

transactional communication

busing

transportation of public school students from areas where they live to schools in other areas to eliminate school segregation based on residential patterns.

Head Money Cases

treaties

Commissioner v. Tufts

unanimous decision on when a taxpayer sells or disposes of property encumbered by a nonrecourse obligation exceeding the fair market value of the property sold, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may require him to include in the "amount realized" the outstanding amount of the obligation; the fair market value of the property is irrelevant to this calculation

CPM single time estimate

used when activity times are known with certainty, used to determine timing estimates for the project, each activity in the project, & slack time for activities

Bretton Woods Conference

1944, (FDR) The common name for the UN Monetary & Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under - developed areas, & speed the economic recovery of Europe

First Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B. C. E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)

FBI

An agency of the U. S. federal govt, long headed by J. Edgar Hoover, which investigates violations of federal (rather than state or local) laws, including kidnaping, smuggling narcotics, & espionage. "¡ Established in 1908 under the Department of Justice, the FBI earned its reputation in the 1920s & 1930s by apprehending notorious bank robbers & gangsters

54/40 of fight

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada & Oregon should be drawn. wanted the U. S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846

idealism

An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, & international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations

Employer discrimination

An arbitrary preference by an employer for one group of workers over another

Executive Privilege

An assertion of presidential power that reasons that the pres. can withhold information requested by the courts in matters relating to his office

Class consciousness

An awareness of belonging to a particular socioeconomic class whose interests are different from those of others. Usually used in reference to workers who view their interests as opposite those of managers & business owners

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first & sixth centuries C. E. It was centered in the rich rice - growing region of southern Vietnam, & it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus

Concurrent resolution

An expression of congressional opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House & Senate but not of the pres. Used to settle housekeeping & procedural matters that affect both houses

dark horse

An unexpected winner. In politics, a dark horse is a candidate for office considered unlikely to receive his or her party's nomination, but who might be nominated if party leaders cannot agree on a better candidate

Characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:

Clear division of labor - Clear hierarchy of authority - Formal rules & procedures - Impersonality - Careers based on merit

Cross - functional strategic plan

Clearly the greatest advantage of strategic planning with a cross - functional team is the ability of team members to consider a situation from a number of viewpoints

Coercive Acts

Closed Boston Harbor to all but essential trade (food & firewood) & declared it would remain closed until the damages incurred during the Boston Tea Party were paid for. Several measures tightened English control over the Massachusetts govt & its courts, & another required civilians to house British soldiers

Collective Security

Collective Security is a power system in which each state would guarantee the security & independence of every other state

Colonialism

Colonialism is the rule of an area & its people by an external nation with an Imperialist policy. Two major types: - The transportation of emigrants from the mother country to form a new political entity at a distant location - The imposition of rule over technologically lesser - developed peoples

categorical - formula grants

Congress appropriated funds for specific purposes, allocated by formula & are subject to detailed federal conditions, provide federal supervision to ensure that money is spent as planned, local govt receiving funds must also invest some of its own funds in the desired endeavors

cross - training

a process that prepares a team member to do many different activities

cycle counts

a small portion of the inventory is physically counted each day by stockkeeping units so that the entire inventory is accounted for on a regular basis

ethnicity

a social division based on national origin, religion, language, & often race

fiduciary monetary system

a system in which money is issued by the govt & its value is based uniquely on the public's faith that the currency represents command over goods & services

Gulag

a system of prison camps inside the former Soviety Union used for political prisoners. Under Stalin millions died in these camps

In re Ross

application of U. S. law to foreign sailors on U. S. flagged ships while in another country

Ginnie Mae - The govt National Mortgage Association (GNMA)

created by the U. S. Federal govt through a 1968 partition of Fannie Mae. a wholly owned corporation within the U. S. ' HUD Department. main purpose is to provide financial assistance to low - to moderate - income homebuyers, by promoting mortgage credit

job enlargement

horizontally addding duties of a similar level of skill at the same organizational level horizontal loading

collective goods problem

how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it

candidate appeal

how voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, & other personal qualities

counterinsurgency

effort to combat guerillas, often including programs to "win the hearts & minds" of rural populations so they stop sheltering guerillas

highland

elevated land area such as a hill, mountian, or plateau

hill

elevated land with sloping sides & rounded summit, generally smaller than a mountian

cleavage

factors that separate groups within a society; may be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc. the wider & deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society; cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other; cleavages that don't coincide can weaken the divisions between groups

federal trade commission (ftc)

federal agency responsible for enforcing the principles of a free enterprise system & protecting consumers from unfair or deceptive business practices

consumer product safety commission (cpsc)

federal agency responsible for overseeing the safety of all products except food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco products, firearms & ammunition, motor vehicles, pesticides, aircraft, boats, & fixed site amusment rides

independence

freedom from being ruled by someone else

Internal Debt

govt debt owed to other fovernmental agencies or to its own citizens

directing (leading) function

guiding & influencing people to seek organizational objectives

Feedback - communication process

the part of the receiver's response communicated back to the sender

channel of distribution

the path a product takes from its producer or manufacturer to the final user

executive

the people & agencies which implement or execute govt policy (from the head of govt to the lowest bureaucracies)

Chief information officer

the person over a group that is centralized IS serving the entire organization's needs placed under the control of a top - level manager & link them to top for control coordination, & guidance

Full Service Retailers

specialty stores & first class department stores. Salespeople assist customers in every phase of the shopping process

comparison - contrast of issue arrangement

speech that shows both similarities & differences

dominance disadvantage

stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, & resentment by, the lower - ranking members in the status hierachy

Ex Parte Madrazzo

standing in an admiralty case

introduction stage

starts when the new product is first launched. sales are slow

host country

state in which a foreign multinational corporation operates

great power

states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power (US, Germany, Russia)

Function of the Federal Reserve System #1

supplies the economy with fiduciary currency (paper currency known as Federal Reserve notes); changes throughout the yr (ex. demands for paper currency are largers during the holiday seasons)

extensional orientation

tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, & events & then look at their labels

competitive federalism

term defined by Thomas R Dye, all units of gov competing with each other over ways to put together the goods & services of gov

indirect speech

term for communicating in a roundabout way

channel

term for the medium through which a message passes

equation of exchange

the formula indicating that the number of monetary units (Ms) times the number of times each unit is spent on final goods & services (V) is identical to the price level (P) times real GDP (Y)

Hegemony

the overbearing influence of one nation over another

bubonic plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents & humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate & hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth - century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior & were just as scientific as the laws of physics

judicial activism

A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, especially in the areas of equality & personal liberty

Income strategy

A policy of giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty

Federal regime

A political system in which local units of govt have a specially protected existence & can make final decisions over some governmental activities

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro - Hungarian) Empire, & ruled sixteenth - & seventeenth - century Spain

In forma pauperis

A procedure whereby a poor person can file & be heard in court as a pauper, free of charge

Credible promise

A promise to take an action that is in the promiser's interest to keep

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, & commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor. " The phrase came to be used to describe the U. S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U. S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations

Healthcare Coverage

GB1 cost of health care rose as well as those without it

Federal Election Commission

GF investigate alleged violations of the law

Gains from specialization & trade are always possible as long as

Gains from specialization & trade are always possible as long as OPPORTUNITY COSTS DIVERGE

Hessians

German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty & not duty, had large numbers desert & remained in America to become respectful citizens

Coxey's Army

A band of unemployed people who marched to DC during the depression of 1894 under the leadership of Jacob S. Coxey. They urged the enactment of laws which would provide money without interest for public improvements to create work

Civic duty

A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic & political affairs

callable" bond

A bond that can be paid back early, thus forcing the buyer to find another place to put his money

game theory

A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner's Dilemma & Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions

Financial Institution

A business whose primary activity is buying, selling, or holding financial assets

cost - benefit analysis

A calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action & the benefits it is likely to bring

Buying stocks on margin

This is when you buy a stock with a small downpayment & say that you will pay the rest later because you don't have the money now. It's buying something with money you hope that you'll be getting in the future

concentrated marketing: targeting strategies

a market coverage strategy in which a firm goes after a large share of one or a few segments or niches

direct marketing channel

a marketing channel that has no intermediary levels

citizen

a member of a state who is legally entitled to full civil rights & is legally obliged to perform defined public duties

Diplomatic Realism

What sub - ideology - "There can be a slippage between the distribution of power & the perception of threat" - Revisionist are threatening, while status quo states are not

Corporate bonds

What tend to be the riskiest type of bonds

Humility

What trait did Napoleon Not possess

Green Party

a minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, & a foreign policy of nonintervention; Ralph Nader ran as the Green party's nominee in 2000

dialectical model

a model claiming that throughout their lifetime people in virtually all interpersonal relationships must deal with equally important opposing forces

johari window

a model that describes the realstionship between self disclosure & self awareness

cash flow statement

a monthly plan that tracks when a person anticipates that cash will come into their business & when they expect to pay out cash

ERG Hiearchy

a motivation category that uses three types of needs, existence, relatedness & growth needs

brand

a name, term, design, symbol, or combination of these elements that identifies a business, product, or service & distinguishes it from its competitors

Civil rights act of 1991

a U. S. statute that was passed in response to a series of U. S. Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural & substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases: it provided for the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims & introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages,

