FSOT 3
Bridgetown, Barbados
Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Germany
During the global depression, war debts caused great suffereing in
Hijra
Muhammad's emigration from Mecca to Yathrib
Congenial Internatl Environment/Interdependence
Needs cooperative interational environments - US needs more free states
Expert Power
Power that is derived from an individuals extensive knowledge in one or more areas
Federal Reserve Sytem under Paul Volcker
RR, aided in keeping money from growing too fast, reduced inflation
de jure discrimination
Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy
Fulbright scholarships
Scholarships for the exchange of students between US & other nations
Economic Force
The necessary reaction to scarcity
flextime
a program that allows workers to choose their work hours
confirming response
a response that conveys valueing caring & or respecting another person
capacity
ability to hold, receive, store, or accommodate
direct investment
e. g. building a hotel in another country
frustration & agony
emotions felt when typing up all of these freaking vocabulary words
exports
goods & services sold to other countries
innovation
introduction of things that are new - technology, methods, ideas, & new products & services
Distal goals
short - term goals or subgoals
cold canvassing
the process of locating as many potential customers as possible without checking out leads beforehand
Cortez
A spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs
Dual sovereignty
A variation of double jeopardy. A person accused of a crime can be tried once in a state court & once in a federal court
Iroquois Confederacy
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military & diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch & later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)
Equal rights for women
Declaration of the Rights of Man guaranteed everything except
Ford & Congress
GFrelations weren't that good
Kaiser
German word for emperor
Congress
If the Pres. does not receive a majority of the Electoral College, how is the Pres. determined
Democratic Party
Political party that evolved from the original Democratic - Republican Party. It is one of the two major political parties
Gujarat
Region of western India famous for trade & manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati
Davy Crockett
Settler & politician. Killed at the Alamo
Horizontal Merger
The combining of two companies in the same industry
express warranty
a warranty that is explicitly stated, in writing or verbally, to encourage a customer to make a purchase
freed
absolved
destruction
annihilation
denotative level
conveys content & is literal & restrictive meaning of a word
job lead
information about a job opening
generic definition for globalization
the trend towards a more integrated & interdependent global Economic systems
Core rate of inflation
The rate of increase of all prices except energy & food
Health Communication
The study of communication that has an impact on human health
Concentration Ratio
The value of sales by the topfirms of an industry stated as a percnetage of total industry sales
How many types of accomplishment bullet statements are there Name them
There are three - action verb bullet; modified verb bullet; & specific achievment bullet
Central Pacific Railroad
USG, A railroad that started in Sacramento & connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants
govt officials alone
Under Stalin's command economy, all economic decisions were made by
Family & Medical LeaveAct 1993
WJC company with more than 50 employees, allow 12 weeks of unpaid keave
China & Clinton
WJC even though turmoil, us had to keep good relations with China
Interprets Laws
What does the Judicial Branch do
it drained the treasuries of Europe
What impact did the war have on the economy of Europe
immediate - delayed
Which feedback may take awhile to get to a person
Germany
Which nation's actions caused the US to fight in WWI
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Who led Germany during the last decade of the 1800's & most of WWI
Interagency councils
Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making & implementation across a host of governmental agencies
eclectic paradigm promoted by John Dunning. focused on location specific advantages
_ is a theory of foreign direct investment that combines two other perspectives into a single holistic explanation of FDI
Company vision
a business;s purpose or reason for existing
Garibaldi
behind the group known as Young Italy
Consent of the governed
A condition urged by many as a requirement for a legitimate govt
Closed Shop
A firm where unions control the hiring
Gettysburg
AL 1863 meade & lee, July 1 - 3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle
internet
a worldwide network of computer networks, allowing a free flow of information
Halo Effect
One good quality implied other ones
Cato
Roman politician bent on destruction of Carthage
Distribution
The allocation or dividing up of the goods & services a society produces
Hearing
The physiological process of decoding sounds
Causal attribution theory
cause for behavior is person, stimulus, circumstance
canyon
deep & narrow valley with steep walls
Faults of Containment
ideolical threat of communism - military threat of the red army - security dilemma
generous nature
magnanimity
express powers
powers sepcifically granted to one of the branches of the national gov by the Constitution
In re Debs
strikes & interstate commerce
evaluation: adoption process
the consumer considers whether trying the new product makes sense
breadth
the range of topics at which an individual discloses
Dominican Republic occupied
1916 - the collapse of the govt in the Dominican Republic similarly precipitated a U. S. intervention to restore order
Desmond Tutu
A South African cleric & activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984
Home - rule charter
A charter that allows the city govt to do anything that is not prohibited by the charter or by state law
Collective good
A good or service that, to at least some degree, is nonrival but excludable
Business
A private producing unit in our society
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad baron, he controlled the New York Central Railroad
Human capital theory
A theory of pay determination that says a worker's wage will be proportional to his or her stock of human capital
Credible threat
A threat to take an action that is in the threatener's interest to carry out
Embargo
A total restriction on the import or export of a good
Firm
An economic institution that transforms factors fo production into goods & services
Funding
An economic policy of Hamilton where the government would pay the national debt at face value. It would help relieve the government out of its huge debt.
Disengagement
A view that U. S. involvement in Vietnam had led to a military defeat & political disaster & that further similar involvements should be avoided.
Equality of opportunity
A view that it is wrong to use race or sex either to discriminate against or give preferential treatment to minorities or women
Electorate
Citizens eligible to vote
Donut Hole
Disputed area between Russia & the US in the Bering Strait
issue areas
Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts & sometimes achieve cooperation
Fall of Rome
Collapse of Roman empire in 5th Century. Plundered by the Vandals, then finally abdication of the last Roman emperor, romulus Augustulus, 476
holding co mpany
Business owning a majority of stock in member companies & therefore able to dictate common policy. Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest publicly traded holding companies; it owns numerous insurance companies, manufacturing businesses, retailers, & other companies
E - commerce
Buying & selling over the Internet
Bryan resigns
June 9, 1915 - Believing the strong language in Wilson's note to Germany after the sinking of the British ship Lusitania would lead the U. S. into an unnecessary war; Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned his post
Judiciary committee
Key Senate committee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval
Immigration Act
LBJ 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin
Elizabeth Blackwell
First female to graduate from medical college
homogeneity
Globalization results in a greater degree of _ across markets than would be present otherwise
Cumberland (National) Road
Highway that stretched across nation, providing much aid to Westerners. (1811)
Guilds
Organizations of artisans in the Middle Ages
civil society
Organizations outside the state that help people define & advance their own interests
Constituent
Person living in the district of an elected official
Compellence
Persuading a country from doing something they wouldn't have done
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519 - 1522 that was the first to sail around the world
First Continental Congress
September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, & sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation & unfair judicial system
House of Hanover
Series of English kings & queens who strengthened parliament
immigration act of 1924
Set immigration quotas of 2 percent of the number of foreign - born persons from a given nation, based on the Census of 1890. Drastically cut immigration from south & east europe, as well as asia
Federal System
Sharing Power between the State & National govt
Helen Hunt Jackson
She wrote a book humanizing the Indians for people who didn't understand them that well. Sort of like Uncle Tom's Cabin, but for Indians
Fisher effect
The tendency for nominal interest rates to be high when inflation is high & low when inflation is low
five different patterns used when organizing a presentation
Types of patterns include: topical; time or chronological; reason;problem - solution; spatial or geographical; and/or summarize of facts or data
Doughboys
US infantry in WWI
Chief executive
Used to describe the Pres. Powers found in Article II of the Constitution
gunpowder
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests & evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives & grenades & to propel cannonballs, shot, & bullets
Competitive service
The govt offices to which people are appointed on the grounds of merit as ascertained by a written examination or by having met certain selection criteria (such as training, educational attainments, or prior experience)
flexible - price policy
a price policy that lets customers bargain for merchandise
critical theory
addresses how to overcome "exclusion" & seeks to understand the underlying conditions in which emancipation is possible
just - in - time (jit) inventory system
an inventory system that controls the flow of parts & material into assembly & manufacturing plants
centralized buying
buying process for all branches in a chain store operation, usually done in a central location, such as company headquarters
fair
candid
Competitors
companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers
Department of Labor
concerned with improving working conditions & employment opportunities for laborers. Its programs include job training (especially for the poor), appraising manpower resources & needs, & regulating occupational safety
connotative level
conveys feelings, people create personal & subjective meaning
competitive dimensions
cost/price, quality, delivery speed, delivery reliability, coping with changes in demand, flexibility & new - product intro speed, product - specific criteria
certainty, risk, uncertainty
decision - making done under 3 conditions
interventionist
describing an activist govt and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, & social arenas
human risks
risks that are triggered by errors or omissions as well as the unpredictability of customers or of working environments
Dove
soft liners; avoid conflict & confrontation; passionate & considerate even if it means a deal of naivety
imports
goods & services purchased from other countries
foreign policy process
how policies are arrived & implemented
gothic novel
identified with romanticism
collective responsibility
in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions & that all will be responsible for the results
case method of organizational speech structure
in which the speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub points
Business confidence indices
indices that show managers' level of confidence about future business growth
freedom
liberty
enumeration
listing items in order
How does self - concept develop
others tell us who we are; social comparisons; culture; & gender
Implicit personality theory
our past influences how we judge others
Equity theory
people try to maintain or est. an equality b/w their own ratio of what they put in to a job vs. what they get out of it [I/O (self) = I/O (other)]
entrepreneurs
people who create, launch, organize, & manage a new business & take the risk of business ownership
discharge petition
petition that, if signed by a majority of the members of the House, will pry a bill from committee & bring it to the floor for consideration
4 types of noise
physical, physiological, psychological, semantic
influences on perception
physiological, & social
hierarchy of plans
planning flows in a top - down sequence from overall vision to more specific detailed level of plans
bureaucrat
a career govt employee
hyperpersonal communication
a certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationship with others because you are more mindful about what you're saying
database
a collection of related information about a specific topic
consensus
a decision on which all members of a team agree
Department of the Interior
responsible for the National Park Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, & a variety of programs designed to preserve natural resources in the U. S. & its territories & possessions in the Pacific Ocean
Internal environment
the events & trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, & organizaional cutlture
inventory turnover
the number of times the average inventory has been sold & replaced in a given period of time
chronemics
the study of how humans use & structure time
Command
to lead, select, & evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan
codify
to write down a law in formal language
Gueranica
town in spain; used by hitler for target practice; used first ariel bombing against unarmed citizens
chain stores
two or more outlets that are commonly owned & controlled
devil effect
ugly: dumb, poor, dishonest
cannot be taken away
unalienable
Informative advertising
used heavily when introducing a new product category
flexible plants
zero - changeover - time plant - moveable equipment, knockdown walls, & easily accessible & reroutable utilities
Commonwealth
1649 brief Republic established between Britain & Ireland. Later say resoration of the Monarchy
English Bill of Rights
1689 document guaranteeing certain basic rights to English subjects. Those rights include the right to a speedy trial; protection against excessive bail & cruel & unusual punishment; & the right to petition the govt. This document also prevented the king from interfering with elections or from imposing taxes without consent of the Parliament
He Kept Us Out of War
1916 - Wilson used this slogan in his 1916 campaign for the presidency. On April 6, 1917, the U. S. entered the war
Cantigny
1918 - A village of northern France south of Amiens. It was the site of the first major U. S. offensive in WWI on May 28 1918
Destroyer Deal
1940 - U. S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies. ) Signaled the end of U. S. neutrality in the war
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
A clearinghouse for member nations to discuss monetary issues & develop international plans & policies to deal with monetary issues. Regulating monetary exchange rates is its primary task
Change to Win Federation
A coalition of American labor unions originally formed in 2005 as an alternative to the AFL - CIO. Includes the Teamsters, Laborers' Union, the United Food & Commercial Workers International Union, & the SEIU
Economic Principle
A commonly held economic insight stated as a law or general assumption
E pluribus unum
A motto of the U. S. Latin for "Out of many, one. " It refers to the Union formed by the separate states. E pluribus unum was adopted as a national motto in 1776 & is now found on the Great Seal of the U. S. & on U. S. currency
iron triangle
Also called subgovt. Formed by the close working relationship among various interest groups, congressional committees, & executive agencies that enforce federal regulations
Daoism
Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing & is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, & deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature
Harding scandals
Major incidents of corruption in govt that occurred while Harding was pres. Most notable, lease of federally owned oil reserve land to private interests in return for bribes
data analysis
the process of compiling, analyzing, & interpreting the results of primary & secondary data collection
copy
the selling message of a written advertisment
equality
a type of supportive communication suggesting that the sender reguards as worthy of respect
fluid alliances
alliances that shift as national interests change
Greece
english poet Lord Byron fought in the war for the Independence of
FDA
federal agency that regulates labeling & safety of food, drugs, & cosmetics sold in the U. S
interested money
financial contributions by individuals or groups in hope of influencing the outcome of an election & subsequently influencing policy
Designing acceptable controls
focus on critical control points, integration, acceptability, timeliness, feasibility, accuracy & comprehensibility
contract carriers
for - hire trucking companies that provide equipment & drivers for specific routes
Bush's stance on international trade
for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector
Germany
forced to assume the sole responsibility for the war under the Treaty of Versailles
centripetal forces
forces that pull societies closer together
dialectical tensions
inherent conflicts that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exsist simulaneously
Five Power Pact
limited the naval capacities of the U.S, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, but later the treaty was ignored or broken.