Groupthink

a barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within a group for members to agree with each other

conservatism

a belief that limited govt ensures order, competitive markets, & personal opportunity

direct close

a closing method in which a salesperson asks for the sale

Ethical responsibility

a company's social responsibility nnot to violate accepted principles of right & wrong when conducting its business

ideology

a consistent pattern of beliefs about political values & the role of gov

insurance policy

a contract between a business & and insurance company to cover a specific business risk

dissaving

a negative saving: a situation in which spending exceeds income; can occur when a household is able to borrow or use up existing assets

disfluences

a non linguistic verbalization

escalatory conflict spiral

a reciprical pattern of communications of which messages between communicators reinforce eachother

buyer

a representative of a retail store who places orders for products that will be sold in the store, usually by traveling to manufacturers' showrooms

federal mandate

a requirement imposed by the federal gov as a condition for the receipt of federal funds

harbor

a sheltered place along the shoreline where ships can anchor safely

convergence

accomodating ones speaking style to another person who usually is desirable or has higher status

installment accounts

accounts that allow for payment over a period of time; also known as time payment accounts

budget accounts

accounts that allow the payment of a purchased item over a certain time period without a finance charge

great aim of Louis XIV was to

acquire territories up to France boundaries

govt Action" in Porter's Theory

actions by govt that could have a positive or negative effect of foreign business

Function of the Federal Reserve System #4

acts as the govt's fiscal agent (helps the govt collect certain tax revenues & aids in the purchase & sale of govt securities)

Intelligence Community

agencies & bureaus that are responsible for obtaining & interpreting information for the govt

inventory

all the goods stored by a business before they are sold

fiduciary

comes from the latin fiducia, which means "trust" or "confidence"

inferential statement

conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

expected value

conditional value of alternative times probability of state of nature

Ex parte McCardle

congressional power to limit Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction

everyday low prices (edlp)

consistently low prices with no intention of raising them or offering discounts in the future

Conventional Distribution Channel

consists of one or more independent producers, wholesalers, & retailers. Each is a separate business seeking to maximize itw own profits, perhaps even at the expense of the system as a whole

cash & carry

countries such as Britain & France would have to pay for American goods in cash & provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone & eliminate the need for war loans

excess reserves leakages

depository institutions may wish to maintain excess reserves greater than zero (greater the excess reserves, the smaller the money multiplier)

C - Type conflict (cognitive)

disagreement that focuses on problem - and issue - related differences of opinion

A - type Conflict (affective)

disagreement that focusses on individual or personal issues

geographic segmentation

dividing a market into different geographical units such as nations, states, regions, counties, cities, or neighborhoods

gender segmentation

dividing a market into different groups based on gender

income segmentation

dividing a market into different income groups

demographic segmentation

dividing a market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income, occupation, religion, race, generation, & nationality

cross - cutting cleavages

divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different

Foreign Business

domestic business operating in foreign countries

forecasting

early step in planning process; est. premises or assumptions on which plans will be based

factors of production

economic term for the four categories of resources: land, labor, capital, & entrepreneurship

EEC - European Economic Community

economic union of some European countries creates in order to unify their trade policies and cancel tax barriers between the member nations

How does the Bureau of Labor Statistics calculate unemployment

egularly gathers data from 60,000 households to compute the unemployment rate

fedwire

electronic payments transfer system operated by the Federal Reserve System (about 2,000 U. S. depository institutions use to process interbank payments)

cues - filtered - out theory

emotional expression is severely restricted when we communicate online because sending messages via internet filters out non - verbal cues

Employee shrinkage

employee theft of company merchandise

civil servants

employees of the govt who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve any & all govts

goal of the speech

expressed in terms of its expected outcome

flexible processes

flexible manufacturing systems & simple, easy set up equipment; allow for rapid low - cost switching from one product line to another which enables economies of scope

dissolve

for one people to _ the political bands

individualist culture

individual values such as power, achievement, hedonism, & stimulation (Americans fall under this category) success is measured by how well you outshine others, & you are responsible for you & you alone

high power distance culture

inequalities expected, children respect parents, teachers take initiative, hierarchy is normal

Characteristic of org information

information Data that have been deliberately selected, processed, & organized to be useful to an individual manager

face

is the most significant place to express emotion

emotive language

language that conveys the senders attitude rather than simply offering an objective description

initiative

process through which voters may propose new laws, one of several Progressive Era reforms that increased voters' power over govt

factory outlets

producer operated stores by firms in value retail centers

green marketing

producing & promoting environmentally safe products

consumer product

product bought by final consumer for personal consumption

bounded rationality

real - world decision - maker has his thinking limited by such things as societal & organizational norms & impracticality of obtaining all possible info about problem or alternatives

deism

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

CIA

the govt organization that oversees foreign intelligence - gathering & related classified activities

How can communication be a nonverbal behavior

the clothes you wear, the way you walk, shake hands, cock you head, comb your hair, sit & smile

Discretionary responsibility

the expectation that a company will voluntarily serve a social role beyond its economic, legal & ethical responsibilities

disposable income

the money left over after taxes are taken out of a consumer's income

interest

the money paid for the use of money borrowed or invested

existence needs

the need related to a person's well being

free - on board (fob)

the price for goods includes delivery at the seller's expense to a specified point & no further

Human Communication

the process of making sense out of the world & sharing that sense with others bt creating meaning through verbal & non verbal messages

Grassroots

Political participation at the local level

general election campaign

That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a general election

Economic rent

That part of the payment for a factor of production that exceeds the owner's reservation price, the price below which the owner would not supply the factor

Eastern Question

The "question" posed by the Great Powers about the future of the Ottoman territories.

Conspicuous Consumption

The onsumption of goods not for one's direct pleasure, but simply to show off to others

Culture

The shared set of beliefs, values, & patterns of behavior common to a group of people

Gold plating

The tendency of Pentagon officials to ask weapons contractors to meet excessively high requirements

Coattail Effect

The tendency of lesser - known or weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence on the party's ticket of a more popular candidate

How many types of physical behaviors are there Name them

There are three types of physical behavior: eye contact, body movement & gestures

How is a pres. impeached

There are two steps: First the House of Reps passes the articles of impeachment, which are the formal allegations, by a simple majority. Next, the Senate votes, by two - thirds majority to convict

Civil Service Laws

These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties & created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition

Financial Assets

Assets such as stocks or bonds, whose benefit to the owner depends on the issuer of the asset meeting certain obligations

A bill concerning money or revenue

What kind of Bill can only begin in the House of Representatives

Interactional/transactional

What part of communication is the way you sit/look

constituency - party

2 factors that make up congressman's stance on trade

Concurring opinion

A Supreme Court opinion by one or more justices who agree with the majority's conclusion but for different reasons

containment, policy of

A U. S. foreign policy doctrine adopted by the Harry S. Truman administration in 1947, operating on the principle that communist govts will eventually fall apart as long as they are prevented from expanding their influence

George McClellan

A Union general in the Civil War. In 1861 he was commander of the Army of the Potomac (name of the Union Army). He was an excellent drillmaster & organizer of troops but he was also a perfectionist & would always believe he was outnumbered. He never took risks, & held the army for months until Lincoln ordered him to advance

Fiedler contingency model

A contigency theory that proposed that effective group performance depended upon the proper match between a leader's style of interacting with his or her followers & the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control & influence

Feed Foward Control

A control that prevents defects & deviations from standards by focusing on operations before they begin

Descriptive representation

A correspondence between the demographic characteristics of representatives & those of their constituents

capital offense

A crime, such as murder or betrayal of one's country, that is treated so seriously that death may be considered an appropriate punishment

Gender

A cultural construction that includes one's biological sex, psychological charaterics (feminnity, mascularity & drogyny), attitudes about the sexes & sexual orientation

electric telegraph

A device for rapid, long - distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England & North America in the 1830s & 1840s & replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores

Decision tree (or game tree)

A diagram that describes the possible moves in a game in sequence & lists the payoffs that correspond to each possible combination of moves

conflict

A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation

Compensating wage differential

A difference in the wage rate - negative or positive - that reflects the attractiveness of a job's working conditions

Great Western Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 & 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome & Avignon

International Court of Justice

A division of the UN that settles legal disputes submitted to it by member nations. Also called the World Court or the Hague

brief

A document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial

Civil Service Commission

A federal agency which regulates the hiring of govt employees

Despository Institution

A financila institution whose primary financial liability is deposits in checking or savings accounts

Imperfectly competitive firm

A firm that has at least some control over the market price of its product

Hyperpluralism

A group theory characterized by many interest groups vying for control resulting in a govt that is tied up in a gridlock

Decision Support System

A specialized variant of a CIS an analytic model that joins a manager's experience, judgment, & intuition

Command - and - control strategy

A strategy to improve air & water quality, involving the setting of detailed pollution standards & rules

Inflation shock

A sudden change in the normal behavior of inflation, unrelated to the nation's output gap

donkey

A symbol of the Democratic party, introduced in a series of political cartoons by Thomas Nast during the congressional elections of 1874

elephant

A symbol of the Republican party, introduced in a series of political cartoons by Thomas Nast during the congressional elections of 1874

bureaucratic authoritarianism

A system in which the state bureaucracy & the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, & technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation

Head tax

A tax that collects the same amount from every taxpayer

Excise Tax

A tax that is levied on a specific good, such as tobacco

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan & Mycenaean palaces & Roman villas, & became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance

First Labor Unions

AJ, in Philly, wanted 1) abolition of imprisonment for debt 2) free education 3) abolition of prison contract 4) 10 hour work day

Grandfather Clause

AJohn Law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867

Dyadic Conciousness

Acknowledgement of Dyadicness

Iron Age

After the bronze age, used iron to make tools around 2000 BC

Independent regulatory agencies

Agencies that are quasi - legislative & quasi - judicial in nature & operation. Example include the FDA & EPA