govts
main difference between European colonies & protectorates in Africa had to do with their
fabrication
making up information or guessing at information & making it appear true
growth stage
sales start climbing quickly
Durand Line
Established to separate Pashto people in Afghanistan & Pakistan (then India)
Hippocrates
Medicine in the 5th century BC greek empire
In Re Gault
due process, juveniles
give up
relinquish
4 steps to maintaining a healthy & self - empowering self - concept
1. identify yourself with a strong opinion of self 2. find positive role models to guide you 3. take time to reflect & become aware of your personal needs & motivations 4. try different experiences
Exposition & Protest
1828 JQA John C. Calhoun wrote this in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law The Tariff of 1828
Freedmen's Bureau
1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food & clothing to needy blacks & helped them get jobs
How long did reconstruction last
1865 to 1877 the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal govt before being readmitted to the Union. First were occupied by Union armies, then readmitted to the union after elections which saw many former slaves vote, & blacks even win positions of power
Foraker Act
1900 Gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular govt. In 1917 they got US citizenship
Elkins Act
1903 gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers
Haiti occupied
1915 - Despite rhetoric opposing the interventionism of previous administrations, Wilson decided to try to restore order when revolutionary upheaval & bloodshed swept Haiti in the summer of 1915
Hitler becomes chancellor
1933 - he suspended the constitution, forcibly suppressed all political opposition & brought the Nazis to power. He enforced policies with a brutal secret police (the Gestapo) & formed concentration camps for the organized murder of Jews, Gypsies & political opponents. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy precipitated WWII in 1939. Although he had remarkable early success in the war, by 1942 the tide had turned
John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath
1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression
Congress of Racial Equality
1941 - 42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates & political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi & Alabama
Bulge
1944 - The last major offensive by the German army in WWII. In late 1944, the invasion of Belgium by the Allies was temporarily stopped by a German counterattack in which the Germans broke through the Allied defenses, seizing territory that caused a large "bulge" in their lines. The Allies, led by General George Patton, drove the German forces back with heavy casualties on both sides
Federal Employees Political Activities Act
1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. Federal employees are now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan elections & to contribute money to campaigns in partisan elections
Irish potato famine
19th century famine due to failure of potato crop. Lead to mass migration to the US
Five prophets of Islam
1Noah 2Abraham 3Moses 4Jesus 5Mohammadlast & greatest prophet
crimes against humanity
A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after WWII to encompass genocide & other acts committed by the political & military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany)
Demographic Transition
A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth & death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)
Chivalry
A code of conduct among nobles which held a high ethical standard of individuals to become examples of behavior in society
Daniel Boone
A frontier settler who explored & settled Kentucky
Fair gamble
A gamble whose expected value is zero
federal govt
A govt in which the national govt & the local govts share certain power. The US is this
Decisional Roles
A managers activities as an entrepreneur, resource allocator, conflict resolver, or negotiator
Informational Roles
A managers activities as an information gatherer, information disseminator, or spokesperson for the company
Interpersonal Roles
A mangers activities as a figurehead, company leader, or liaison
Efficient Market
A market where the quantity supplied=quantity demanded & the price of goods is set at the equilibrium price
Flow
A measure that is defined per unit of time
driver
A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation
Double - tracking
A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business
city - state
A small independent state consisting of an urban center & the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic & Classical Greece, Phoenicia, & early Italy
caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three - masted ship used by the Portuguese & Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic
junk
A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang & Song Empires, specially designed for long - distance commercial travel
Economic loss
An economic profit that is less than zero
Elite
An identifiable group of persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource - - such as money or political power
A Scribed Identity
An identity assigned to you by others
Inflation Tax
An implicit tax on the holders of cash & the holder of any obligations specified in nominal terms
graduated income tax
An income tax that takes proportionately more from higher wage earners
Economic Growth
An increase in real output as measured by real GDP or per capita real GDP
escalation
An increase in the intensity of geographic scope of a war or diplomatic confrontation
district attorney
An official responsible for representing the govt in court cases & for prosecuting criminals
Emma Goldman
An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.
Crisis Stage
Consequences begin to be noticeable
ethnic cleansing
Effort to eradicate a people & its culture by means of mass killing & the destruction of historical buildings & cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)
Cathars
Encountered Byzantine ideas in long distance trade. Adopted an ascetic heretic lifestyle
California enters Union
Entered as a free state as part of Compromise of 1850, threw off balance
Congo, Burundi, & Rwanda
Ethnic violence between Huutus & Tutsis in Burundi in the 1980s pushes Tutsi refugees into Rwanda. Tensions rose in Rwanda, where 800,000 Tutsis were killed in 1994. The Huutu militants fled to the DRC, causing more unrest & civil war there
Central Powers
Germany & its allies in WWI
horse collar
Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse - drawn plows & vehicles
Fritz Roethlisberger
Hawthorne Studies, Behavioral Approach, Human Relations
Dominion of New England
In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York & New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority - James II. Charters & self rule were revoked, & the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne
Denis Kearney
Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco & fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement
Executive order
Order signed by the pres. that has the effect of law, even though it is not passed by Congress. An example of an executive order includes Pres. Clinton's order legalizing the abortion bill, RU486. All executive orders must be published in the "Federal Register"
Horizontal Integration
Owning many different businesses who sell the same thing. Ex: Gap owns Forth & Towne, Banana Republic, Old Navy, & the GAP company itself
Degree of economies of scope
Percentage of cost savings resulting when two or more products are produced jointly rather than individually
Five Year Plans
Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, & most other products & were enforced by the police powers of the state
Contingency Plan
Plans that identify alternative courses of action for very unusual or crisis situations; typically stipulate the chain of command, standard operating procedures, & communication channels the organization will use during & emergency
hawks & doves
Popularly, "hawks" are those who advocate an aggressive foreign policy based on strong military power. "Doves" try to resolve international conflicts without the threat of force
Hafaz Assad
Pres. of Syria 1971 to 2000. Hard - liner against Israel & Islamic fundamentalism
exclusionary rule
Rule that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial. The Supreme Court has created several exceptions to the exclusionary rule, notably the objective of good faith rule & the inevitable discovery rule
Consumption expenditure
Spending by households on goods & services such as food, clothing, & entertainment
Dual Economy
The existence of two sectors: a traditional sector & an internationally oriented modern market sector
international norms
The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states
Discount rate
The interest rate that the Fed charges commercial banks to borrow reserves
British raj
The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 & 1947 by the East India Company & then by a British govt
Equal Time Rule
The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell campaign air time equally to all candidates if they choose to sell to any
constitutionalism
The theory developed in early modern England & spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal & legislative checks
Egypt & France
WHich 2 countires worked together to build the Suez canal
counter - culture
Young hippies rose as a self - conscious culture that was opposed to traditional American ways
foreign corporation
a company that is incorporated under the laws of a state that differs from the one in which it does business
independent regulatory commission
a gov agency or commission with regulatory power who independence is protected by Congress
industrial policy
a govt's decisions & actions, which define goals & methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy
descriptive label
a label that gives information about the product's use, construction, care, performance, & other features
Carry Nation
a leading proponent of prohibition
brand licensing
a legal authorizaion by a trademarked brand owner to allow another company (the licensee) to use its brand, brand mark, or trade character for a fee
corporation
a legal entity created by either a state or a federal statute authorizing individuals to operate an enterprise
cover letter
a letter written by an applicant to an employer describing why that applicant is the best person to fill a specific job opening
identity
a principle for solving collective goods by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community
category management
a process that involves managing product categories as individual business units
desktop publishing programs
a software application that is part word processor & part graphics application, & enables users to edit & manipulate both text & graphics in one document
impromptu speaking
a speaker uses information acquired from experience, speaks with little or no preparation, & organizes ideas while he or she is communicating
failed state
a state within which the govt has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services
forecast
a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming
generalization
a statement that is accepted as true by by most people
franchise
a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)
fusion of powers
a system of governance in which the authority of govt is concentrated in one body
free enterprise system
a system that encourages individuals to start & operate their own businesses in a competitive market, without govt involvement
bundling
a tactic of political action committees whereby they collect contributions from like - minded individuals (limited to $2000 each) & present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle" thus increasing their influence
greeting approach
a way to approach a customer that focuses on welcoming the customer to the store
general partnership
a way to organize a business in which each partner shares in the profits & losses
brand name
a word, group of words, letters, or numbers that represent a product or service; also known as a product brand
ethical behavior
behavior that conforms to a society;s accepted principles of right & wrong
ethnocentrisim
belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group
business philosophy
beliefs about how a business should be run that demonstrate an understanding of the business's role in the marketplace
collectivist culture
benevolence, tradition & conformity (group values) your responsible for contributing to the success of the group
Francis Parkman
born in Boston, Massachusetts. He is best known as a historian, & particularly as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie & Rocky - Mountain Life, & his monumental seven volume France & England in North America. These works are considered masterpieces of both history & literature
debt capital
borrowed funds that must be repaid
Great Purge
campaigns of political repression & persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. involved purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union & the persecution of unaffiliated persons. In the West the term "the Great Terror"
capacity utilization rate
capacity used/best operating level
impel
cause someone to do something
investiture (feudal)
ceremony where the lord gave his vassal a clod of earth or sprig of leaves as a symbol of the land the vassal was receiving
inventory investment
changes in business inventories
indirect marketing channel
channel obtaining one or more intermediary levels
Customs Union
characterized by common external tariffs
Economic Union
characterized by harmonization of economic policies of member nations, including introducing a common currency
Forward Vertical FDI"
choosing to invest in economic activity downstream from the core business activity of the business unit
Comparative Business/Management
compared business practices/management in various countries that are different enough to justify study & separate treatment in the academic curriculum
current issues in OM
coordinating relationships bw mutually supportive but separate orgs, optimizing global supplier, production & distribution networks, increased co - production of g/s, managing customer touch points, raising senior management awareness of operations as a significant competitive weapon
Conglomerates
corporations that combine several different retailing forms under central ownership
civil court
court in which lawsuits are heard
Geert Hofstede
created a framework of culture
disadvantages of pure project
duplication of resources, organizational goals & policies are ignored, org falls behind on its knowledge of new technology team members have no functional area "home"
insensitive listeners
failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker instead accepting the speakers words at face value
constitutional democracy
gov that enforces recognized limits on those who govern & allows the voice of the people to be heard through free, fair, & relatively frequent elections
citizens
govts obtained their authority from its _ & was responsible to them
Cognitive maps
graphic depictions of how mangers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions
Economic interest groups/ Issue groups/ identity groups
groups that promote public interest such as labor unions & industry groups, pro - life & pro - choice groups, & minority & women's rights groups
cabinet
in a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministries) & make up the govt, which is responsible to the parliament; in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the pres.