Collective security

Agreement to form through treaties mutual defense arrangements, such as NATO, which guarantee that if one nation is attacked, other nations will come to its defense

General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)

Agreement wherein new trade barriers would be avoided by member nations, existing tariffs would be eliminated, & protective tariffs would be used only for emergency situations

Homestead Act

Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, & paying $30. Urged many to move out West

Chatauqua Movement

American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th & 20th movements - brought people into communities to lecture

Jonathan Edwards

An American clergyman who was a leader of the Great Awakening in the 1730s

Geronimo

An Apache leader who was one of the last to lead Native Americans against white settlers

Free Enterprise & Competition

An economic system characterized by private ownership of property & productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, & the forces of supply & demand to direct the production & distribution of goods & services

Franco - American Alliance

Negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought French into war on Americans' side. Helped determine outcome of war

Cash Flow Accounting System

An accounting system entering expenses & revenues only when cash is received or paid out

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, & distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities & promote individualism

Compensatory action

An action designed to help members of disadvantaged groups, especially minorities & women, catch up, usually by giving them extra education, training, or services

Bureau of the Public Debt

An agency in the Treasury department that issues US Bonds

Hoover Commission

An effort spearheaded by former pres. Hoover. proposals resulted in an extensive reorganization of the executive branch of the federal govt. Another one was conductedand published its findings in 1955 during Eisenhower's administration. Their recommendations, over 70% of which were implemented by executive & legislative action, resulted in the elimination & consolidation of some departments

durbar

An elaborate display of political power & wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire

direct primary

An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office

Critical Election

An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues

Diocletian

An emperor, reigned (284 - 305CE) divided the empire into two administrative districts. He was a skillful administrator

Full Convertibility

An exchange rate system in which individuals may change dollars into any currency they want for whatever legal purpose they want

Foreign Office

An executive agency that formulates & implements foreign policy

Factor of production

An input used in the production of a good or service

Fitch Ratings

An international credit rating agency dual - headquartered in New York City & London. It is one of the three Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSRO) designated by the U. S. Securities & Exchange Commission in 1975, together with Moody's & Standard & Poor's

Charismatic leader

An leader whose personality & actions influence people to behave in certain ways

Closed rule

An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate & forbids a particular bill from being amended on the legislative floor

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993

Central or National govt

Another name for the Federal govt

Concurrent

Any powers shared by state & federal govt are called

Diego Garcia

Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a large runway that the US & Indian navies use for drills

Interpretation

Attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, & organized

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

BH Authorized the Pres. to set aside public forests as national parks & other reserves

Contingent Self - Esteem

Based on other's goals

Common law

Based on the legal concept of stare decisis, or judicial precedent

J. Edgar Hoover

Director of FBI 1921 - 1972. Vigorous investigation of gangsters & spies. Controversial because seen as overzealous with respect to communists

Ilkhanate of Persia

Brother of Khubilai Khan who took over Baghdad in 1258

Espionage Act & Sedition Act

Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the govt, the Constitution, or military uniforms, & forbade aiding the enemy

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron & glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, a symbol of the industrial age

Bureaucratic Organization

Bureaucracy: An ideal, intentionally rational, & very efficient form of organization. Based on principles of logic, order, & legitimate authority

govt Corporations

Businesses established by Congress that perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. (like the US Postal Service)

Greek fire

Byzantine fire, wildfire & liquid fire; was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, & was very effective both on sea & land. However, it was used primarily at sea

Civil Service Reform

CAA Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians & create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in govt

First Bank of the U. S

Caused debate between Federalists & Anti - Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the govt could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the govt did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton

Effluent Fees

Charges imposed by govt on the level of pollution created

Cordell Hull

Chief architect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. He also succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the U. S. lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same

Indulgence

Church selling freedom from purgatory. Attack by Martin Luther of this practice began the reformation

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries & territories, ICFTU came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Central to the ICFTU's work has been the struggle to defend workers' rights. The ICFTU lobbies for the ratification of what it calls "core labour standards" - the various conventions of the International Labour Organization

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication that occurs within yourself including your thoughts & emotins

French Indochina

DDE a French colony that included Vietnam Laos, & Cambodia, but Vietminh captured the fRench fortress of Dien Bien Phy, North was a Communist State, south independent, they wanted to resist of Communism

Interstate Highway Act

DDE, Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, Pres. Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel & vacation industries

Frances E. Willard & the WCTU

Dean of Women at Northwestern University & the pres. of the Women's Christian Temperance Union which she build to become the largest organization of women in the world

Gridlock

Describes peoples' perception that Congress & the pres. are in a state of disagreement that results in little legislation passing

Equilibrate

Describes the movement of the factors of a market set at the equilibrium price

European Economic Community

EEC - The regional trade & economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the common market

Economic Imperialism

Economic Imperialism is the involvement of one state in the economy of another so that the power of the sovereign state is impaired

Cash on the table

Economic metaphor for unexploited gain from exchange

inevitable discovery

Exception to the exclusionary rule that allows the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial if the court determines that the evidence would eventually have been found by legal means

Civilian Conservation Corps

FDR 1933, March 31, 1933; unemployment relief act; hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;

Home Owners Loan Act

FDR 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages

Francisco Franco

Facist dictator of Spain, Head of state for life. Died in 1975

common obstacles to sentence coherence

Faulty order of sentence parts & misplaced modifiers - sentence parts are not in the correct order. 2) Faulty parallelism - similar ideas or parts are not expressed in a parallel way. Faulty relationship of ideas - reader cannot tell the relationship of sentence parts due to dangling modifiers or omissions

Czech Coup

Feb. 1948 - A Soviet supported coup in which the govt of Czechoslavkia, the last independent govt in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing

Food stamp program

Federally funded program that gives food coupons to low - income people based on income & family size

FPI

Foreign portfolio investment - Investment in the stocks & the public/private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock - issuing company or the bond - issuing debtor. Solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations

dual federalism

Form of US federalism during nation's early history. Federal & state govts remain separate & independent

Fascism

Form of govt characterized by militarism, extreme nationalism, & a oneparty dictatorship

constitutional govt

Form of govt in which govt power is vested in the people & is defined & limited by law

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages & towns. Less powerful than kingdoms & empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving & commercial links

Georgia

Founded by James Oglethorpe for those burdened by debt. The English used the colony as a buffer between the propserpous Carolinas & the French & Spaniards

Connecticut

Founded by Thomas Hooker who brought groups of Puritans to new colony

Harvard College

Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies

College of William & Mary

Founded in 1693, it was the first college of the Jamestown area

four resources for researching your subject

Four available resources are the library, the internet, referance books, & individuals

Isocost line

Graph showing all possible combinations of labor & capital that can be purchased for a given total cost

G77

Group of 77 - the group of 77 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in N - S trade. Now includes 133 members & represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South

breech loading rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber

International Military Tribunal

HT Robert Jackson, defined crime as something against - peace, humanity, & international law

Creel Committee

Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917 - 1919). He depicted the U. S. as a champion of justice & liberty

de Lome letter

Hearst's Journal published a private letter written by Spanish minister to the U. S. Depuy de Lôme regarding his reservations for Cuban independence & disparaging Pres. McKinley. Helped spark war

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic & Classical periods who fought in the close - packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies - militias composed of middle - & upper - class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128

directive leadership

House's Path - Goal theory; used in complex, non - routine jobs

By national convention

How can an amendment to the Consitution be proposed

divided French fleet into small groups & attacked

How did Admiral Nelson defeat the French - Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar

Direct Colonial Control

How did the French govern the people of French Indochina

elect govts whose power depends on landowners & merchants

How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from the neighboring states

5 Questions for Opinion Maker

How different is mass opinion & lead opinion - How interested is the public - How knowledgeable is the public - What do they believe - Are our opinions volatile

Ever state gets 2 votes

How is the number of Senators determined

1 in 4

How many Americans define themselves a non - white

Incentive Effect

How much a person will change his or her hours worked in response to ta change in the wage rate

Caroline Incident

In 1837 a steamer, the Caroline, was attacked by the British. They burned it on the shore of New York. This steamer was carrying supplies across the Niagara River. Luckily, it sank before going over the falls & only One American died

Fort Sumter

In 1861 Confederates attacked the fort, which led to its surrender & was the opening engagement of the Civil War. It is located in Charleston, South Carolina

Federal Election Campaign Acts (FECA)

In 1971 it set up restrictions on the amount of advertising used by a candidate, created disclosure of contributions over $100, & limited the amount of personal contributions a candidate could make on his or her behalf. In 1974 it set up a Federal Election Commission & established a system of federal matching funds for presidential candidates

Guadalcanal

In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific. After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943

gentry

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

Edwardian period

In England prior to WWI, known for its extravagance & unpreparedness for the 20th Century

General Francisco Franco

In July, 1936, Gen. Fransisco Franco & other army leaders staged a coup & installed a right - wing fascist govt, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) & Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini & Hitler)

Janissaries

Infantry, armed with firearms & constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826

Insider stories

Information not usually made public that becomes public because someone with inside knowledge tells a reporter. The reporter may have worked hard to learn these facts, in which case it is called "investigative reporting," or some official may have wanted a story to get out, in which case it is called a "leak. "

Caligula

Insane Roman emperor. Nominated his horse to the Senate

Integral Nationalism

Integral Nationalism glorifies the state as the highest focus of individual loyalties

Intelligence

Intelligence is information gathered by the state about another state's capabilities & intentions

Irredentism

Irredentism is the desire of the people of a state to annex the contiguous territories of another state that are inhabited by mostly members of linguistic and/or cultural minorities of the first state