Confederate Advantages
in the Civil War - Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, & could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war & only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, & most of the existing military equipment & supplies
Department of the Treasury
includes the IRS. has general responsibility for setting federal fiscal policy by collecting taxes & customs duties, administering the public debt, keeping all govt accounts, minting currency, & licensing ships engaged in international & interstate commerce. The Department of the Treasury administers the Secret Service
high - context culture
information shared through assumptions, information is communicated but not stated explicitly
investment companies
institutions that manage portfolios of financial instruments called mutual funds on behalf of shareholders; exist largely because of cost savings from their greater scale of operations
Federal Reserves notes
largest component of U. S. currency (paper bills); distributed by the Fed
Congress
legislative; Popularly elected; pass laws. important role in the system of checks & balances; bicameral organization acts as an internal check. a variety of functions, including appropriation of funds for executive & judicial activities; instituting taxes & regulating commerce; declaring war & raising & supporting a military; setting up federal courts & conducting impeachment proceedings; & approving presidential appointments
Foreign Agricultural Service
links U.S. agriculture to the world to enhance export opportunities and global food security
empathetic listening
listening in which the goals are to help the speaker solve a problem
critical listening
listening in which the goals are to judge the quality or accuracy of the speaker's remarks
decentralized buying
local chain store managers or their designated buyers who are authorized to make special purchases for their individual stores
grassroots politics
locally - organized activism; as opposed to top - down, hierarchical organizing
Farewell Address George washington
maintain national unity, obey principles & authority, create permanent allience but not embroil in European affairs
controlling function
making sure things are being done in a way that we want; the reverse of planning (measure/observe how much performance is deviating from plans)
First - Line managers
managers who train & supervise the performance of non managerial employees who are directly responsible for producing the company's products or services
8 Key Results Areas
market share, productivity, profitability, innovation, resources, worker performance & morale, manager performance & development, social responsibilities
descriptive research - marketing research process
marketing research to better describe marketing problems, situations, or markets, such as the market potential for a product or the demographics & attitudes of consumers
Exploratory Research - marketing research process
marketing research to gather preliminary information that will help define problems & suggest hypotheses
casual research - marketing research process
marketing research to test hypotheses about cause & effect relationships
dimensions of culture
masc. /femm. low/high power distance. uncertainty avoidance. individualism/collectivism
abstract
meaning resulting from inability to experience a referent with one of senses
Diseconomies of scope
means that there can be gains from trade, even when production possibilities frontier are identical
Civil rights act of 1968
meant as a follow - up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. expanded on previous acts & prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, & financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap & family status. It also provided protection for civil rights workers. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968)
consumer price index (cpi)
measurement of the change in price over a period of time of approximately 400 retail goods & services used by the average urban household
Chan Buddhism
meditation & appreciation of natural & artistic beauty, popular among the rich
Equal Pay Act of 1963 (part of EEO)
men & women performing the same work must get the same pay
channel
message is sent from source to reciever by some sort of pathway. - talking on phone: auditory channel. - face to face has many channels (visual, auditory, smell (olfactory), touch (tactile)
evaluative communication
messages in which the sender judges the reciever in some way
controling message
messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of out come on the reciever usually resulting in a defence reaction
feedback
messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what was said
Delian League
military alliance led by Athens to resist Persian Imperialism
Ex parte Quirin
military tribunals for enemy spies
absolute majority
more than 50% of all votes cast
decision criteria
musts & NTH's ("nice to have's")
isthmus
narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas
fractions
numbers used to describe or compare parts of a whole
heterostereotype
observation about another culture without judgement
coinciding cleavages (polarizing)
occur when the factors composing one's social identity tend to pull in the same political direction
Federal Register
official document, published every weekday, that lists the new & proposed regulations of executive departments & regulatory agencies
horn effect
one bad quality implies others
cultural differences in general talk
opening & closing conversations, interrupting, knowing when to use humor, using nonverbal behavior, knowing proper balance of speech & listening
egocentric communicator
person who creates messages without giving much thought to the person who is listening; a communicator who is felf focused & self - absorbed
conscientious objector
person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons
coercive participation
political action organized by ruling authorities rather than by interest groups or civil society groups
Dreyfus Affair
political scandal which divided France during the 1890s & early 1900s. the wrongful conviction of Jewish military officer Dreyfus for treason. split France into Dreyfusards & anti - Dreyfusards. the division was between right - wing anti - Dreyfusards supportive of a return to monarchy & clericalism & left - wing Dreyfusards supportive of the Republic & angry with the Church
Civil Rights Cases
power of federal govt to prohibit racial discrimination by private parties
International Business:
private or governmental business that involves activities crossing national boundaries
decision - making done under risk
probability of event is known or can be estimated - can be assigned a value from 0 to 1. 0
Casework
process of solving constituents' problems dealing with the bureaucracy
Function of the Federal Reserve System #2
provides payment - clearing systems: long operated systems for transmitting & clearing payments
6 Tactics to weaken states
prying away its allies - weakening hold on sphere of influence - stopping trade - removing hostile gov't - waging preemptive war - fighting wars to prevent status quo disturbance
forced - choice questions
questions that ask repsondents to choose answers from possibilities given on a questionnaire
destroyed
ravaged
Charles Townshend
reated the Townshend Acts. British Prime Minister (Grenville's replacement) Townshend Acts formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, & tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. Townshend Acts led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre
human communication as an interaction
reciever responds to source with feedback. - linear action/reaction within a certain context
Industry regulation
regulations & rules that govern the business practices & procedures of specific industries, businesses, & professions
During the rule of Frederick II, Prussia
rejected pragmatic sanction against division of Hasburg land
Ex parte Crow Dog
repeal of law dealing with Native American Indians requires express language by Congress
investment function
represented bas an inverse relationship between the rate of interest & the value of planned real investment (as interest rates fall planned investment spending increases)
Department of Education
responsible for providing federal aid to educational institutions & financial aid to students, keeping national educational records, & conducting some educational research
Department of Transportation
responsible for the national highways & for railroad & airline safety. It also manages Amtrak, the national railroad system, & the Coast Guard
Ex parte Garland
retroactive civil disability for former Confederate officers
Global Diversity
richness increases with area; richness increases towards tropics (tropics have greater land mass, milder, stabler climate, species energy hypothis: greater exposure to solar energy=greater productivity=more species accomodated in food web); richness declines with elevation, less O2; richness declines with increasing depth; richness increases with energy
coureurs de bois
runners of the woods French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among & often married with Amerindian peoples of North America
direct distribution
sales of goods or services directly to the customer, with no intermediares
consumer promotions
sales strategies that encourage customers & prospects to buy a product or service
feature - benefit selling
sales that match the characteristics of a product to a customer's need & wants
episode
series of interactions between individuals during which the mssage of one person influences the messages of another
Gramm - Rudman - Holings Bill (1985)
set budget reduction targets to balance budget but failed to eliminate loopholes
Conservative Republicans
similar to liberal Dem;
budget
single - use plan - plan for use of resources (usu. along w/ expected results stated in quantitative terms)
core competencies
skills that differentiate the service or manufacturing firm from its competitors
entitlement programs
social insurance programs that allocate federal funds to all people who meet the conditions of the program, they are a form of mandatory spending so it is incredibly difficult to cut funds during the budgetary process (Social Security largest & most expensive one)
graphics & design programs
software applications for creating & modifying images
database programs
software applications that store & organize information
collateral
something of value that a person pledges as payment for a loan in case of default
impression management
stratagies used by communicators to influence the way others view them
comparative foreign policy
study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of societies/govts consistently have similar types of foreign policies
Department of Agriculture
that provides services for farmers, including agricultural research, soil conservation, & efforts to regulate & stabilize the farming economy
Continental Army
the American army during the American Revolution
cultural context
the beliefs, values & ways of behaving that are shared by a group of people & passed down from one generation to the next
denominator
the bottom number in a fraction; it represents how many parts make up a whole
executive branch
the branch of government, headed by the president, that carries out the nation's laws and policies
governance
the characteristics of a regime or govt
Economic System
the combination of social & individual decision making a society uses to answer the 3 economic questions
Entrepreneur Role
the decisional role managers play when they adapt themselves, their subordinates, & their units to change
Disturbance handler role
the decisional role managers play when they respond to sever problems that demand immediate action
Ethical intensity
the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue
Buyers dependence
the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to supplier & the difficulty of finding other buyers for it products
7. McCellands Theory power
the desire to control overs & have influence over them
foreign direct investment by non - U. S. firms was motivated primarily by the following two factors:
the desire to disperse production activities to optimal locations; & the desire to build a direct presence in major foreign markets
General environment
the economic, technological, sociocultural, & political trends that indirectly affect all organizations
devolution revolution
the effort to slow the growth of the federal govt by returning many functions to the states
copyright
the exclusive right to reproduce or sell a work authored by an individual, such as writings, music, & artwork
Economic responsibility
the expectation that a company will make a profit by producing a valued product or service
hypertext transfer protocol (http)
the global computer protocol used to identify & locate web pages on the internet
Constitutional court
the highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution.
Cultural Imperialism
the imposition of an alien ideology or civilization on an unwilling society
Gaul
the modern day nation of France
govt Accountability Office (GAO)
the non - partisan audit, evaluation, & investigative arm of Congress, & an agency in the Legislative Branch of the U. S. govt. established by the Budget & Accounting Act, 1921. exists to support the Congress in meeting its Constitutional responsibilities & to help improve the performance & ensure the accountability of the federal govt for the American people. headed by the Comptroller General
Environmental complexity
the number of external factors in the environment that affect organizations
income velocity of money (V)
the number of times per year a dollar is spent on final goods & services; identically equal to nominal GDP divided by the money supply
infrastructure
the physical development of a country, including its roads, ports, sanitation facilities, & utilities
informal balance
the placement of several small items with one large item within a display
dollar control
the planning & monitoring of the total inventory investment that a business makes during a stated period of time
business risk
the possibility of financial loss
imperialism
the practice of one nation - state taking control of nations & territory of other countries
fixtures
the principle installations in a store; permanent or movable store furnishings that hold & display merchandise
Environmental change
the rate at which a company's general & specific environments change
horizontal short - run aggregate supply curve
there is excessive unemployment & unused capacity in the economy (classical assumptino of everlasting full employment no longer holds)
bureaucracy theory - 3 kinds of authority
traditional (the way it's always been done); charismatic (leader has magnetism); rational - legal (based on expertise, training, experience)
brick - and - mortar retailers
traditional retailers that sell goods to customers from physical stores, rather than over the internet
calculation of required reserves
transaction deposits X required reserve ratio
issue advocacy
unlimited & undisclosed spending by an individual or group on communications that do not use words like "vote for" or "vote against" although much of this activity is actually about electing or defeating candidates
CPM with three time estimates
used when activity times are uncertain, used to obtain the same info as the single time estimate model & probability info
economic forecasting
uses variety of methods to predict general levels of economic activity for a locality, region, country or the whole world
department
usually the largest organization in govt; also the highest rank in federal hierarchy
Ideological party
values principled stands on issues above all else, including winning. It claims to have a comprehensive view of American society & govt radically different from that of the established parties
hypertext markup language (html)
a detailed code used to write web pages
Bureaucracy
the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
feedforward
information you provide before sending your primary message
increasing govt spending
new deal involved attempts to stimulate the American economy by
Dublin, Ireland
no official capital; govt offices in Yaren District, nauru
Circular structure
A method of organizing a pres.'s staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the pres.
Economically Efficient
A method of production that produces a fiven level or output at the lowest possible cost
How do communications flow within an orginization
Communications flow in three directions - upward, downward, & lateral
7 Sins of US foreign policy
EEIIUA Emphasis on Military; Executive Branch Dominance, Ignorance, Isolationsm, Unilateralism, Arrogance
Emperor Menelik
Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889 - 1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions & defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896)
5 Sequential Steps of Rational Actor
1. definition of situation 2. identification of goals 3. identification of options 4. cost benefit analysis
German Joins NATO
1955 - Germany joined as West Germany in 1955 & German reunification in 1990 extended the membership to the new Federal Republic of Germany
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Signed
1978. it was a reaction to the abuses of the Nixon whitehouse
Camp David Accords
1979 peace agreement between Israel & Egypt
Il - Khan
A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il - khans' khanate was founded by Hleg, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran & Iraq
Grand & Petit Jury
A Grand Jury is established to determine if a crime has been committed. A petit jury determines whether a person is guilty of a crime that has been committed
Civic competence
A belief that one can affect govt policies
Fiscal federalism
A concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal govt to the states with specific conditions attached. The legislation can be in the form of mandates
Boycott
A concerted effort to get people to stop buying goods & services from a company or person in order to punish that company or to coerce its owner into changing policies
Department of Justice
A department of the federal executive branch, headed by the attorney general, which administers the FBI, prosecutes violations of federal law, & is responsible for enforcing all civil rights legislation
ex post facto
A descriptive term for an explanation or a law that is made up after an event & then applied to it: "The chairman's description of his plan sounds like an ex post facto attempt to justify an impulsive action. " Ex post facto is Latin for "from after the deed. "
Contractual Intermediary
A financial institution that holds & stores individuals' financial assets
domestic firm
A firm that has little or no international business activity
hung jury
A jury that is unable to reach a verdict of guilty or not guilty. The result is a mistrial, & legal proceedings must be reinitiated to bring the case to trial again. Trying the case a second time does not constitute double jeopardy
Direct Regulation
A kprogram in which the amount of a good people are allowed to use is directly limited by the govt
IWW - The Industrial Workers of the World
A labor union for industrial laborers, this group performed many acts of industrial sabotage in pursuit of its goals. Openly opposed the Great War.
Dillon's rule
A legal principle that holds that the terms of city charters are to be interpreted narrowly. Under this rule (named after a lawyer who wrote a book on the subject in 1911) a municipal corporation can exercise only those powers expressly given it or those powers necessarily implied by, or essential to the accomplishment of, these stated powers
Information superhighway
A linked conglomerate of computer - generated information also known as the internet
Illustrator
A non verbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message & either complemets, contradicts, or accents it
Common Sense
A pamphlet that was easy to understand, sold 100,000 copies in a few months, Put into writing that colonists had nothing to gain & much to lose if they stayed tied to an unjust king
In - kind transfer
A payment made not in the form of cash but in the form of a good or service
gunboat diplomacy
A policy toward a foreign country that depends on the use, or threat of the use, of arms
Direct Relationship
A relationship in which when one variable goes up, the other goes up too
Environmental impact statement
A report required by federal law that assesses the possible effect of a project on the environment if the project is subsidized in whole or part by federal funds
Economic Takeoff
A stage when the development process becomes self - sustaining
Champa
A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam & was annexed by Annam & destroyed as an independent entity in 1500
Disinflation
A substantial reduction in the rate of inflation
hypothesis
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a basis for further investigation
hadith
A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law
Covered wagon
A typical conveyance for settlers moving west
Incentive
A valued benefit obtained by joining a political organization
Commitment device
A way of changing incentives so as to make otherwise empty threats or promises credible
Emma Willard
AJ in 1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in New York which was a model for girls' schools everywhere
First Bull Run
AL 1861 - First battle of the Civil War. Union soldiers were commanded by McDowell & defeated by the Confederate soldiers under Beauregard Stonewall Jackson
Bounties
AL payments to encourage volunteers North not South
Good - faith exception
Admission at a trial of evidence that is gathered in violation of the Constitution if the violation results from a technical or minor error
George Wallace
Alabama govenor who opposed integration. National Guard forced him to back down when he tried to block entry into the U. of Alabama
Implicit costs
All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners
Confiscation Act
Allowed Union to liberate those slaves used by the Confederacy for "insurrectionary purposes. "
Ferghana Valley
An area in Uzbekistan walled off by mountains with an extremely dense population. Some ethnic differences
Feudalism
An economic system in which traditions rule
Cost
Any burden, monetary or nonmonetary, that some people must bear, or think that they must bear, if a policy is adopted
Electoral Count Act
As a belated result of the disputed election of 1876 involving Samuel J. Tilden & Rutherford B. Hayes, the Electoral Count Act of 1887 placed the responsibility of deciding electoral disputes mainly on the states themselves. Congress now counts the votes on Jan. 6
Direct Preception Checking
Asking someone else whether your interpretations of what you preceive are correct
Jurisdiction
Authority vested in a particular court to hear & decide the issues in any particular case
Haymarket Riot
Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days & then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths
Cult of Domesticity
Belief in Middle & Upper Classes in US & Britain - women embodied perfect virtues in all senses
Fiorello La Guardia
Beloved mayor of NZC in 30s & 40s
Inelastic
Below the mid - point on a straight - line demand curve, demand is _
Common Market
Characterized by free movement of factors of production
govt Bonds
Bonds issued by the gov't & bought & sold by the Fed as a form of monetary policy to manipulate the money supply
Ethiopia
Borded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east. CHRISTIAN
J. P. Morgan
Business man - refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale
England
By 1812, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe except
Czechoslovakia
By 1935, the only eastern European country that was still a democracy was
Customer discrimination
The willingness of consumers to pay more for a product produced by members of a favored group, even if the quality of the product is unaffected
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Called for Seneca Falls Convention, worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony for Women's suffrage
high culture
Canons of artistic & literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes
Demographics
Characteristics of a population, including age, sex, & race. Demographics are often used to determine changes in the make - up of a population
Carolina
Colony (ultimately split in two) used as outpost for West Indies trade. Where American slavery is said to have started
HUAC
Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During WWII it investigated pro - fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947 - 1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U. S. govt & Hollywood film industry
junk" bonds
Companies with less - than - investment - grade ratings issue bonds. These securities, known as high - yield, or "junk," bonds, are generally too speculative for the average investor, but they can provide spectacular returns
Implementing CIS
Computer operations, System programming, Data entry, Application development, Application maintenance, data management, Communication management End - user computing
External Balancing
Concept of altering the distribution of power abroad in 3 ways: - manipulating the system of interstate alliances - tolerate spheres of influence - weaken adversary states
Internal Balancing
Concept of increasing the state's power resources in 4 ways: - strengthening armed forces & bottomw of economy - focusing policy on resource heavy regions - creating economic policy designed to produce relative gains - using military force when it maintains the state's prestige or reputation
During the 19th century, what happened in Europe
Conflict between conservative & liberal movements, the resurgence of conservatives over liberals, & the decline of established empires
Each time your work is edited, what should the editor be reading for
Content, arrangement & flow, & readability & mechanics
disregards
Continental Congress agreed that a country loses its right to govern when it _ the people's rights
Free Association with New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau (in process)
Global Corporation
Corporation with substantial operations on bothe the production & sales sides in more than one country
Ethical Issues for Multinational Corporations
Corruption, Sweatshops, Child labor, Sustainable development
Inquisition
Court established by Catholic Church to try people for Heresy. Most active in Spain
criminal court
Court in which criminal trials are heard
Food Administration
Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers
How did the Puritans finally win the English Civil War
Cromwells army defeated the ROyalists & the Puritans held the King Prisoner
Hard currency
Currencies, such as dollars, euros, & yen, that are acceptable in private channels of int'l economics
Expansion Path
Curve passing through points of tangency between a firm's isocost lines & its isquants
Custer's last stand
Custer pursuing Sioux indians, but underestimated their force. His whole group was killed in the Battle of Little Bighorn
Customer - Driven Organizations
Customers want: High quality, Low price, On - time delivery
David Ricardo
David Ricardo (April 18, 1772 - September 11, 1823), a British political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, & was one of the most influential of the classical economists. He was also a successful businessman, financier & speculator, & amassed a considerable fortune
Capital losses
Decreases in the value of existing assets
Daniel Webster
Defended national unity in the Senate against advocates of States rights such as Calhoun
Hawaiian Incident
GC2 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was depost, US govt petitioned to annex Haiwaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898
Haile Selassie
Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930 - 1974) & symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 & regained his throne during WWII, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)
Ford's Asian Trip
GF Ford & Brezhnev talked about continuing policy of detente, to prevent a third world war
Congressional Reform
GF created the seniority system to appoint chairpersons of committees, incease the size of the Ways & Means Committee from 25 to 37, & no member of other commitees could be chairperson of two major committes at the same time
five types of support & give a brief description of each
Definitions explain or clarify unfamiliar items;examples provide an illustration of what we are trying to communicate; comparisons provide a reference to a similar & usually better known item; testimony express the item through the words & thoughts of others; & statistics show relationships and/or summarize collections of facts or data
Enumerated powers
Delegated powers of Congress, including the power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense & general welfare, regulate commerce among the states, coin money, & declare war
Demand is unit elastic where on the demand curve
Demand is unit elastic at the MIDPOINT of the demand curve
Federal Campaign Finanace Law
GFfines up to 10,000 for each violation of the law in a civil case,PAC no more than 5000 per candidate
Imperial Congress
Describes a Congress that succeeds in establishing itself as dominant in legislative & foreign policy
Diversity
Describes differences among people at work. How diversity is handled in the workplace reflects the organization's culture
Helent Hunt Jackson/"A Century of Disorder"
Detailed the injustices of the reservation system, & inspired reformers to push for a change
house rules committee
Determines the rules for debate of each bill, including whether the bill may be amended. This is the most powerful committee in the House
Confucianism
Doctrine that focused on morally superior individuals which took a broad view of political affairs but emphasized social activism
Domestic
Does the presiden't cabinet deal more with foreign or domestic issues
Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness
Fred Fiedler; effectiveness of a particular leadership style depends on the situation
Give me liberty or give me death
From speech by Patrick Henry urging American colonies to revolt against England
isolated
From the 1200's to the early 1700's, Russia can best be described as
accepted standards for the format of the printed presentation
Double spaced, all main points are adequately supported; 12 - point, Times New Roman font; one - inch margins; left aligned; handwritten, print or write legibly; 8. 5" by 11" college - ruled notebook paper; remove frayed, edges; letter are distinguishable from lower case letters
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower proposed & obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U. S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East
House of Burgesses
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618
general election
Election held on the first Tuesday of November, during which voters elect officials
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress of China & mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, & resisted reforms of the Chinese govt & armed forces
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces
Hoovervilles
Encampments of the poor & homeless that sprang p during the Great Depression
British Proclamation of 1763
English law enacted after French & Indian War which forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It helped spark the American revolution
Delaware
Established by Lord de la Warr. Had a strong Swedish influence
Judiciary Act of 1789
Established the basic 3 - tiered structure of the federal courts system
Hurrican Andrew
GB1 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency FEMA
Euribor
Euribor (Euro Interbank Offered Rate) is a daily reference rate based on the interest rates at which banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the euro wholesale (or "interbank") money market. The Euro reference rates are based on this
humanists (renaissance)
European scholars, writers, & teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, & moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century & later
Explain the two audience concept as it applies to communication
Every communication has a sending & receiving audience. The sending audience is the group we represent, while the receiving audience is the group with whom we are communicating
Chauvinism
Exaggerated belief in the supremecy of one's nation
Homo habilis
Extinct species of early hominid that inhabited parts of sub - Saharan Africa about 2 million to 1. 5 million years ago, & generally accepted as the earliest member of the genus Homo, following Australopithecus & preceding H. erectus. Remains of H. habilis were first discovered in 1959 & 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania. Name, by Leakey, refers to able or "handy" man
Jingoism
Extreme & emotional nationalism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war
Industrial distributors - types of intermediaries
Find distributors in the different regions or industries who will buy & carry the new line
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
First Quota Act of 1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890
Great Migration (colonial times)
Flood of Puritan immigants from Europe to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1629 - 42
Currency Act of 1764
Forbade the colonies to issue paper money. The colonists saw the British govt increasing its control over the colonies against the colonists' will
Foreign Policy Objectives
Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation & the power available to the state
International reserves
Foreign currency assets held by a govt for the purpose of purchasing the domestic currency in the foreign exchange market
extraterritoriality
Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European & US nationals in certain areas of Chinese & Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)
gens de couleur
Free men & women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights & later supported the Haitian Revolution
Four Freedoms
Freedoms FDR said are worth fighting for: speech, worship, want & fear. Used to justify US involvement in WWII
Generalized other perspective
Future predicted based on what people generally do
Generic Language
General terms that stad for all persons or things within a given category
Homo sapiens sapiens
Genus & species to which all modern human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens) belong & to which are attributable fossil remains of humans 100,000 to 200,000, & perhaps as much as 400,000 years old
Catherine the Great
German born, Russian Zarina. Combined ideas with a strong policy. Converted nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them the power over the peasants
classical antiquity
Greek & Roman times
Hellenistic Age
Greek culture spread across western Asia & northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)
Clans
Groups of extended families which tended to cluster together, bound together by ties of kinship
chartered Company
Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France & England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies
industrial product
product bought by individuals & organizations for further processing or for use in conducting a business
Hinton R. Helper
Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non - slave - owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer
Incorporation Doctrine
Holds that the Due Process Clause applies to State & Local gov'ts in addition to national
How were the Holocaust & Hitler's final solution related
Holocaust is the term for genocide that resulted form the plan called the "final solution"
Culture shock stages
Honeymoon, crisis, recovery, adjustment, reverse
Cognitive dissidence
Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person's opinion
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting & they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic govt. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies & was a beginning for the other states' charters & constitutions
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.
Indian Ocean Maritime System
In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, & maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia
Give more power to elected parliaments
In the early 19th century Europe, one political goal that liberals had was
Great Britain & Germany
In the late 1800's, who competed for industrial domination of Europe
Deists
Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe & then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws
How did indirect control compare to direct control
Indirect control allowed limited self - rule
First - dollar insurance coverage
Insurance that pays all expenses generated by the insured activity
Conglomerate FDI"
Investing in business overseas that has no relationship to your core business
Class A Mandates
Iraq, Palestine, Syria
Fascist Party
Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during WWI. It emphasized aggressive nationalism & was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943
Dissenting opinion
Judicial written opinion that is contrary to the ruling of the full court
Income Tax Cut
LBJ 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down
Homophobic Language
Language that overtly denigrates persons of non - heterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian
Clear Air Act (1970)
Law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, & regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry
Comparable Worth Laws
Laws mandating comparable pay for comparable work
Child labor laws
Laws passed forbidding employment of children except in specific circumstances. Later Supreme Court ruled these unconstitutional. Later still 1930s, Fair Labor Standards Act upheld by the Court, banning employment of children in manufacturing jobs
Grange/Oliver Kelley
Led the National Grange of the Pattrons of Husbandry, first real organization of the populist movement
Campaign finance reform
Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money & gifts from individuals & special interest groups
charismatic legitimacy
Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader
Jeffersonian democracy
Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man
During the editing phase, what specifically are you looking for
Look for basic grammatical errors & correct format. Check for complete paragraphs & sentences, then compare it to your outline to ensure you have included all of the main points & subpoints you intended to cover
Economic Efficiency
Maximization of aggregate consumer & producer surplus
Fiorello LaGuardia
Mayor of New York from 1934 to 1945. He was popularly known as "the Little Flower," the translation of his Italian first name, also perhaps a reference to his short stature of just 5 feet. According to modern historians, LaGuardia is considered one of New York City's greatest mayors because of his role in leading New York during the Great Depression
Concrete Meaning
Meaning that refers to something that cannot be perceived with one of the senses
Abstract Meaning
Meaning that refers to something that con not be preceived or experienced with one of the senses
confirmation hearings
Meetings held by the Senate to gather information about candidates for federal office nominated by the pres. of the U. S. Under the Constitution, the pres. has the right to appoint whomever he wants to various govt offices, including members of the cabinet & federal judges, but each appointment must be approved by the Senate as part of the separation of powers
Direct tax
Money paid directly to the govt in the form of income taxes
Indirect tax
Money paid to the govt as a result of purchased goods
Commodity Money
Money that has an intrinsic value, that is, value beyond any value given to it because it is money. An example of this would be a gold coin that has value because it is a precious metal
Fiat Money
Money that has no intrinsic value, that is, its only value comes from the fact that a governing body backs & regulates the currency. This system only works if a gov't backs the money & regulates its production
Dunnings Eclectic theory
Monopolistic/Ownership Specific Advantage (OSA) explained why firms invested overseas, Internalization explained Which form of entry the firm should take & explained Where the firm should invest through Location Specific Advantage (LSA)
Civil rights movement
Movement in 50s & 60s to eliminate segregation & gain equal rights. Major moments were when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white person, MLK's 'I have a Dream Speech', the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, & Fair Housing Act of 1968
Confederation of 1867
Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial govts of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, & Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central govt in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation
example of an administrative trade policy
Netherlands exports tulip bulbs to almost every country in the world except Japan. reason is that Japanese customs inspectors insist on checking every tulip bulb by cutting it down the middle (which destroys the bulb). insistence on the part of the Japanese to inspect the bulbs in this manner (which makes it impractical for the Netherlands to export to Japan)
Dominance
Non - Verbal behaviors such as relaxed posture, greater personal spaces, & protected personal spaces that communicates power status, & control
Immediacy
Non verbal behavior such as eye contact, foward lean, touch & open body orientation that communicate feelings of liking pleasure & closeness. the degree of interest or attraction we feel toward & communicate to others
Democratic - Republicans
One of the first two American political. Founded by Jefferson & Madison. Those two & Monroe were the only Democratic - Republican pres.s. Party disbanded in the 1820s, splintering into two factions, the Democratic Party & the Whig Party. Members of the Democratic - Republican Party believed that a strong federal govt would weaken & not respect the rights of the states & the people
Congressionalist
One who believes that Article II's provision that the pres. should ensure "faithful execution of the laws" should be read as an injunction against substituting presidential authority for legislative intent
fellow traveler
One who supports the aims or philosophies of a political group without joining it. A "fellow traveler" is usually one who sympathizes with communist doctrines but is not a member of the Communist party. The term was used disparagingly in the 1950s to describe people accused of being communists
Crossover voting
Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated
Caucus
Party regulars meeting in small groups asking questions, discussing qualifications regarding the candidate, & voting on whether to endorse a particular candidate. The Iowa caucus has taken on almost as much importance as the New Hampshire primary because of its timing
Clean Water Act
Passed in 1987, this law established safe drinking standards & creates penalties for water polluters
Intellectual capital & Knowledge Workers
People are the ultimate foundations of organizational performance. - Intellectual capital is the collective brainpower or shared knowledge of a workforce that can be used to create value - a knowledge worker adds to the Intellectual capital of an organization
Indo - Europeans
People from India/Europe: referring to Hitties who migrated to the central plain of Anatolia & imposed their rule & language on the people
Critical or realigning periods
Periods during which a sharp, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties. The issues that separate the two parties change, & so the kinds of voters supporting each party change
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Permanent tribunal for war crimes & crimes against humanity
France
Popular Front helped preserve democracy in
First degree price discrimination
Practice of charging each customer her reservation price
Intertemporal price discrimination
Practice of separating consumers with different demand functions into different groups by charging different prices at different points in time
cooperative federalism
Preeminent form of US federalism. (Marble cake analogy) National & state govts share many powers
inequality
Prerevolutionary French society was marked by great social
four steps in the process of writing
Prewriting, drafting, editing, andrevising
Delegated Powers
Printing Money, Declaring War, & Creating the Post Office are Examples of what Type of Powers
Franking
Privilege enjoyed by members of Congress entitling them to free postage for any mailings made as part of their official duties
Companies achieve competitive advantage by:
Products, Pricing, Customer service, Cost efficiency, Quality
Controversial Visit
RR, 1985 Regan visits German cemetry at Bitburg, graves of victims of Nazis
Free Exercise Clause
Prohibits US govt from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion
Compromise Tariff
Promised to gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of eight years
Immigration act of 1986
Provided an opportunity for illegal immigrants to become legal residents (one time amnesty). Penalties to employers who knowingly hired illegal immigrants.