Fracis Xavier

Missionary who worked in India during 1540. Worked among outcast & lower cast groups. Later worked in Japan

Consensual Leaders

Leaders who encourage discussion about issues & then require that all parties involved agree to the final decision

Dred Scott Case

JB Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Harpers Ferry

JB, 1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee & the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Greenback Labor Party

JG Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor

Democratic Leaders

Leaders who solicit input from all members of the group & then allow the members to make the final decision through a vote

Ex parte Endo

Japanese - American internment & loyalty, decided same day as Korematsu

Fisk - Gould scandal

Jim Fisk & Jay Gould exploited US Treasury to benefit themselves. Exemplified corruption in America when proven guilty

Boxer Rebellion

Kick out foriegners, defeated but gave more control to europeans

Civil Rights Act

LBJ 1964 LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, had to take literacy test

Jimmy Hoffa

Labor leader who build the Teamsters Union. Considered corrupt & was likely killed

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth - century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults & spires, flying buttresses, & large stained - glass windows

Hidden Imam

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son - in - law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time

Hatch Act

Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or compaigning for a particular candidate

Charles Lindbergh

Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight

Erie Canal

Linked the Great Lakes region to New York (and European shipping routes), opened up new era of industry for farmers. (1825)

Fed Funds

Loans of excess reserves banks make to one another

George McGovern

Lost election to Nixon, was a liberal democrat opposed to involvement in Vietnam

Gettysburg Address

Major speech delivered by Lincoln during the Civil War ('Fore score & seven years ago. govt of the people, by the people & for the people shall not perish from the Earth. "

Emergency Banking Relief Act

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, & had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for govt inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks. It gave the pres. power to regulate banking transactions & foreign exchange & to reopen solvent banks

Hundred Days

March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery & reform laws submitted by the Pres. for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days

French Overseas Departments

Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Reunion Island, Mayotte (future)

How did Kristallnacht demonstrate Nazi persecution of Jews

Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, business & synagogues

Ho Chi Minh

North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II & at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial govt. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, & became Pres. of the North Vietnamese govt established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam

Connecticut Compromise

Offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates & created a bicameral legislature, where one house is represented by population, & the other house is represented by the states

caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire

FALLS, INCREASES

On a straight - line demand curve, elasticity decreases as the price _ & the quantity _ increases

fidel Castro

Overthew Batista in 1959. Turned to communism

Income

Payments earned by households for selling or renting their productive resources. For example, workers receive wage or salary payments in exchange for their labor

Four P's

Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles

Cassaks

Peasant adventures with agricultural & military skills, recruited to concur & settle newly settled lands in southeast Russia & Siberia

Earmarks

Pet projects added to appropriation bills by congressman, called "wasteful spending" & "pork barrel legislation" by critics

extradition

Process by which govts return fugitives to the jurisdiction from which they have fled

George Marshall

Secretary of State after WWII, oversaw Marshall Plan for Europe. Received Nobel prize

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North & South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, & helped to bring about the Civil War

dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail & a sewn timber hull

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer of the 16th century. Travelled through the southwest, & 'discovered' the Grand Canyon

House Divided speech

Speech given by Lincoln early on saying that crisis was inevitable on issue of slavery

Investment

Spending by firms on final goods & services, primarily capital goods. (also a flow concept): expenditures on new machines & buildings (capital goods) that are expected to yield a future stream of income

How did the AFL & CIO differ historically

The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union

Economic planning

The belief that government plans, such as wage and price controls or the direction of investment, can improve the economy

How many trust funds make up Social Security

The Social Security System Comprises Four Trust Funds: Old - Age & Survivors Insurace, Disability Insurance, Hospital Insurance, Supplemental Medical Insurance

jurisprudence

The philosophy of law. Jurisprudence implies creating a body of law & methods for interpreting the law, studying the relationships between law & society, & predicting the effects of legal decisions. In the U. S. lawmakers, attorneys, scholars, & courts all take an active role in guiding jurisprudence

Hurdle method of price discrimination

The practice by which a seller offers a discount to all buyers who overcome some obstacle

commander in chief

The role of the U. S. pres. as highest ranking officer in the armed forces

Council of Economic Advisors

This council was created by the Employment Act & was made to promote maximum employment, production, & purchasing power

Diversification

This strategy can lead the organization into entirely new & even unrelated businesses. It involves seeking new products (often through acquisitions) for customers not currently being served

govt

Those institutions that create public policy

Dag Hammarskjold

UN Secretary General during Cold War & oversaw decolonization

hegemonic war

War for control of the entire world order - the rules of the international system as a whole. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systemic war

Compromise of 1877

Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem. ) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South

Indirect Preception Checking

Using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to confirm or refute someoes behavior

dealignment

Voters act increasingly independent of a party affiliation. Split - ticket voting may be a consequence

Fordney McCumber Tariff

WH 1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level - 60%

Brady Bill

WJC 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five - day waiting period for handgun purchases

Ending Nuclear Testing

WJC us wouldn't test unless another nation did it first

Committee on Public Information

Was created to "sell" the war to those people who were against it & gain support for it. To do this, men devlievered speeches & gave out pamphlets. It was headed by George Creel

Good. Many early moviegoers were non english speakers

Was it good or bad for the early movie industry that its movies were silent

German & Irish immigration

Wave of German/Irish immigration in 1840s - 50s that was met with wave of resentment due to competition for jobs. Irish especially, for Catholicism

Confucius

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551 - 479 B. C. E. ). His doctrine of duty & public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought & served as a code of conduct for govt officials

Double entry bookkeeping

What accounting system did merchants of Venice in the late 1400s use

India by Buddha. Meditation, individual enlightenment

What country did Buddhism originate in What are it's beliefs

China by Confucius. Social harmony, importance of families.

What country did Confucianism originate in What are its beliefs

India. Reincarnation & levels of spirituality & society

What country did Hinduism originate in What are it's beliefs

Burr - Hamilton duel

When Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson when Jefferson & Burr were up for the presidency, Burr became so angered he challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton accepted, & lost

House of Representatives

Who impeachs a govt official

First Great Awakening

a time of religious fervor during the 1730s & 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism & the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent & urging a personal understanding of truth

expansion

a time when the economy is flourishing; also called prosperity

cash on delivery (cod) sale

a transaction that ocurs when a customer pays for merchandise at the time of delivery

fidelity bonds

a type of insurance that protects a business from employee dishonesty

brand mark

a unique symbol, coloring, lettering, or other design elements

equivocation

a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way

distribution center

a warehouse designed to speed delivery of goods & to minimize storage costs

full warranty

a warranty that guarantees that if a product is found to be defective within the warranty period, it will be repaired or replaced at no cost to the purchaser

implied warranty

a warranty that takes effect automatically by state law whenever a purchase is made

Coalition

an alliance of political groups formed to oppose a common foe or pursue a common goal

environmental scan

an analysis of outside influences that may have an impact on an organization

comprimise

an approach to conflict resoloution in which both parties attain atleast part of what they seek through self sacrifice

Integrative conflict resolution

an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences & hen working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both

focal point

an area in a display that attracts attention first, above all else

environmentalism

an ideology that is dominated by concern for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, & feminism

Immigration act of 1990

approving a substantial increase in immigration. The U. S. would now admit 700,000 new immigrants annually. The new system continued to favor people with family members already in the U. S. but added 55,000 "diversity visas" for countries from which few were emigrating as well as 40,000 permanent job - related visas & 65,000 temporary worker visas

General managers

are responsible for more complex units that include many functional areas

economies of scale

as a plant gets larger & volume increases, average cost per unit of output drops

disadvantages of functional project

aspects of the project that are not directly related to the functional area get short - changed, motivation of team members is often weak, needs of the client are secondary & are responded to slowly

indirect effect of an increase in the money supply

banks lower interest rates that they charge on loans - >encourages people to take out those loans - >businesses engage in new investment with the funds loaned - >individuals will engage in more consumption of durable goods (housing, autos, & home entertainment centers) - >generates a rise in aggregate demand - - >more people involved in more spending

coercive power

based on ability to inflict punishment or deprive others of something valued

entitlements

guarenteed benefits under a govt program such as social security, medicare, or medicaid (often called noncontrollable expenditures)

Function of the Federal Reserve System #3

holds depository institutions' reserves

crazymaking

passive aggressive messages sent in indirect ways that frustrate & confuse the recipiant

critical path

path taking the longest time through this network of activities

consignment buying

paying for goods only after the final customer purchases them

Judicial Review

the Power of the Supreme Court

How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies

they provided for colonial peoples' needs but did not give them full rights

constructs

thin/fat smart/dumb opposites & no in - between

distractions

things that compete with the message for the listener's attention

civil rights

those protections against discrimination by the govt & individuals, intended to prevent discrimination based on race, religion, gender, ethnicity, physical handicap, or sexual orientation

EPR, award/decoration nomination, talking paper

three most common uses for bullet statements in the Air Force

Coolies

unskilled laborers from Asia in the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the U. S. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Peru, North Africa, Sri Lanka & the West Indies. The term usually referred to Chinese, Indian, Japanese & Korean laborers & was often used in a derogatory way

difference feminism

values the unique contributions of women as women, believes gender differences are not just socially constructed & that views women inherently less warlike than men

job enrichment

vertically redesigning jobs to hold more motivator factors; implies increasing the depth of the job by giving it planning & controlling elements

influence

viewed as the essence or equivalent of leadership by some; ability to get others to do something desired by the person doing the influencing

interest aggregation

ways in which demands of citizens & groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e. g. leadership, political parties, etc