Cotton Mather
Religious leader behind the Salem Witch Trials
Earth Summit. 1992
Representatives of more than 175 nations, including the U. S. met at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced a treaty on climate change & was the largest international meeting on the environment ever convened
Guadalupe - Hidalgo
Required Mexico to cede the American southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, & California, to the U. S. The U. S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest
Capital
Resources & goods made & used to produce other goods & services. Examples include buildings, machinery, tools, & equipment
Cross of Gold Speech
Responsible for gaining Bryan popularity. To supporters of gold: "You shall not crucify mankind upon this cross of gold. "
Distributive policy
Results in the govt giving benefits directly to people, groups, farmers, & businesses. Typical policies include subsidies, research & development funds for corporations, & direct govt aid for highway construction & education
Bull Moose Campaign
Roosvelt's campaing under the Progressive Party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. It was called "Bull Moose" because Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a bull moose
Court of St. James
Royal court of Britain
Fairness Doctrine
Rule in effect from 1949 - 1985 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately & to present contrasting views on important public issues
Class B Mandates
Rwanda & Burundi, Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togoland
How did civilians join the war effort
Scrap metal drives, working in war industries, rationing
Chechnya
Separatist movement from Russia; terrorist acts by Chechens have spurred Russian intervention. Oil in the area exacerbates it
insulated listeners
a style in which the reciever ignores undesirable information
Hawthorne studies: Lessons from the Hawthorne Studies:
Social & human concerns are keys to productivity. Hawthorne effect — people who are singled out for special attention perform as expected
four types of sentences you should use throughout your written communication
Simple sentence - a sentence that expresses one complete thought. Compound sentence - A union of two or more simple sentences. Complex sentence - a simple sentence with a dependent clause attatched to it. Compound - complex sentence - a combination of a compound & a complex sentence
Division of labor
Skilled workers each have a specialized function, resulting in increased productivity
Clipper ships
Sleek ships that sacrificed cargo space for speed
international security
a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war & peace
Family unit
Social unit resulting from ability to choose sexual partners, emotional bonding, & length of time needed to raise human offspring
Hawthorne studies: Employee attitudes, interpersonal relations & group processes
Some things satisfied some workers but not others. People restricted output to adhere to group norms
Inflation hawk
Someone who is committed to achieving & maintaining low inflation, even at some short - run cost in reduced output & employment
Inflation dove
Someone who is not strongly committed to achieving & maintaining low inflation
Epic of Gilgamesh
Sometime before 2000 BCE in Sumeria. Tells story of a king's quest to achieve immortality
Indus
Source: Himalayan Mountains, Tibet Outflow: Arabian Sea
Ganges
Source: Himalayas Outflow: Bay of Bengal
Clayton Antitrust Act
WW 1914, New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions, also made labor unions not dependent on antilaws
Expressed power
Specific power of the pres. as listed in Article I of the Constitution
Jim Crow laws
State & local laws passed in the post - Reconstruction Era South to enforce racial segregation & otherwise restrict the rights of African Americans
Cabinets of the executive branch
State, Treasury, Defense, Attorney General, Interior, Agriculture, Commercie, Labor, Health & Human Services, HUD, Transportation, Energy, Education, Vetrans Affairs, Homeland Security
Int'l. Court of Justice
States must bring the contention to the ICJ. They pay for the costs of litigation. Both states must agree to abide by the ICJ decision
Jones Act
WW 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U. S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years
Fulton's steamboat
Steamboat faster than any other form of transportation at the time, revolutionized industry
Jim Fisk / Jay Gould
Stock manipulators & brothers - in - law of Pres. Grant, they made money selling gold
Elements of observable culture
Stories, Heroes, Rites & rituals, Symbols
Ethics training
Structured programs that help participants to understand ethical aspects of decision making. Helps people incorporate high ethical standards into daily life
Clovis
The Frankish warlord who conquered much of Gaul in 486 who converted to Roman Christianity
Fourteen Points
WW 1918, program for world peace, freedom of seas, removal of barriers to international trade, reduction of armaments
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Suspension of chinese immigration for fear they were driving down wages for whites. By 1902, Chinese immigration banned completely. Became eligible for citizenship in 1943
Crop Lien System
System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans
Drago Doctrine
TR 1902 No nation should use force to collect debts unless debtor nation refused arbitration, Luis Drago
Gentlemen's Agreement
TR 1907 Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US & in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them
island hopping strategy
Take over one island after the other as American troops slowly moved closer to Japan
Free Soil Party
The Free Soil Party was a short - lived political party in the U. S. organized in 1840 that faded out by about 1856. Its main purpose was opposing the extension of slavery into the territories, as well as advocating the abolition of slavery itself
Goods
Tangible objects that satisfy economic wants
Hawley - Smoot Act
Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse
Excise taxes & tariffs
Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program
Focus group
Technique used by pollsters to determine how a cross section of voters feels about a particular topic
Imperial presidency
Term developed by historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. refers to pres.s who dominate the political & legislative agenda
Five Civilized Tribes
The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, & Seminole tribes, all located in the southeast. They were considered civilized by whites because they followed many of their practices, such as slavery
Chesapeake Affair
The Chesapeake was boarded by the British, who forced the crew to sail on British ships. This is one of the more famous cases of impressment, & led to the War of 1812
Judicial Nationalism
The Constitution & Federal Law is superior to State Constitutions & State Law - Article VI of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the final arbiter on Constitutional Questions
Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's & 1740's to modivate the colonial America. Modivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together
Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy
The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, & international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity & cooperation among states rather than competition & conflict
Japanese Instrument of Surrender
The Instrument of Surrender of Japan was the armistice ending WWII. It was signed by representatives of Japan, US, China, UK, USSR, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, & New Zealand on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, & which thereby ended the Pacific War & with it WWII
Boyar
The Russian Nobility
Huey Long
The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million & a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 & his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society
Committee clearance
The ability of a congressional committee to review & approve certain agency decisions in advance & without passing a law. Such approval is not legally binding on the agency, but few agency heads will ignore the expressed wishes of committees
Competitiveness
The ability of a country to sell its goods to other countries
Franking privilege
The ability of members of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for postage
Explicit costs
The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production & other suppliers
International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights
The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations
Demand for money
The amount of wealth an individual or firm chooses to hold in the form of money
Criminal law
The body of rules defining offenses that, though they harm an individual (such as murder, rape, & robbery), are considered to be offenses against society as a whole & as a consequence warrant punishment by & in the name of society
Civil law
The body of rules defining relationships among private citizens. It consists of both statutes & the accumulated customary law embodied in judicial decisions (the "common law")
Electronic Media
The broadcast media, including television, radio, computerized information services, & the Internet
Chapman Catt
a suffragette who was pres. of the National Women's Suffrage Association, & founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920
judicial branch
The court systems of govts, responsible for interpreting the laws passed by the legislative branch & enforced by the executive branch. These courts try criminal cases or civil cases. The courts attempt to resolve conflicts impartially in order to protect the individual rights The courts may exercise the powers of judicial review & injunction
Credibility
The degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, & able to inspire
Economic surplus
The economic surplus from taking any action is the benefit of taking the action minus its cost
capitalism
The economic system of large financial institutions - banks, stock exchanges, investment companies - that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy
Income - expenditure multiplier
The effect of a one - unit increase in autonomous expenditure on short - run equilibrium output
Efficient quantity
The efficient quantity of any good is the quantity that maximizes the economic surplus that results from producing & consuming the good
Indian Civil Service
The elite professional class of officials who administered the govt of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well - educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians
clique describe one advantage & one disadvantage of a clique within an organization
The formation of a clique is the direct result of our social instinct to band together in groups. A clique can bind people together by enhancing unit moral. However, a clique can also take on a life of its own & become independent of organization objectives
integration
The free association of people from different racial & ethnic backgrounds; a goal of the civil rights movement to overcome policies of segregation that have been practiced in the U. S. Those favoring integration of schools by such forceful means as busing or affirmative action have frequently argued that integration of schools will lead to integration of society as a whole
income statement
a summary of income & expenses during a specific period of time; also known as profit & loss statement
Duration
The length of an unemployment spell
Congressional Medal of Honor
The highest military decoration in the U. S. armed services, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor. It recognizes valor & bravery in action "above & beyond the call of duty. " There have been some 3,400 recipients of the medal, which was established by an act of Congress in 1862
Caesaropapism
The idea that a king's rule has an aura of divinity & is sanctioned by God
Equilibrium Income
The level of income toward which the economy gravitates in the short run
County
The largest territorial unit between a city & a town
Discount window lending
The lending of reserves by the Federal Reserve to commercial banks
Gold Specie Flow Mechanism
The long - run adjustment mechanism that maintained the gold standard
District courts
The lowest federal courts where federal cases begin. They are the only federal courts where trials are held. There are a total of ninety - four district courts in the U. S. & its territories
Conglomerate Merger
The merging of relatively unrelated businesses
emotional barriers
biases against the sender's opinions that prevent a listener from understanding
gay rights
The movement for civil rights for homosexuals. It originated after a police raid on a gay bar in New York City in 1969, which triggered a riot & launched the grassroots reform movement seeking to end social & legal discrimination against gays
carrying capacity
The number of people that an environment, such as the Earth, can feed, provide water for, & otherwise sustain
Foreign Policy
The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states & international organizations
Closure
The preceptual process or filling in missing information
Favorite son
The presidential candidate backed by the home state at the party's nominating convention
Congressional Review
The process by which Congress can nullify an executive branch regulation by a resolution jointly passed in both houses within sixty days of announcement of the regulation & accepted by the pres.
Empowerment
The process of giving employees increased autonomy & discretion to make decision. as well as control over the resources needed to implement those decisions
enculturation
The process of learning your culture that you are born into
Consumption function
The relationship between consumption spending & its determinants, in particular, disposable (after - tax) income
international relations (IR)
The relationships among the world's state govts & the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the UN, multinational corporations, & individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, & domestic politics), & with geographic & historical influences
Denotative Meaning
The restrictive, or literal, meaning of a word
academic freedom
The right of teachers & students to express their ideas in the classroom or in writing, free from political, religious, or institutional restrictions, even if these ideas are unpopular
Corporate Culture
The set of attitudes, values, & standards that distinguishes one organization from another
Expected value of a gamble
The sum of the possible outcomes of the gamble multiplied by their respective probabilities
conflict & cooperation
The types of actions that states take towards each other through time
dollar diplomacy
The use of diplomatic influence, economic pressure, & military power to protect a nation's economic & business interests abroad. The term was first used to describe the exploitative nature of U. S. involvement in Latin America
geopolitics
The use of geography as an element of power, & the ideas about it held by political leaders & scholars
how is effect implemented in communication
There is always an outcome or consequence from an action or behavior, communication always has an effect
greenfield investment
This is foreign direct investment that builds new factories or infastructure. It is the type of FDI most sought by host countries because it leads to infastructure & knowledge transfers
bread - and - butter issues
Those political issues specifically directed at daily concerns of most working - class Americans, such as job security, tax rates, wages, & employee benefits
Formula for Total Earnings
Total Earnings = Wage x Quantity of Labor Demanded
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act was extended to cover federal, state & local public employers & educational institutions by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
Costly - to - fake principle
To communicate information credibly to a potential rival, a signal must be costly or difficult to fake
Dutch West India Company
Trading company chartered by the Dutch govt to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas & Africa
How are transitional devices valuable tools when arranging the elements your message
Transitional devices, when woven skillfully into your message, can assist your audience in following your train of thought
Huns
Tribe from Western Asia who conquered much of Europe during the 5th century
Chief Joseph
Tried to lead his people to Canada to avoid forced resettlement, but captured at border & surrendered
Fuel Administration!!!