Constant organizational culture

when a company actively defines & teaches organizational values, beliefs, & attitudes

Capital outflows

Purchases of foreign assets by domestic households & firms

International capital flows

Purchases or sales of real & financial assets across international borders

Champa Rice

Quick - maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state

Indian Removal Bill

RBH, put down of Sioux uprising in Minnesota & the Dakota last tribe

Energy Crisis

RN, following Yom Kippur War, so they planned to use Alaskian pipeline, but eventually went back to foreign

Consumer Proection Agency

RN, influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud & deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers & others to the cause

Gibb Categories

six sets of contrasting styles of verbal & nonverbal behavior

I am the State

What would an absolute monarch most likely say

Gold in California

When gold was discovered in California, it led to a massive migration to the state. These miners pushed for statehood

A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; its answer is usually obvios

When starting a presentation, what are some attention - getting devices you might consider

Credentialism

When the academic degrees, or credentials, become more important than the knowledge learned

Dienbienphu

Where Vietnamese defeated French in 1954, lead to French withdrawal

Istanbul

Where is the Golden Horn

Britain, China, Iran

Which of the states we have studied are unitary govts

Harding. He opposed Wilson's league of nations, as did the US senate

Which pres. was elected because he opposed the League of Nations

bypassing

Which term describes when the sender & receiver miss each other with their meanings

Great purge, 5year plans, establishment of collective farms

Which was a part of the transformation of the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state

Congress, on govt expenditures & assignments

Who does the General Accounting Office (GAO) report to

It is constantly moving

Why is communication dynamic

it was the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies

Why was india considered the "jewel in the crown"

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Peron & champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker & popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools & hospitals & providing other social benefits

7. McCellands Theory Achievement:

the desire to excel or achieve in relation to a set of standards

gross profit

the difference between sales revenue & the cost of goods sold

duration gap

the difference between the duration of assets & liabilites. measures how well cash flows for assets & liabilities are matched. When the duration of assets exceeds the duration of liabilities the duration gap is positive. A positive duration gap means greater exposure to rising interest rates; if interest rates go up then the price of assets fall more than the price of liabilities

individualism/collectivism

whether an individual places importance on self or on community

investiture (popes)

controversy Dispute between the popes & the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands

Elima Triangle

Between Egypt & Sudan. No active dispute

Helen Keller

Blind & deaf, overcame her adversities. Known for her persistence & courage

How can a vetoed Bill become a law

Both Houses of Congress must override the veto with a 2/3 vote in each House

cultural relativism

which term describes the difference of culture but that not any one is better or worse than the others

feminine culture

which type of culture values modesty, concerns for relationships & the quality of life

Acceptance Theory of Authority

Chester Barnard; authority of any communication or command lies in the degree to which the receiver accepts it as legitimate

connotation

which word refers to the emotional meaning that specific speakers - listeners give to a word

comparison method of issue organization

which you would tell how the two types of institutions are alike

Freedom Riders

White & Black Northerners who rode busses into the South to challenge racial segregation. Regularly attacked, seldom protected

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 & from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the govt & created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)

Distinctive competencies

Distinctive competencies are things that an organization does well—so well in fact that they give it an advantage over similar organizations

Independent Treasury Act

Divorced US govt from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year

Congress of Vienna

Drew boundaries of Europe after defeat of Napolean. Lead to peace in Europe for next 40 years

Freeport Doctrine

During L - D debate, Lincoln asked if the people of a territory voted against slavery despite Supreme Court, who would prevail. Douglas said the people

Chance" in Porter's Theory

wholly unpredictable occurances that you cannot mitigate

Hatred of Jews, or anti - semitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology

Why did Hitler blame the Jewish population for all of Germany's troubles

he was a devout catholic

Why did Parliament remove James II of England

had weak empires & poor economies without a middle class

Why did strong states form more slowly in central Europe than in western Europe

Communism

Economic System where workers own means of production & control distribution of resources

How often do treasury bills pay interest

Never. Only T - notes & T - bonds pay interest twice a year. T - bills are simply sold at a discounted price

FCC

an independent governmeent agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite

Entrepreneur

an individual who sees an opportunity to sell an item at a price higher than the average cost of producing it

exit interview

an interview arranged by human resources department when an employee leaves a company

delegate

an official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views; one interpretation of the role of the legislator

internship

an opportunity that offers students direct work experience & exposure to various aspects of a career, either with or without pay

interest group

any organization that seeks to influence govt policy making to better serve the self - perceived wants & needs of its members

ethics

basic values & moral principles that guide the behavior of individuals & groups

flexibility

behavior that allows you to adapt to changing circumstances

given

endowed

centrifugal forces

forces that divide & fragment societies

chief of staff

head of the White House staff

excuses

reasons for not buying or not seeing the salesperson

customer satisfaction

the extent to which a product's perceived performance matches a buyer's expectations

Figurehead role

the interpersonal role managers play when they perform ceremonial duties

Confederate States of America

the southern states that seceded from the U. S. in 1861, Jefferson Davis, Montgomery, AL

interactional view of communication

the speaker & listener take turns speaking & listening

Internationalism

a foreign policy based on taking an active role in global affairs; the predominant foreign policy view in the U. S

divergence

a linguistic strategy in which speakers empathise differences between their comunicative style in others in order to create distance

Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek

Harrison defeat Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe. (1811)

Elton Mayo

Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations Mvt, Behavioral Approach

Haiti DIlemma

RR 1990s, had 30 year dictatorship, soon ends, then Bertrand Aristide overthrows with military, & UN awith US use mandate to restore constituional rule & Aristide's presidency

Gramm Rudman Act

RR It provided automatic spending cuts, balancing budget act

Free French

During WWII, the French who refused the legitimacy of the Vichy Regime. Headed by Charles De Gaulle, they eventually took part in normandy & liberated Paris

customer profile

a list of information about a target market, such as age, income level, ethnicity, occupation, attitudes, lifestyle, & geographic residence

gypsies

a nomadic people who originated in the region between India & Iran who migrated to Europe in the 14th century

Dixiecrats (States' Right Party)

HT Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party, leader is Governor Strom Thurmond

free - trade imperialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free - trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

Features of civilization

Economic system able to make basic goods & services available; Form of political organization capable of governing, creating social institutions, enforcing laws, & protecting people from outside threats,Moral code in the form of a shared religion, andIntellectual tradition that includes a written language & encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science & the arts

Japanese Strike

It has the workers maximizing their output. They are nominally working as usual but the surplus can break the planning, especially in just - in - time systems

ethnic groups

Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties & a common identity

Cherokees

Major tribe that lived in the Southeast. Were forcibly removed to reservations west of the Mississippi

Civil Rights Acts

Officially made blacks citizens of the US

Consumption possibilities

The combination of goods & services that a country's citizens might feasibly consume

cut oil supplies to Japan

What was the US response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid - 1941

economic development

What was the purpose of the Soviet state's Five - year Plans

circle graph

a pie - shaped geometric representation of the relative sizes of the parts of a whole; also called a pie chart

Duverget's law

a 2 - party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single - member districts; a multi - party system is created in proportional representation

global business

a business that sells its products to more than one country

causes of shifts in the consumption function

a change in any other relevant economic variable (besides real disposable income); # of such determinants is unlimited

Compromise of 1850

agreement over slavery by which California joined the Union as a free state and a strict fugitive slave law was passed

goals

desired end states

extemporaneous speaking mode

developing a set of "talking points," such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas

contrast method of issue arrangement

developing the ideas by giving specific examples of differences between the two types of institutions

employee discounts

discounts offered by employers to their workers

Child Labor Tax Case

docket title Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. found the Child Labor Tax Law of 1919 was not a valid use of Congress' power under the Taxing & Spending Clause

efficiency

doing something at the lowest possible cost

effectiveness

doing the right thing to create the most value for the company

interpersonal

in which communication type do you interact with others, normally two people

gestures

incorporate the use of hands, body movements, & facial expressions

core services

integrate tangible goods; hotels, airlines, internet service providers

3 phases of decision - making

intelligence (gathering knowledge leading to an understanding of what decision will have to be made, etc. ), design (alternative courses of actions are invented), choice (actual decision is made)

initiating structure

involves giving direction & orders, clarifying jobs & roles, explaining objectives & pressuring subordinates for task performance

Dominant Firm

irm with a large share of total sales that sets price to maximize profits, taking into account the supply response of smaller firms

decision - making done under uncertainty

probability of event unknown, cannot be estimated

Encoding - communication process

process of putting thought into symbolic form

growth needs

needs that relate to a person's achievement & competence

Embargo Act

signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all American goods and American ships from sailing for foreign ports

business cycle

recurring changes in economic activity, such as the expansion & contraction of an economy

gross sales

the total of all sales for a given period of time

inestimable

too valuable to be measured

face work

verbal & nonverbal behavior designed to create & maintain a communicators face & the face of others

intercultural communication

where you communicate with members of other cultures

Brooklyn Bridge

Added to the seductive glamour of gleaming cities

China by Lao - Tzu. Harmony with Nature

What country did Taoism originate in What are it's beliefs

father to his people

What did Frederick the great believe a ruler should be

Cotton Gin

1798 - Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South

First Protective Tariff

1816 JM In 1816, Congress passed the nation's first protective tariff. It was designed to protect textile factories, because the British were dumping cloth in the U. S. at bargain prices in their attempt to regain markets they had lost during the War of 1812

Dartmouth College Case

1819 JMon, contract, Daniel Webster, Jurisdictional dispute between the college's pres. & board of trustees led to a Supreme Court ruling favoring the educational freedom of private institutions which is what colleges are considered to be

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, & compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Credit Moblier Scandal

1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company & hired itself to work using govt funds - scandal broke loose & leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock

Great White Fleet

1907 - 1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U. S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement. "

Federal Reserve Act

1913 created the Federal Reserve System, the central bank of the USA. Congress delegated this power to the Federal Reserve. All banks chartered under the National Banking Act of 1863 were made members of the Federal Reserve System, while others could join. A Board of Governors appointed by the Pres. of the U. S. supervised the system

Japanese occupation of Manchuria

1931 - 32,Manchuria (in China) is invaded by Japan; China appeals to League of Nations; Japan withdraws from League of Nations and retains Manchuria

FHA

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long - term, low - interest mortgages for home construction & repair

Fannie Mae - Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA)

1938 to establish a secondary market for mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). buys mortgages on the secondary market, pools them & sells them as mortgage - backed securities to investors on the open market. This secondary mortgage market helps to replenish the supply of lendable money for mortgages & ensures that money continues to be available for new home purchases

Greater East Asia Co - Prosperity Sphere

1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis - occupied countries during WWII, in which puppet govts manipulated local populations & economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs & an army ideologist. "Greater East Asia" was a Japanese term referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia & surrounding areas

Cominform

1947 - Agency of international communism founded under Soviet auspices in 1947. Its original members were the Communist Parties of the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, & Italy, but Yugoslavia was expelled in 1948. The Cominform's activities consisted mainly of publishing propaganda to encourage international communist solidarity. It was dissolved by Soviet initiative in 1956

Founding of Pakistan

1947 - British as part of India & became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is Capital & Karachi the largest city

Class - action suit

A case brought into court by a person on behalf of not only himself or herself but all other persons in the country under similar circumstances. For example, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court decided that not only Linda Brown but all others similarly situated had the right to attend a local public school of their choice without regard to race

COMECON - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Organization

1949 to facilitate & coordinate the economic development of Soviet - bloc countries. original members were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, & Romania; other members joined later, including Albania (1949) & the German Democratic Republic (1950). Its accomplishments included the organization of Eastern Europe's railroad grid, the creation of the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, & the construction of the "Friendship" oil pipeline

International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights

1976; one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights. Article 1 states that "All peoples have the right of self - determination, including the right to determine their political status & freely pursue their economic, social & cultural development. " affirms individuals' rights to food, work, housing & education. does not count the U. S. as a signatory

Carter's Energy Plan

1979, he wanted cut down on foregin oil supports & on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar poewr & synthetic gasoline, alsocommit funds to develop alternative enrgy sources through windfall taxes

Collapse of Communism

1989 - 91. EE countries facing resistance. Gorbachev did not send troops. Lost Pland to Solidarity in 1989. Berlin wall fell. Failed communist Coup against Gorbechev marked end

General - act charter

A charter that applies to a number of cities that fall within a certain classification, usually based on city population. Thus in some states all cities with populations over 100,000 are governed on the basis of one charter, while all cities with populations between 50,000 & 99,999 are governed by a different one

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, & practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B. C. E. (99)

By Passing

A comminication problem that arises when the same words mean different things to different people

Foreign Relations Committee

A committee of the Senate charged with overseeing the conduct of foreign policy

bullet statement

A concise, written statement of a single idea or a single accomplishment & the impact

difference between a concrete & an abstract noun

A concrete noun refers to objects that humans can directly experience. They usually convey the same meaning to everybody. an abstract noun is one that tends to be vague & open to interpretation. As such, its use often leads to confusion

Division vote

A congressional voting procedure in which members stand & are counted

Interstate Commerce Commission

A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods & people between states

Global firm

A globally integrated company that tries to achieve & experience curve economies. Products tend to be largely undifferentiated & location of production is chosen to achieve "Minimized unit delivered cost to Market" with largely centralized operations

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor & periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

felony

A grave crime, such as murder, rape, or burglary, that is punishable by death or imprisonment in a state or federal facility

Golden Horde

A group of Mongols that overran Russia, Poland, & Hungary. (1237 - 1242)

Free Trade Association

A group of countries that have reduced or eliminated trade barriers among themselves

Brain trust

A group of intellectuals & planners who act as advisors, especially to a govt

Joint - Stock Company

A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King

Confederation

A group of nations or states in which the component states retain considerable independence

Dixicrats

A group of people from 15 southern states that were embittered by Truman's nomination & nominated J. Strom Thurmond on a states' Rights Party ticket

Health maintenance organization (HMO)

A group of physicians that provides health services to individuals & families for a fixed annual fee

cabinet

A group of presidential advisers, composed of the heads of the fourteen govt departments all of whom are appointed by the pres. & confirmed by the Senate) & a few other select govt officials. Theoretically, the cabinet is charged with debating major policy issues & recommending action by the executive branch; the actual influence of the cabinet, however, is limited by competition from other advisory staffs

Capitol Hill

A hill in DC on which the U. S. Capitol building sits. The House of Representatives & the Senate meet in the Capitol

Fee shifting

A law or rule that allows the plaintiff (the party that initiates the lawsuit) to collect its legal costs from the defendant if the defendant loses

Fugitive Slave Act

A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. The law was highly unpopular in the North & helped to convert many previously indifferent northerners to antislavery

Democratic Style

A leader who tended to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods & goals, & use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees

Free - rein (Laissez - fair) Leadership

A leadership style in which the leader turns over all authority & control to subordinates

habeas corpus

A legal term meaning that an accused person must be presented physically before the court with a statement demonstrating sufficient cause for arrest. Thus, no accuser may imprison someone indefinitely without bringing that person & the charges against him or her into a courtroom. In Latin, habeas corpus literally means "you shall have the body. "

justice of the peace

A local officer of the judicial branch empowered to try minor cases, recommend cases for trial, & perform civil ceremonies, such as marriages & oath taking. Justices of the peace are usually elected locally & are paid fees for their services

Capital good

A long - lived good that is used in the production of other goods & services

High - tech campaign

A major characteristic of the modern presidential campaign. The use of paid political ads, 30 - & 60 - second spots, paid infomercials incorporating charts & graphs, & sophisticated polling techniques have all been used in recent campaigns

Global Management Skills

A managers ability to operate in diverse culture environments

Conceptual Skills

A managers ability to view the organization as a whole, understand how the various parts are interdependent, & assess how the organization relates to its external environment

Dis - USA

What did Great Britain start Calling the U. S. under the Articles of Confederation

Johnson Impeachment

AJohn fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him

Greenbacks

AL Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war plural

Copperheads

AL a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition & sympathized with the South during the Civil War, Vallandigham

Cost overruns

Actual costs that are several times greater than estimated costs. These occur frequently among private contractors producing new weapons for the Pentagon

Elastic

Above the mid - point on a straight - line demand curve, demand is _

global

According to former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, the propensity of firms to outsource many of their productive activities to different suppliers around the world has resulted in the creation of _ products

Family Medical Leave Act (1993)

Act that gave unpaid emergency medical leave for employees with a guarantee that their job would not be taken away in the interim

Immigration Act of 1991

Act that shifted the quota of immigrants to Europe & aimed to attract immigrants who were trained workers

Hunting & gathering societies

Also called foraging societies. Living off resources that could be taken directly from land. When resources grew scarce, they moved on to another area

Corporate Takeover

An action in which another firm or a group of individuals issues a tender offer (that is, offers to buy yup the stock of a company) to gain control & to install its own managers

Drug Enforcement Administration

An agency in the U. S. Department of Justice that enforces federal laws & regulations dealing with narcotics & other dangerous drugs. It cooperates with the FBI & with local law enforcement agencies

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie was an American millionaire & philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society

Federal - question cases

Cases concerning the Constitution, federal law, or treaties over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution

Diversity cases

Cases involving citizens of different states over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution

Charismatic Leadership

Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state & generates widespread & emotional popular support

Chauvinism

Chauvinism is an extreme superpatriotism which implies an uncritical devotion to a state, jealousy of its honor, & an exaggerated sense of its glory

Impeachment of Johnson

Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it's chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair)

Congressional Budget Office

Congressional agency of budget experts who assess the feasibility of the pres.'s plan & who help create Congress' version of the federal budget

conference committee

Congressional committee that includes representatives of both houses of Congress. Their purpose is to settle differences between the Houes & Senate versions of bills that have been passed by their respective legislatures

federal reserve board

Executive agency that is largely responsible for the formulation & implementation of monetary policy

Clientele Agencies

Executive departments directed by law to foster & promote the interests of a specific segment or group in the US population (such as the Department of Education)

Cro - Magnon

Existed 40,000 years ago & is a homo sapien. They were highly reflective in art & existed in Europe

Induced Expenditures

Expenditures that change a s income changes

Homo erectus

Extinct species of early hominid that is thought to be the direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens. Flourished from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, about 1,600,000 to 250,000 years ago. Fossil remains of H. erectus were first found in the 1890s. Stone axes, basic wooden tools, clothing of skin & furs, & larger brain than H. erectus

Japan Trade

FP, Matthew C. Perry with Japan, Japan dominant power in Far East

Economic Incentives

Factors that motivate & influence the behavior of individuals & organizations, including firms & govt agencies. Prices, profits, & losses are important economic incentives in a market economy

Grants - in - aid

Federal funds provided to states & localities. Grants - in - aid are typically provided for airports, highways, education, & major welfare services

Categorical grants

Federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law: to build an airport, for example, or to make welfare payments to low - income mothers. Such grants usually require that the state or locality put up money to "match" some part of the federal grants, though the amount of matching funds can be quite small