WW Harry Garfield, Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" & "gasless Sundays. " The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war
George Keenan "Containment"
US diplomat who advocated to keep communism where it was & not to let it spread
First Continental Railroad
USG Central Pacific Railroad, Union Pacific, Irish & Chinese, meets at Promontory Point, Utah
cottage industries
Weaving, sewing, carving, & other small - scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent
Budget Priorities
WJC cut federal deficit, edu. for the poor operation head start, inc. energy taxes, increase income taxes on upper classes, min. wage raised, did not act on health care, Kennedy Kassebaum bill change jobs doesn't lose med. insurance, cannot be denied based on preexisting condition, did little to hasten economic & provide better jobs
Evergalades Restoration Fund
WJC largest environmental operation ever, in Florida, buffer zones north & east
guerilla war
Warfare without front lines & with irregular forces operating in the midst of, & often hidden or protected by, civilian populations
direct expenditure offsets
actions on part of private sector in spending income that offset govt fiscal policy actions; any increase in govt in an area that competes with the private sector will have some direct expenditure offset
Domesday Book
a comprehensive survey of the lands of england
intervening variable
a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable
decimal number
a fraction or mixed number whose denominator is a multiple of 10
feedback
a receiver's response to a message
capacity flexibility
ability to rapidly increase/decrease production levels
Economic Policy
an action (or inaction) taken by govt to influence economic actions
Executive agreement
an agreement between the Pres. & the leader of another country
demand
consumer willingness & ability to buy products
halo
attractive: smart, happy, rich, honest
complementary transactions
bringing your own ideas to the conversation & how you build on others ideas/sayings
Bureaucratic Politics Model
bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing
intermediaries
businesses involved in sales transactions that move products from the manufacturer to the final user; also known as middlemen
conclusion of a speech
can be used to summarize and/or motivate listeners to take a prescribed action
conditionality
collective reference to measures imposed on debtor nations (privatization of enterprises, trade liberalization, tax reform, etc)
ethnic identity
commitment to the beliefs & philosophy of your culture
causes of inflation
decline in long - run aggregate supply (continual reductions in economywide production) & if aggregate demand curve shifts rightward over time at a faster pace then the rightward progression of the long - run aggregate supply curve
emblems
deliberate non verbal behaviors with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group
inputs
demands & support by individuals & groups upon the policymaking process of govt
Cuneiform
earliest known forms of writing in ancient Sumer
Department of Defense
entrusted with formulating military policies & maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon
Fair Labor Standards Act
established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time & a half for overtime in certain jobs, & prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The law originally contained a large number of special industry exemptions, many of which were designed to protect traditional pay practices in small, rural businesses. The bulk of these exemptions have been repealed
green - field investment
establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country is referred to as a(n):
Ex parte Young
exception to sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment
govt bargaining model
foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various govt agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome
Intelsat - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
formed to handle INTERNATIONAL satellite needs for many countries; operated today by international telecommunications satellites org.
Child labor
full - time employment of children for work otherwise done by adults
Content Regulation
governmental attempts to regulate the electronic media
Corruption
illegal practices that further one's business interests
clear & present danger test
interpretation by justice Oliver Wendell Holmes regarding limits on free speech if it presents clear & present danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater
Function of the Federal Reserve System #8
intervenes in foreign currency markets (attempts to keep the value of the dollar from changing by buying & selling U. S. dollars in foreign exchange markets)
foreign direct investment (fdi)
investments in factories, offices, & other facilities in another country that are used for a business's operations
buzz marketing
involves cultivating opinion leaders & getting them to spread information about a product or service to others in their communities
How did the Lend - Lease act benefit the US
it enriched the US economy through selling arms to the Allies
Funding at par
it meant that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value with interest
Hayburn's Case
justiciability & separation of powers
debt utilization ratio
measure how well the firm is utilizing debt & XYZ company's ability to repay the debt. Many novice investors believe that a company with no debt is superior. Having little debt on the balance sheet is generally very safe. But most companies assume debt to finance operations so the company can grow. General finance textbooks state that the ideal ratios is around 30%, due to leveraged buyouts the ratio of debt to assets or equity has been increasing
Ideological Principle Conception of NI
policy is central to country's values - use democracy to promote justice, peace
generic brand
products that do not carry a company identity
COINTELPRO - Counter Intelligence Program
program of the U. S. FBI aimed at investigating & disrupting dissident political organizations within the U. S. the formal operations of 1956 - 1971 were broadly targeted against organizations that were (at the time) considered to have politically radical elements began in 1956 & was designed to "increase factionalism, cause disruption & win defections" inside the Communist Party U. S. A
functional project
project housed within a functional division
core goods
provide a significant service component; appliances, data storage systems, automobiles
global company
sells a single product all over the world
enterprise resource planning (erp)
sophisticated software that integrates all parts of a company's business management
components of commuication
source, message, receiver, channel
collective farming
soviet govt decided to eliminate Kulaks because of their strong resistance to
jargon
specialized vocabulary used by members of a particular group
haptics
study of human touching behaviors
Function of the Federal Reserve System #5
supervises depository institutions: Fed periodically & without warning examine depository institutions to see what kinds of loans have been made, what has been used as security for the loans, & who has recieved them
darwins universal emotions
surprise, anger, disgust, fear, interest, sadness, happiness
Closed systems
systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environment
How does culture affect communication
talking with friends, lovers, family; interacting in group; topics you talk about & strategies used to inform & persuade; how you use the media & the credibility you give it
human skills
the ability to work well with other
Coordination
to fit diverse efforts together & ensure information is shared & problems solved
institute
to form or create
introduction to a speech
to gain the listeners' attention & orient them to the material that will be presented
exempt carriers
trucking companies that are free from direct regulation of rates & operating procedures
common carriers
trucking companies that provide transportation services to any business in their operating area for a fee
disadvantages of matrix project
two bosses, doomed to failure unless PM has strong negotiation skills,suboptimization is a danger
group
two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals
impression formation theory
we make up stories about people
confirmation
what is it called when you acknowledge the presence of the other person but also accept the person
Domestic Impact Conception of NI
what would improve lives of citizens - foreign policy relates to citizens of state
In re Winship
when a juvenile is charged with an act which would be a crime if committed by an adult, every element of the offense must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt
Emotional Noises
A form of communication noises caused by emotional arousal
electricity
A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on & for lighting, industrial motors, & railroads beginning in the 1880s
irredentism
A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts
Emmett Till
A fourteen year old black boy who was lynched by a Mississippi mob for leering at a woman
Brandeis Brief
A friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men & women in the workplace
farm bloc
A group of both Democratic & Republican members of Congress from the farming states of the Middle West that pressures the federal govt to adopt policies favorable to farmers
Joint Chiefs of Staff
A high - level military advisory board in the Department of Defense, composed of high - ranking representatives of the army, navy, air force, & marines. The Joint Chiefs are responsible for formulating military policy & recommending action regarding issues of national security & international relations
British Orders in Council
A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies, but American ships were seized also & Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812
High - High leader
A leader high in both initiating structure & consideration behaviors
Congressional campaign committee
A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members who are running for reelection or to would - be members running for an open seat or challenging a candidate from the opposition party
Hittites
A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia & Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals & military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria
Epicureanism
A philosophy that identified pleasure as the greatest good
clientism
A process whereby the state co - opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support
Budget resolution
A proposal submitted by the House & Senate budget committees to their respective chambers recommending a total budget ceiling & a ceiling for each of several spending areas (such as health or defense) for the current fiscal year. These budget resolutions are intended to guide the work of each legislative committee as it decides what to spend in its area
Congressional Record
A published account of the votes, speeches, & debates of the U. S. Congress
change some of their cultural & religious practices
According to Ram Mohun Roy, in order to successfully move towards independence, Indians had to
Freedom of Information Act (1974)
Act that incorporates sunshine laws; opened up the govt's meetings of record to the public & media
Conservative coalition
An alliance between Republicans & conservative Democrats
Efficient point
Any combination of goods for which currently available resources do not allow an increase in the production of one good without a reduction in the production of the other
effective communication
Any communication that results in the receiver interpreting your message as you intended
Currency Stabilization
Buying & selling of a currency by the gobernment to offset temporary fluctuations in supply & demand for currencies
Conservatives
By 1849, most of Europe was under the control of the
In what way can organization personnel verify whether they are engaging critically & constructively in the exchange of ideas
By completing a short, self - diagnostic exercise that personal but applicable barriers to communicating
Granger Laws
GC Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional
Conrail
GF 1976, combined 7 railroads in NE US in an attempt to revitalize service, last ditch attempt to avoid outright govt ownerships & operation
Domestic & Foreign Debts
GW, Hamilton, funding at a par
Genet Affair
GW, refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France & against England
FACTOR PROPORTIONS THEORY
HECKSCHER & OHLIN - the pattern of international trade is based on differences in factor endowments rather than differences in productivity
Federal Farm Board
HH Agency of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming
homicide
HOM - uh - seyed The killing of one person by another, whether intended murder or not manslaughter. Not all homicide is unlawful; killing in self - defense, for example, is not a crime
Death of Stalin
He died in 1953 and was replaced by his successor Nikita Khrushchev
Great Circuit
The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, & the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system
Induced aggregate demand
The portion of aggregate demand that is determined within the model
Implementation
The process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy
Dualist Theory
The theory that there has always been an underlying binary party nature to US politics
Flappers
Wild women (relatively speaking) of the 1920s
intimacy
a state of closness between two people
Edwin Meese
RR helped minority workers
Change in the Eighties
RR, reduced the domestic funds of govt by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education Willaim Bennett, rich benefited, poor didn't, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing
Francis Bacon
Renaissance leader in England
domestic producers
main gains from subsidies accrue to _, whose international competitiveness is increased as a result of them
certianty
messages that imply that the speakers position is correct & that the other person's ideas are not worth listening to
calculation of change in equilibrium real GDP
multiplier X change in autonomous spending
impression
must have met a person to form one
5 basic categories of kinesics
emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors
dominance advantage
like a govt, it forces members of a group to contribute to the common good
joint resolution
A measure approved by both houses of the U. S. Congress & signed by the pres. Similar to an act of Congress, the joint resolution is used to approve or initiate foreign policy actions, to grant a single appropriations proposal, & to propose amendments to the Constitution
Hostile Takeover
A merger in which the firm being taken over doesn't want to be taken over
corporatism
A method of co - optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public & restrict those not set up or approved by the state
Cost - plus regulation
A method of regulation under which the regulated firm is permitted to charge a price equal to its explicit costs of production plus a markup to cover the opportunity cost of resources provided by the firm's owners
indentured servant
A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years
Classical Growth Model
A model of growth that focuses on the role of capital accumulation in the growth process
Expentancy Violations Model
A model that suggests that we develope rules or expectations for appropraite non verbal behavior & react when those expectations are violated
Indian National Congress
A movement & political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in govt. Its membership was middle class, & its demands were modest until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)
constructivism
A movement in IR theory that examines how changing international norms help shape the content of state interests & the character of international institutions
City
A municipal corporation or municipality that has been chartered by a state to exercise certain defined powers & provide certain specific services
Issue network
A network of people in Washington - based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities & think tanks, & in the mass media who regularly discuss & advocate public policies - say, health care or auto safety. Such networks are split along political, ideological, & economic lines
Dust Bowl
A parched region of the Great Plains in OK, ARK, & TX, where a combination of drought & soil erosion created enormous dust storms in 1930s
Earned - income tax credit (EITC)
A policy under which low - income workers receive credits on their federal income tax
conservative
A political ideology that tends to favor defense spending & school prayer & to disapporve of social programs, abortion, affirmative action, & a large, active govt. Generally affiliated with the Republican party
Federalist papers
A series of eighty - five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay (all using the name "Publius") that were published in New York newspapers in 1787 - 1788 to convince New Yorkers to adopt the newly proposed Constitution. They are classics of American constitutional & political thought
international regime
A set of rules, norms, & procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy)
Cue (political)
A signal telling a congressional representative what values (e. g. liberal or conservative) are at stake in a vote - who is for, who against a proposal - and how that issue fits into his or her own set of political beliefs or party agenda
Explain the following formula: SAB=SAC+2
A single accomplishment bullet consists of the following attributes: specific, accurate, concise, single accomplishment/achievment, & impact
Efficient (or Pareto - efficient)
A situation is efficient if no change is possible that will help some people without harming others
Implicit Collusion
A typd of collusion in which multiple firms make the same pricing decisions even though they have not explicitly consulted with one another
contract of indenture
A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians
indictment
A written statement of criminal charges brought against a defendant. Guarantee that defendants know the charges against them so they can plan a defense
Francis E. Townsend
Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month
Firm's structure, strategy, & rivalry" imply in Porter's Theory
Different nations are characterized by different management ideologies help or hinder the evolution of national competitiveness. Competition in an industry also tends to breeds rivalry & innovation, improved quality, cost reduction & investment in upgrading same
Bystroe Canal & Serpent Island
Disputed by Romania & Ukraine. ICJ split Serpent Island in 2009. Mouth of the Danube at issue
Continuing resolution
Emergency spending legislation that prevents the shutdown of any department simply because its budget has not been enacted
Filipino insurrection
Emilio Aguinaldo led a Filipino movement for independence in 1896, & wrote constitution when Spain surrendered. When US received Philippines, they tried to fight again, but quickly gave up
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge
est. standards for company retirement plans
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
Foreign Service
The professional arm of the executive branch that supplies diplomats for the U. S. embassies & consulates around the world. Ambassadors, though officially members of the Foreign Service, are sometimes friends of the pres. of the U. S. appointed in gratitude for support given during elections
ABC Democrats
The promotion by the US of any govt opposed to communism regardless of human rights violations
Civil disobedience
The refusal to obey a lay out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. David Thoreau, Ghandi, Martin Luther King
Disappearing political discourse
The theory that people who support a position may remain silent, because speaking out would create a risk of being misunderstood
Efficient markets hypothesis
The theory that the current price of stock in a corporation reflects all relevant information about its current & future earnings prospects
Bubble standard
The total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory. A company is free to decide which specific sources within that factory must be reduced & how to meet the bubble standard
Industrial Revolution
The transformation of the economy, the environment, & living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, & communications (599
fiscal year
Twelve month period starting on October 1. govt budgets go into effect at the beginning of the fiscal year. Congress & the pres. agree on a budget resolution in April to guide govt spending for the coming fiscal year
Create beginnings of European democracy
What did Klemens von Metternich Not want to accomplish at the Congress of Vienna