Conditions of aid

Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants

Hard money

Federally regulated campaign contributions made to political candidates & political parties. Under current law, hard money contributions cannot exceed $1000 per individual, per election cycle

Free Assocation with the US

Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Marianas

Fourth Lateran Council

Identified the 7 sacraments & reaffirmed that they are essential to salvation

foreign direct investment

If General Electric, a U. S. based corporation, purchased a 50% interest in a company in Italy, that purchase would be an example of

Footbinding

Male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size, produce pain, & restrict movement. Confined women to household

Hawthorne Studies

Manipulated physical work conditions to assess impact on output. Factors that accounted for increased productivity: Group atmosphere & Participative supervision

George Washington Carver

First black scientist to gain national prominence

Jackie Robinson

First black to play major league baseball

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub - Saharan West Africa between the sixth & thirteenth centuries C. E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast

Chester Nimitz

Forced Japanese back when they were trying to weize Midway Island

Ethics in Govt

GB1 main issue = larges fees for lobbying & weak laws governing campaign spending

Interstate Commerce Act

GC 1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices

First Bank of the US

GW 1791 - 1811, by Hamilton, came about strict vs loose construction

Chiang Kai - Shek

General & leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat - sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong

Iron Curtain

HT Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East - West divide in postwar Europe between communist & democratic nations

Hitler's prime reason for wanting to take Poland

He wanted the Polish Corridor & the port city of Danzig

Federalist Party

Headed by Alexander Hamilton, this party, made up of the country's upper class, supported a strong national govt & set a policy agenda that would solve the nation's economic problems

Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non - slave - owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer

conquer other countries

Hitlers main method for achieving lebensraum was to

Direct Incitement

Holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by 1st Amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended & likely to occur

Every 10 years

How often is there a census of the American people

Hawthorne studies

Human relations (behavioral) perspective

Ibn;Rushdi

Iberian Muslim philosopher. Helped to make works done by Plato & Aristotle become well known

govern

If a govt disregards the rights of the people they lose their right to _

Coase theorem

If at no cost people can negotiate the purchase & sale of the right to perform activities that cause externalities, they can always arrive at efficient solutions to the problems caused by externalities

How do you use number to maintain pargraph coherence

If the controlling idea is singular, you keep all the references to it singular

Economic Decision Rule

If the marginal benefits of doing something exceed the marginal costs, do it. If the marginal costs of doing something exceed the marginal benefits, don't do it

Halfway Covenant

In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial church membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations

Economic Functions of govt

In a market economy, govt agencies establish & maintain a legal system to regulate both commercial & social behavior, promote competition, respond to market failures by providing public goods & adjusting for externalities, redistribute income, & establish macroeconomic stabilization policies. To perform these functions, govts must shift resources from private uses by taxing and/or borrowing

equites

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth & status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy & used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Israel

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean & the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B. C. E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples

bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well - off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, & allied professions

Demand - Pull Inflation

Inflation that o curs when the economy is at or above potential output

functionalism & functional relations

International cooperation in specific areas such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity. Reflected in specialized agencies like the World Health Organization. Relations that include interaction in usually nonpolitical areas

How can firms acheive "first mover advantage"

Investing in becoming a first mover requires a large allocation of cash

Horizontal FDI"

Investing in the same economic activity abroad as one does at home

Free Market Economy

Invisible Hand regulates prices, wages, product mix, etc

humanism

It came from the rennaissance. It places emphasis on the individual's potential to reach greatness in any realm - art, science, spirituality, etc

Founding Fathers

John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison & George Washington

Gadsen Purchase

MF 1853, $10 million land purchase in the desert of flat land for the Southern railroad completion in 1853. completes manifest destiny!

Gag Resolution

MVB 18 - 36 - 1844, Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Independent Treasury System AKA Subtreasuries

MVB, 1840 Meant to keep govt out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect & expand govt funds in gold & silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining govt funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren & Polk

Departments

Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of governmental operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in that particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture

Feature stories

Media reports about public events knowable to any reporter who cares to inquire, but involving acts & statements not routinely covered by a group of reporters. Thus a reporter must take the initiative & select a particular event as newsworthy, decide to write about it, & persuade an editor to run it

Buffalo Soldiers

Members of one of the African American regiments within the U. S. Army after the Civil War, serving primarily in the Indian wars of the late 1860s

Farmer's Alliance

Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful

Globalization

National boundaries of world business have largely disappeared. - Globalization is the worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets, & business competition that characterize the new economy

immigration law

National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel & visit within a state's territory, work within the state, & sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization)

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat - sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai - shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement

Holocaust

Nazis' program during WWII to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, & others

Class C Mandates

New Guinea, Nauru, Western Samoa, Southwest Africa

cavalry warfare

New skill of warfare developed by Assyrians

Hearst

Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish - American War. The most famous yellow journalist

Cournot model

Oligopoly model in which firms prdouce a homogenoues good, each firm treates the output of its competitors as fixed, & all firms decide simultaneously how much to produce

Deacquisition

One company's sale of either parts of another company it has bought or parts of itself

economic liberalization

Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state & increase the power of the market & private property in an economy

Goal of controls

Planning, organizing, leading & staffing

How are Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle related

Plato was Socrates' student. Aristotle was Plato's student. The three worked with the rationalizing & linearalizing of thought & ideas

Characteristics of multicultural organizations:

Pluralism, Structural integration, Informal network integration, Absence of prejudice & discrimination, Minimum intergroup conflict

brinkmanship

Policy of a nation that pushes a dangerous situation to the limits of safety before pulling back

Finlandization

Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself

Helsinki Accords

Political & human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union & western European countries

Ideological interest groups

Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions with coherent sets of (usually) controversial principles

Congress party

Political party of Ghandi & Nehru during Indian independence

Issue - Oriented Politics

Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party, candidate, or other loyalties

Delegated Powers

Powers given to the Federal govt

Great Society

Pres. Johnson called his 1`version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, & federal aid to education

Edict of Nantes decreed that

Protestants could worship only in careas where they were majority

Capital inflows

Purchases of domestic assets by foreign households & firms

El Salvador Dilemma!

RR 1979 - 1990, Civil was there, US & Pres. Jose Napoleon Duarte against leftist, but then soon death squads & threat leftist, two main problemsones in power supported govt. in limit andused power to delay & hurt agriculture, but soon guerilla attacks stopped after US invested money in El Salvador's newly privatized electrical markets

Brooks - Sumner incident

SC Congressman Brooks (pro - slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC & slavery

Grenada Dilemma!

RR 1983, America wanted to rid the communist pressure in Grenada, Castro threats revolution in the Americas, Organization of Eastern Carribean States ask for US intervention, America remain long enough to remove Cuba supported govt from power & stop civil war, major sucess, earned credibility throughout Caribbean Basin

Budget, the National Debt & the Overvalued Dollar

RR after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income & military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted "dollar", price of the dollar increased 60 percent, "strong dollar" = good, "overvalued dollar" = severe economic problems

Federal Budget Deficit (Reagan)

RR, hated big govt & wanted to cut taxes through offering increased defense spending, he was convinced that Soviet Union was a threat so he raised money for greater military like MX missile & Star Wars, this caused FBD what govt took in & what it spent of $200 billion, refused to support tax increases & refused lower social security benefits

de facto segregation

Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African - Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact (de facto), although not by law

Edward Murrow

Radio commentator during WWII, opposed McCarthyism, created TV shows going to homes of celebrities for interviews

Congress powers in foreign Policy

Ratify treaties; confirm appointments; declare war; appropriate funds; oversee agencies; enact legislation

4 Models of Decision Making

Rational Actor Model. Organizational Process Model. Bureaucratic Politics Model. Radical (Military Industrial) Model

Favorable balance of trade

Refers to a country exporting more than they import. The U. S. has had an unfavorable balance of trade since WWII

gender gap

Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues & candidates)

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology & reformed clerical training & discipline

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

human rights

Rights of all persons to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political & civil rights), & to enjoy certain minimum economic & social protections (economic & social rights)

Jeffersonianism vs. Hamiltonianism

Rival ideas of American govt. Jefferson preferred strong states & focus on agriculture. Hamilton said strong federal govt & focus on industrial development

Herding societies

Social groups that domesticated animals, but not plants. Had to move from place to place on constant basis, in order to obtain grass or fodder. Herding societies were less likely to develop into civilized societies

In what manner did Socrates describe speech How did this correlate to a speech structure

Socrates analogized the parts of a speech to a body of an animal having a head(Introduction), body, & tail(Conclusion)

Buffalo Bill

Soldier against Native Americans, later founded the celebrated 'Wild West Show. '

Bureaucrats

The appointed officials who operate govt agencies from day to day

collective attitudes

The attitudes workers have about their work life & their work life

How are concepts of communication preperation universal

The basic philosophy & guidance for effective writing & speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, & organizing

How are the concepts of communication preparation universal

The basic philosophy & guidance for effective writing & speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, & organizing

Coal Strike

TR, 1902, Coal mines of Pennsylvania. 140,000 workers, many illiterate immigrants had been frightfully exploited & accident plagued. Demanded a 20% increase in pay & reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners refused to negotiate. TR threatens to bring in troops, then they listened

Democrats 1836 - 1850

TRADITION, opposed banks & corporations as state legislated economic privilege, anti state legistlaed reforms & preferred individual freedom of choice, TJ agrarians, expansion, progress thru external growth, SOUTH

divination

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky

Bull Moose Party

Teddy Roosevelt's party in the election of 1812

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs & ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, & south Indian religious concepts & practices. Spread along trade routes (181)

International Broadcasting Bureau

The International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) is a U. S. govt federal agency that was created in 1994 to produce political radio & television broadcasts that are intended for audiences in foreign countries. The IBB replaces the former Bureau of Broadcasting

Bully pulpit

The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals

Delegate model

The view that an elected representative should represent the opinions of his or her constituents

Isolationism

The view that the U. S. should withdraw from world affairs, limit foreign aid, & avoid involvement in foreign wars

development banks

There are a few multilateral development banks throughout the world. Their purpose is to assist nations in economic development though loans etc

Funded mandates

Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them

Compare the four basic types of economic systems

Traditional, are ecomies decided by social customs; market economies, are economiesdecided by individuals; command are by gov't; mixed econ are by a combination of markets & gov't

Containment

Truman policy to contain spread of Communism. Lead to the formation of NATO

If a US citizen breaks a law abroad, how is he punished

US citizens are subject to the laws of whatever country they are in. The State department usually will not ask for a deportation

Four Power Pact

WH An agreement made by the U. S. Britain, France, & Japan to not seek further Pacific expansion or increased naval strength in the region. The countries also agreed to respect the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement. The signatories agreed to consult each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions

Gays in Military

WJC "dont ask, dont tell", end ban of homosexual in military, but under conditions 1 no open engagement, 2 remained quiet about orientation

International Trade Agreement

WJC Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices & raise living standards around the world, however didn't resolve tariff cuts on apparel & textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles

campaign money mess

WJC both parties accused of illegal practices, violating = allowing foreign influence in US elections hard money campaign gifts to individual candidates should be reported to federal election commission

HMOS

WJC care come from large range of doctors & hospitals, large businesses & ogvt, trouble getting health care when needed, managed care sure patients get better, not sicker, he failed to reform nation's healthcare system

Contract with America

WJCGingrich, Pres. can delete specific items passed by the Congress, proposed constitutional amendment to limit the term of office was ignore, imposed federal mandates on states without providing the money

Commodore Dewey

WMc surprise victory over the Span in Spanish - American War in the Philippines

Federal Trade Commission

WW 1914 A govt agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices & help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Esch Cummins Act

WW 1920, railroads given to private operations, now US digresses from railroad & more into automobiles & ships

Great Migration (circa WWI)

WW movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 & 1920

Dual primary

Where presidential candidates are selected & a separate slate of delegates is also voted on. New Hampshire uses this type of primary

Cambodia Laos & Vietnam NOT singapore

Which countires are part of French Indo China

flow, stock

_ of foreign direct investment refers to the amount of FDI undertaken over a given period normally a year. _ of foreign direct investment refers to the total accumulated value of foreign - owned assets at any time

goal

_ of the Declaration of Independence was to explain why the colonists felt the need to be free of British rule

domestic business

a business that sells its products only in its own country

co - branding

a combination of one or more brands in the manufacture of a product or in the delivery of a service

joint committee

a committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives & the Senate; such committees oversee

comparative advertising

a company directly or indirectly compares its brand with one or more other brands

credit union

a cooperative association formed by labor unions or groups of employees for the benefits of its members

Competitive advantage

a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from competitors & gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace

cooperative advertising

a cost - sharing arrangement whereby both a supplier & a local advertiser pay for advertising

high content culture

a culture that avoids direct use of language to express information especially about relational matters

integrated distribution

a distribution system in which manufacturers act as wholesaler & retailer for their own products

Council on Environmental Quality

a division of the White House that coordinates federal environmental efforts & works closely with agencies & other White House offices in the development of environmental policies & initiatives. Congress established the CEQ within the Executive Office of the Pres. as part of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Additional responsibilities were provided by the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970

emotional motive

a feeling experienced by a customer through association with a product

constitutional monarchy

a form of national govt in which the power of the monarch is restricted by a parliament, by law or by custom

depth

a level of personal information a person reveals on a particular topic

euphemism

a pleaseant sounding word used in place of a more direct less pleaseant one

civic culture

a political culture in which citizens widely share a belief in the legitimacy of their regime & a trust in the govt; therefore the citizens demonstrate restraint in their demands on the govt

Christian Democracy

a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII. general agreement on certain issues. The proposed design is decentralized, made up by various bodies, but having an unquestionable capacity. sees the economy as being at the service of humanity; The duty of the state to care for its citizens is of some importance for Christian Democrats,

accelerator effect in economics

a positive effect on private fixed investment of the growth of market economy. Rising GDP implies that businesses in general see rising profits, increased sales & cash flow, & greater use of existing capacity. This usually implies that profit expectations & business confidence rise, encouraging businesses to build more factories & other buildings & to install more machinery

coupons

certificates that entitle customers to discounts on goods & services

free trade

commercial exchange between nations that is conducted on free market principles, without tariffs, import quotas, or other restrictive regulations

Interpersonal Communication

communication that occurs simultaniously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationship

Impersonal Communication

communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles, rather thanto who they are as quique people

internet service providers (isps)

companies that provide internet access for businesses, organizations, & individuals

civilization

complex forms of social & political organization; practice of agriculture; advanced tool use; & the rise of cities

demand conditions

conditions governing how companies are created, organized, & managed & he nature of domestic rivalry is referred to as

informative briefing

fundamental objective to present information to a specialized audience, followed by the exchange of data, ideas, & questions among participants

Exclusive distribution

giving a limited number of dealers the exclusive right to distribute the company's products in their territories

consumption goods

goods purchase by households for immediate satisfaction or to use up (ex. food, movies)

Independent Executive Agencies

governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have a narrower area of responsibility (such as the CIA) & are not part of any Cabinet Department

Dictatorship

govt by a singl person or bya junta or other group that is not responsible to thepeople or their elected representatives

distributive policies

govt policies that allocate valuable resources

Characteristics of a leader

guide, direct, persuade, coach, counsel & inspire others

Ex parte Yerger

habeas corpus case that became moot when Yerger was released before the court ruling; therefore not actually heard by the Supreme Court

Ex parte Bollman

habeas corpus, definition of treason, Supreme Court's power to issue writs to circuit courts

Ex parte Milligan

habeas corpus, military tribunals

Hawk

hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning

firewall

hardware or software that protects a computer from attacks by hackers

Competitive analysis

is a process for monitoring the competition that involves identifying competition, anticipating their moves, & determining their strengths & weaknesses

I language

language that describes the speakers position without evaluating others

abstract languge

language that lacks or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data

examples of culture

language, laws, religion, ways of acting/thinking

glacier

large, thick body of slowly moving ice

consideration

leadership behaviors include showing interest in the personal life & well - being of the employee, being warm & friendly, & listening to the employee's ideas

eye contact

looking into the eyes of your audience as you speak

civil service system

method of hiring federal employees based on merit rather than on political beliefs or allegiances. replaced the spoils system in the US

expert opinion

method of sales forecasting; asking marketing executives what they expect will happen

concrete

related to being able to experience a referent with one of our senses

decision - making done under certainty

outcome or payoff for an alternative has a probability of 1. 0 (few real - world examples)

conditional value

payoff you think would happen under condition of each of the states of nature

decentralists

people who favor state or local action rather than national action

goal setting theory

people work harder to achieve goals that are specific, accepted by them, & challenging

Justinian

period when paganism finally lost its long struggle to survive & when the schism in Christianity between the monophy site east & the chalcedonia west became insurmountable

identity politics

political activity & ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power & benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals

Jefferson

power to govern a nation comes from the people - according to Locke & _

four concepts of self - efficacy

predicting our performance, relationally - based self - efficacy judgments, gut - feeling based, & consequences expected from your performance

impoundment

presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds authorized & appropriated by Congress

Department of State

primarily responsible for making & conducting foreign policy. It is commonly called the State Department & is headed by the secretary of state. Its activities include negotiating treaties, coordinating correspondence & information programs with foreign govts, & administering economic aid to developing nations

freight forwarders

private companies that combine less than carload or truckload shipments form several businesses & deliver them to their destinations

impeachment

process by which a pres., judge, or other govt official can be tried for high crimes & misdemeanors (does not remove from office)

Features of the "city"

protection & defense for large numbers of people; points of trade & economic activity; enable exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs, & cultural values

industrial sector

that part of the economy which manufactures finished & secondary products

governmental party

the Office holders & candidates who run under a political party's banner

independent expenditures

the Supreme Court has ruled that individuals, groups, & parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidates

Bretton Woods triangle trade

the U. S. would use the convertible financial system to trade at a tremendous profit with developing nations, expanding industry & acquiring raw materials. It would use this surplus to send dollars to Europe, which would then be used to rebuild their economies, & make the U. S. the market for their products. This would allow the other industrialized nations to purchase products from the Third World, which reinforced the American role as the guarantor of stability

exchange

the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return

customer benefits

the advantages or personal satisfaction a customer will get from a good or service

Euripides

the author of Medea & other tragedies

Domino Theory

the belief that if the communist succeed in vietnam other countries is SE & E asia would also fall to communism

Executive Office of the Pres.

the cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the pres. carry out his responsibilities; currently the office includes the Office fo Management & Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, & other units

equity

the concept of equal rights & opportunities for everyone

interest: adoption process

the consumer seeks information about the new product

demand elasticity

the degree to which demand for a product is affected by its price

derived demand

the demand for industrial goods based on the demand for consumer goods & services

formal balance

when a large item is placed on one side of the display, a similarly large item should be placed on the other side

Free reign style

when a leader asks his friends & subordinates to take over his leadership position, is characterized by delegation, & his willingness to give advice

human communication as a transaction