German invasion of Belgium
What event caused ITaly to refuse to support its ally Germany
a Communist revolution
What fear added to the appeal of fascism in Italy & Germany
Inflation
What happens if the fed interest rate goes too low
how many votes each estate gets
What issue arose after the king called for the Estates General to meet
Colonization of America
What killed more people: the black plague or colonization of america
German invasion of Poland
What prompted Great Britain & France to declare war on Germany
it resulted in Germany's having to fight on two fronts
What was significant in the Allied victory as the First Battle of the Marne
dominance "status hierarchy"
a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below
geographical pricing
a pricing technique that makes price adjustments because of the location of the customer for delivery of products
Federal Funds Market
a private market (made up mostly of banks) in which banks can borrow reserves from other banks that want to lend them (usually lent for overnight use)
Environmental scanning
searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization
geographics
segmentation of the market based on where people live
cloture
a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate (if three fifths of the total number of the Senate [60 of 100] vote in favor of cloture, no senator may speak on the measure under consideration for more than one hour)
Absolute comparisons
a process in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits
database marketing
a process of deisgning, creating, & managing customer lists that contain information about an individual's characteristics & transactions with a business; also known as customer relationship management (crm)
focused factory
a production facility works best when it focuses on a fairly limited set of production objectives
institutional promotion
a promotion method used to create a favorable image for a business, help it advocate for change, or take a stand on trade or community issues
business plan
a proposal that outlines a strategy to turn a business idea into a reality
counterfeit question
a question that disguises the speakers true motive which doesn't include a genuine desire to understand the other person
abstaction ladder
a range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object
judging
a reaction in which the reciever evaluates the sender's message either favorably of un favorably
experimental method
a research technique in which a researcher observes the results of changing one or more marketing variables while keeping certain other variables constant under controlled conditions
internal summary
a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave, before proceeding to the next segment
interdependence
a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation - states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, & services & political assets such as security & stability
Intensive distribution
a strategy in which they stock their products in as many outlets as possible
horizontal organization
a structure where top management shares decision making with self - managing teams of workers who set their own goals & make their own decisions
civil service
a system of carefully describing the tasks involved in performing govt jobs, evaluating applicants for these jobs, & hiring people from among those applicants based on skills & experience rather than political factors; civil service also protects incumbents in civil service positions from politically based retribution
five levels of integration of a Trading Group
a. Free Trade Area b. Customs Union c. Common Market d. Economic Union e. Political Union
four primary motives for engaging in FDI
a. Resource seeking b. market Seeking c. Efficiency Seeking d. Responding to Competitive dynamics
Immigration & Nationality Services Act of 1965
abolished the national - origin quotas that had been in place in the U. S. since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first - come, first - served basis. Congress in favor. Pres. Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law
Efficiency wages
above - equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity
cost - plus pricing
all costs & expenses are calculated, & then the desired profit is added to arrive at a price
External environments
all events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it
Delphi method
an approach to technological forecasting; used w/ expert respondents in the field of interest; getting individuals to state their judgments, review them, & make a final judgment about some question
command economy
an economic system in which the govt decides what, when, & how much will be produced & distributed
imperium
consuls could take military power & authority
convenience product
consumer product that the customer usually buys frequently, immediately, & with a minimum of comparison & buying effort
consumer market
consumers who purchase goods & services for personal use
informative speaking
has been defined as discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces accumulated information
How did Menelik II keep colonial interests of Ethiopia
he exploited European rivalries & built a modern army
causal method of issue arrangement
shows how two or more events are connected in such a way that if one occurs, the other will necessarily follow
Conservative Democrats
similar to liberal Rep;
job descriptions
written statements listing the requirements of a particular job & the skills needed to fulfill those requirements
Galton's Fallacy
higher growth rates imply eventual `convergence' i. e. While the poor countries might have higher percentage growth rates, this does not mean that they are closing the absolute output gap with rich countries
indirect communication
hinting at a message instead of expressing thoughts & feelings directly
classical dichotomy
holds that the `real' & `monetary' sides of the economy can be analyzed separately
Contingency approach
holds that there are no universal management theories & that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time & place
customer relationship management (crm)
identifying & understanding customers to form a strong, long - lasting relationship
Disseminator role
the informational role managers play when they share information with others in their departments or companies
45 degree reference line
the line along which planned real expenditures equal real GDP per year
home page
the main page of a web site that clearly & quickly lets people know what site they are visiting
direct check method
the merchandise is checked directly against the actual invoice or purchase order
interest articulation
the methods by which citizens & groups can express their desires & make demands upon govt (e. g. political participation, lobbying, protest, etc. )
discretionary income
the money left over from a consumer's income after paying for basic living necessities such as food, shelter, & clothing
Export - Import Bank of the U. S
the official export credit agency of the U. S. govt. an independent agency of the Executive Branch that finances or insures foreign purchases of U. S. goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk. There are many other banks around the world called Eximbank, some analogous to the U. S. Ex - Im Bank, & some private commercial banks
gross domestic product (gdp)
the output of goods & services produced by labor & property located within a nation
illustration
the photograph, drawing, or other graphic elements used in an advertisement
headline
the phrase or sentence that captures the readers' attention, arouses their interest, & entices them to read the rest of the ad
break - even point
the point at which sales revenue equals the costs & expenses of making & distributing a product
brand equity
the positive differential effect that knowing the brand name has on customer response to the product or service
buying behavior
the process individuals use to decide what they will buy, where they will buy it, & from whom they will buy it
endless chain method
the process of asking previous customers for names of potential customers
inventory management
the process of buying & storing materials & products while controlling costs for ordering, shipping, handling, & storage
Decision making
the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives
customization
the process of creating products or promotions for certain countries or regions
closing the sale
the process of obtaining a positive agreement from the customer to buy
equity capital
the process of raising money from within your company or by selling part of tthe interest in the business
extensive decision making
the process used when there has been little or no previous experience with an item
hearing informational speaking
the process where a sound wave strikes the ear - drum & causes vibrations that are transmitted to the brain
inherent powers
the pwers of the national gov in the field of foreign afairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national govt
doing business as (dba) registration
the registraion by which a county govt officially recognizes that a new proprietorship or partnership exists
differentiable: effective segmentation
the segments are conceptually distinguishable & respond differently to different marketing mix elements & programs
international system
the set of relationships among the world's states structured by certain rules & patterns of interaction
competition
the struggle between companies to attract new customers, keep existing ones, & take away customers from other companies
international political economy
the study of the politics of trade, monetary, & other economic relations among nations, & their connection to other transnational forces
digit
the ten basic symbols that compose the numbering system; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9
intensional orientation
the tendency to view people, objects, & events according to the way they are talked about
effect time lag
the time that elapses between the implementation of a policy & the results of that policy
gross natinal product (gnp)
the total dollar value of goods & services produced by a nation
Concentration of effect
the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person
communibiological approach
theoretical perspective that suggest commmunication behavior can be predicted based on personal traits & characteristics that result from people's genetic or biological backround
Hegemonic Stability
theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i. e. Pax Britanica
divine right
theory used to justify absolutist rule in Europe was called
fatiguing
tiring
Foresight
to complete a plan of action for the future
Cultural evolution
which view states that some cultures are higher than others & relates to Darwinism view of humainty
Department of Commerce
whose responsibilities include management of the census & the U. S. Patent Office. Through a variety of bureaus & agencies, such as the Industry & Trade Administration & the Office of Minority Business Enterprise, the Department of Commerce works to promote American business interests at home & abroad
democratic consensus
widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance & the values that undergird them
Johari model of self disclosure
window of self (open,blind,hidden,unknown)
Herzberg's Two - Factor (Motivator - Hygiene) Theory
motivators lead to extraordinary job performance while hygiene factors keep employee showing up & doing the minimum necessary
illustrators
non verbal behaviors that accompany & support non verbal messages
indiscrimination
not evaluating an individual as unique, categorizing them in a group
Indian Removal Act
removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest
Department of Energy
responsible for developing policies for effective use of the nation's energy resources. The Department of Energy is involved in energy conservation, regulating oil pipelines, & encouraging research on new sources of energy
Committees of Correspondence
Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda & secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective & a few years later almost every colony had one
Horace Mann
Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education - created public school system in MASS - became model for nation
Efficiency Seeking"
Seeking to minimizing unit delivered cost to market, for both production & delivery (transportation, insurance, marketing, tariffs etc), to establish a portfolio of production sources reducing risk, obtaining knowledge including technology & skills
devshirme
Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries
First peacetime draft
Selective Service Act (by FDR 1940); prohibit discrimination; all men of military age (18 - 26) register with local draft boards
Irreconcilables
Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations
Dharma
Set of laws
Department of Health & Human Services
responsible for the Social Security Administration, the Public Health Service, & other programs designed to promote public welfare. It was originally called the Department of Health, Education, & Welfare, until the separate Department of Education was created in 1979
Federal Reserve System
The central bank of the U. S. incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks & all national banks & state - charted commercial banks & some trust companies. It was was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act
Corrupt Bargain
The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office
Druids
The class of religious experts who conducted rituals & preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, & were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)
e - tailing
retailers selling products over the internet to the customer; also known as online retailing
economic risks
risks that result from changes in overall business conditions
illiberal regime
rule by elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy
indirect distribution
sales of goods or services to the customer through one or more intermediaries
consultive selling
sales that provide solutions to customers' problems by finding products that meet their needs
business - to - business selling
sales that take place in a manufacturer's or wholesaler's showroom (inside sales) or in a customer's place of business (outside sales)
Chester Barnard
saw organization as open system
French Alliance
The colonies needed help from Europe in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival & hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose the American colonies. persuaded to support the colonists by news of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga
Global interdependence
The degree of linkage among the community of nations
Credibility of monetary policy
The degree to which the public believes the central bank's promises to keep inflation low, even if doing so may impose short - run economic costs
Inside lag (of macroeconomic policy)
The delay between the date a policy change is needed & the date it is implemented
contempt of court
The deliberate obstruction of a court's proceedings by refusing to obey a court order or by interfering with court procedures. Contempt of court can be punished by fine, imprisonment, or both
contempt of Congress
The deliberate obstruction of the workings of the federal legislative branch. For example, a witness under subpoena who refuses to testify before Congress can be cited for contempt of Congress
conflict resolution
The development & implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts
Economic profit
The difference between a firm's total revenue & the sum of its explicit & implicit costs; also called excess profit
Federal Funds Interest Rate
The discount interest rate at which the branch banks of the Fed loan money to other banks
Gender division of labor
The division of work into two categories based on sex, or gender. The result is that men and women do different kinds of work.
Eastern Establishment
The elite universities & financial institutions of major cities in the northeastern U. S. These institutions, by virtue of their long - standing economic & social dominance, are often believed to exert an influence out of proportion to their size. In American politics, the Eastern Establishment often takes a liberal Republican stand
Culture of poverty
The establishment of an income level by govt that references the point at which an individual is considered to be living in poverty
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, & technologies between the Americas & the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages
Discretionary authority
The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action & make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws
Chavin
The first major urban civilization in South America (900 - 250 B. C. E. ). Its capital, Chavn de Huntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavn became politically & economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)
congressional district
The geographically defined group of people on whose behalf a representative acts in the House of Representatives. Reapportioned every 10 years according to new census data. All of equal size
capital punishment
The infliction of the death penalty as punishment for certain crimes. In the U. S. an extremely controversial issue on legal, moral, & ethical grounds. 39 states now practice the death penalty
Council of the Indes
The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities
cotton
The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia & then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)
Client politics
The politics of policy - making in which some small group receives the benefits of the policy & the public at large bears the costs. Only those who benefit have an incentive to organize & press their case
Indexing
The practice of increasing a nominal quantity each period by an amount equal to the percentage increase in a specified price index. Indexing prevents the purchasing power of the nominal quantity from being eroded by inflation
Controlling
The process of assessing the organizations progress toward accomplishing its goals; includes monitoring the implementation of a plan & correcting deviations from it
equivocal words
words that have more than one dictionary definition
Intolerable Acts
1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party & the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative govt. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress
Jacksonian Democracy
1829 - 1841 included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, & the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man & his opponent, J. Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the Electoral College were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions
Dyad
2 interacting people
Homo sapiens - Neanderthal
500,00 - 200,000 years ago; name means "wise man"; lived in Europe and Southern Asia; buried their dead/believed in afterlife; had speech, though not developed; lived at the same time as Homo Sapien Sapiens
Hannibal
A Carthage military commander. Marched troops through the alps & defeated many Roman armies. Returned to Carthage & failed as an administrator. Voluntary exiled himself to the Seleucid Court where he was a military adviser
Costa - Gavras
A Greek - French filmmaker best known for films with overt political themes. He has made movies mostly in French but also several in English
Brook Farm
A Massachusetts commune that wanted to created a perfect union between intellect & manual labor. It failed because nobody really wanted to work
Ingmar Bergman
A Swedish stage & film director who is one of the key film auteurs of the second half of the twentieth century. His films usually deal with existential questions about mortality, loneliness, & faith; they are also usually direct & not overtly stylized. Persona, one of Bergman's most famous films, is unusual among Bergman's work for being both existentialist & avant - garde
Checks & Balances
A System that kept 1 Branch of govt from being too Powerful
compound tariff
A TARIFF for a good that combines both a SPECIFIC TARIFF plus an AD VALOREM TARIFF
Demagogue
A politician who seeks to win & hold office by appeals to mass prejudice
Hartford Convention
A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status & War of 1812. When they wrote their "resolutions" & considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)
Insurance program
A self - financing govt program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons
Commitment problem
A situation in which people cannot achieve their goals because of an inability to make credible threats or promises
Gothic
Architectural developed in the Middle age in Western Europe/ Flying Buttress
Force Bill
Bill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by South Carolina.
Exodusters
Blacks who knew what fate awaited them in the South & moved to the Midwest to start anew
How were France & Russia similar during the 1800's
Both had policies that encouraged industrialization
Iconoclasm
Breaking of images; Religious controversy of the 8th century. Byzantine Empire attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration
How did the Allies respond to Wilson's vision for peace
Briatin & France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's plan, B & F were concerned with strengthening their own security, B & F wanted to strip Germany of its war - making power
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, & often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen & not British
Indira Ghandi
Daughter of Nehru, PM from 1966 to 1977, later 1980 - 84. Focused on helping poor & independence of Bangladesh. Assassinated by her own bodyguards
Clarence Darrow
Defense attorney in the Scopes trial
Front runner
Designation given to the candidate who leads in the polls
Creative federalism
Developed during Pres. Lyndon Johnson's administration, it was characterized by the Great Society programs, which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Egyptian leader who took Suez Canal in 1956. Also launched unsuccessful 6 day war against Israel
Honeymoon stage
Everything seems fabulous
Federal Securities Act
FDR 1933, 1934, required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks & bonds
Charles Sumner & Preston Brooks
FP Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler & subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks
Elenor Roosevelt
First lady to FDR, involved in humanitarian & diplomatic efforts around the world. Represented US in UN
Frances Perkins
First women to hold a cabinet position (Secretary of Labor under FDR). She assisted in drafting of New Deal & creation of Social Security system
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Gave more rights to Blacks after Civil War
Hard Power
Getting others to do what another says
hearsay
Information heard by one person about another. Hearsay is generally inadmissible as evidence in a court of law because it is based on the reports of others rather than on the personal knowledge of a witness
Inca Socialism
Interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia. Organized in which every community collectively contributed to the whole
How did zoroastrianism influence judaism & christianity
It introduced the concepts of angels, satan, ressurection, & afterlife
dirty float in economics
It is when a country tries to manipulate the value of its floating currency
Edict of Milan
It was a policy under Constantine the great under the Roman empire to end persecution of the christians in the eastern Roman empire, which became the Byzantine empire after Constantine's death
Energy Problem 1979
JEC, Iran revolution ended oil shipment, so in spring of 1979, gas & oil priced were raised
Economies of Scope
Joint outuput of a single firm is greater than output that could e achieved by two different firms when each produces a single product
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
LBJ a joint resolution of the U. S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U. S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia
Heterosexist Language
Language that revels an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if hemosexuality or bisexual did not exist
Guptas
Large Indian empire. Lasted 200 years. Gave classical India its greatest period of political stability
Inca
Largest & most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco
Consultative Leaders
Leaders who confer with subordinates before making a decision but who retain the final decision - making authority
Budestag
Lower house in Germany
Bakke decision
Major decision in which the court upheld the general principle of Affirmative Action
environmental forces
Market screening eliminates:
Demand tends to become more or less elastic over time
More Elastic, because consumers have more time to adjust to a price change
Internment of Japanese Americans
More than 100,000 people put in relocation camps during WWII
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain & the western Sudan
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Most critics regard "The Great Gatsby" as his finest work. Written in 1925, it tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure - seeking people around him
Jim Thorpe
Native American olympic athelete in 1912 games
Declaratory Act
Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face - saving mechanism & nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in & control the colonies
How were Muhammad Ali's policies & European colonial policies similar
Peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food
dissidents
Persons who refuse to conform to prevailing political & social values
four parts to self - image
Phsychological(introspection), physical self - image, emotional self - image, intellectual self - image
Henry Clay's American System
Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, & improve the country's transporation system
Entrepreneurial politics
Policies benefiting society as a whole or some large part that impose a substantial cost on some small identifiable segment of society
Congressional oversight
Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations & budgets of executive departments & independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, & bring to the public's attention the need for public policy
Chimu
Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465
Concurrent Powers
Powers Shared by both the Federal & State govt
Economic Growth & Deregulation
RR wanted free enterprise system, which would help pour revenue into the pockets of taxpayers, as a result, dismantled govt programs like Clean Air & Water Acts & OSHA, economic regulations EPA, accused of making deals with industries, America doing well in Europe since they were good customers huge trade surpluses, they had private saving ans invested in US Treasury bills, however downfall was unbalanced budgets
de facto discrimination
Racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social factors) rather than the law
chinampas
Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields
fourth world
Refers to a sub - population subjected to social exclusion in global society, but since the 1974 publication of The Fourth World: An Indian Reality of George Manuel, Cheif of the National Indian Brotherhood - Assembly of First Nations, fourth world has come to be known as a synonym for stateless nations
Judicial Implementation
Refers to how & whether judicial decisions are translated into actual public policies affecting more than the immediate parties to a lawsuit
Constantine
Roman emperor (r. 312 - 337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople & made Christianity a favored religion
Dewey/Manila
Spanish - American war was started when Dewey's fleet seized or destroyed all ten Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay (Philippines)
Homestead Strike
Strike that turned violent at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant. (1892)
Caste System
System of rigid social hierarchy. Birthed into specific "ranks"
Hold
Tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor. This stops the bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed
European Union
The Western European regional organization established in 1983 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Community, the EEC & EURATOM
Invisible Primary
The first phase of the presidential nomination process, where candidates attempt to gain front - runner status & raise the most money
Force Acts
The four Force Acts passed by the Congress of the U. S. shortly after the American Civil War helped protect the voting rights of African - Americans
Federalism
The overall division of power between the federal govt & state govts; as defined in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. It specifically tells the states that they have reserved powers. Powers not delegated to the govt by the Constitution are given to the respective states
Connoative Meaning
The personal & subjective meaning of a word
Department of Veterans Affairs
The second - largest cabinet department, the VA coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces & their dependents. The benefits include compensation for disabilities, the management of veterans' hospitals, & various insurance programs
current dollars
The value of the dollar in the year for which it is being reported. Sometimes called inflated dollars. Any currency can be expressed in current value
convertible bonds
They carry a provision that the bond can be converted into shares of common stock under certain circumstances. Convertible bonds can be more attractive that bonds with no conversion provision, depending on the price of the underlying stock
Discretionary Spending
Those appropriation items in the budget that are not mandatory. In the federal budget, discretionary spending consists of measures in the 13 appropriation bills that must be passed by Congress by October 1 in such categories as transportation, agriculture, & education
El Alamein
Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942 - 1943
Hansaetic League
Trade network in the Baltic & North Sea which embraced many cities. This encouraged economic, social, & banking growth
devices are used to ensure the continuity of thought
Transitions & interim summaries are used to ensure the continuity of thought
Despotism
Unlimited political rule by one person
Ethiopia & Liberia
What African countries were never colonized
Groups of accepting a long establish form of govt
What was most likely NOT influenced by nationalism during the 1800's
it believed that the US should stay out of European affairs
What was teh American public's opinion about joining the League of Nations
Greek
What was the dominant language of the Roman Empire
brand extension
a branding strategy that uses an existing brand name to promote a new or improved product in a company's product line
executive summary
a brief overview of an entire marketing plan
joint venture
a business enterprise that different companies set up together; often, the venture involves a domestic company & a foreign company
for - profit business
a business that seeks to make a profit from its operations
color wheel
a circular illustration of the relationships between colors
horse race
a close contest; by extension, any contest in which the focus is on who is ahead & by how much rather than one substantive differences between the candidates
causation
a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others
independent agency
a gov entity that is independent of the legislative, executive, & judicial branches
Gantt chart
a graphic chart that shows tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
industry
a group of establishments primarily engaged in producing or handling the same product or group of products or in rendering the same services
faction
a group organized on the grounds of self - perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or govt
grade label
a label that states the quality of the product
class action suit
a lawsuit filed on behalf of a group of people, & whose result affects that group as a whole, interest groups such as the NAACP often use these to assert their influence over policy decisions
franchise
a legal agreement to sell a parent company's product or services in a designated geographic area
Human Relations Skills
a managers interpersonal skills that are used to accomplish goals through the use of human resources
differentiated marketing: targeting strategies
a market coverage strategy in which a firm decides to target several market segments & designs separate offers for each
catch - all party
a political party whose aim is ot gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de - emphasis of ideology & an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, & marketing
disclaimer
a statement that contains exceptions to & exclusions form a warranty
Function of the Federal Reserve System #6
acts as the "lender of last resort" (the Federal Rserve's role as an institutions that is willing & able to lend to a temporarily illiquid bank that is otherwise in good financial condition to prevent the bank's illiquid position from lending to a general loss of confidence in that banks or in others)
formal alliances
alliances established between states through a written treaty, concerning a common threat & related issues of internatl security, & that endure across a range of lives & period of time
extended coverage
an endorsement tha provides protection against types of loss that may not be covered under a basic property insurance policy
Dynamic environment
an environment in which the rate of change is fast
Complex environment
an environment with many environmental factors
direct aggression
an expression of the speakers thoughts or feelings that attack the position & dignity of the reciever
empathy
an understanding of a person's situation or frame of mind
emotional response theory
any human emotion experienced can be interpreted along three deminsions
In re Neagle
authority of the U. S. Attorney General to appoint U. S. Marshals as bodyguards to Supreme Court Justices
buyer readiness stages
awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction, & purchase
industrial market
businesses that buy products to use in their operations; also called the business - to - business market (this can be abbreviated as b - to - b or b2b)
drop shippers
businesses that own the goods they sell but do not physically handle the products
How did the Japanese try to build a pacific empire
by taking over US British & French territories
Hagia Sophia
church rebuilt by Justinian. The model for churches all over the empire
graft
corruption/ill - gotten money
internation communication
country based communication
direct marketing
direct connections with carefully targeted individual consumers to both obtain an immediate response & cultivate lasting customer relationships
Incorporation of the 14th Amendment
doctrine that made the Bill of Rights apply to the states as a result of Supreme Court decisions
General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia 1995
ended the Bosnian civil war by providing for NATO troops to serve as peacekeepers
But, still, however, nevertheless, & yet
examples of transitional devices you can use to show a contrasting relationship
branches of govt
executive, legislative, & judicial branches. The executive branch consists of the pres., the cabinet, & the various departments & executive agencies. The legislative branch consists of the two houses of Congress, the Senate & the House of Representatives, & their staff. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court & the other federal courts
Company Sales Force - types of intermediaries
expand the company's direct sales force. Assign salespeople, develop company sales
fixed investment
expenditures by firms on new machines & buildings (capital goods) that are expected to yield a future stream of income
capital budget
expenditures on investment items, such as machines, buildings, roads, & dams
Forty Acres & a mule
failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land & a mule to plow with
Evaluation apprehension
fear of what others will think of your ideas
EPA
federal agency that protects human health & our environment
civil rights act of 1964
federal law that made segregation illegal in most public places, increased penalties & sentences for those convicted of discrimination in employment, & withheld federal aid from schools that discriminated on the basis of race or gender
depository institutions
financial institutions that accept deposits from savers & lend funds from those deposits out at interest
inventory control
finding the optimal combination of products to stock in a network of warehouses or storage locations
distribution scheduling
finding the optimal shipping schedule for distributing products between factories & warehouses or between warehouses & retailers
causing fear
formidable
democracy
gov by the people, either directly or indirectly, with free & frequent elections
clip art
images, stock drawings, & photographs used in print advertisements
brand label
label giving the brand name, trademark, or logo
equivocal language
language with one or more interpretations
3 self
material, social, spiritual, cyber
consumer goods
most global of markets are not markets for _, where national differences in tastes & preferences are still often important enough to act as a break on globalization
family
most important consumer buying organization in society
cause packaging
packaging that is used by companies to promote social & political causes
centralists
people who favor national action over action at the state & local levels
Cognitive dissonance
perception of incompatibility between 2 cognitions, which can be defined as any element of knowledge, attitude, emotion, belief or value, as well as a goal, plan, or an interest. contradicting cognitions serve as a driving force that compels the mind to acquire or invent new thoughts or beliefs
honeymoon
period at the beginning of a new pres.'s term during which the pres. enjoys generally positive relations with the press & Congress, usually lasting about six months
influence public opinion
purpose of propaganda during WWI was to
Budgeting
quantitative planning trough which mangers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals
Department of Housing & Urban Development
responsible for home finance, promoting civil rights in housing, urban renewal, & the development of new communities
home country
state where a multinational corporation has its headquarters
factual statement
statement that can be verified as being true of false
commander
the officer in charge of an army
Catholicism
the oldest branch of christianity
China
the oldest ongoing country in the world
e - marketplace
the online shopping location where products are sold to customers & industrial buyers through the use of the internet
credit
the opportunity for businesses or individuals to obtain products or money in exchange for a promise to pay later
economy
the organized way a nation provides for the needs & wants of its people
contract manufacturing
the process of hiring a foreign manufacturer to make products according to certain specifications
institutional advertising
the process used to try to create a favorable image for a company & foster goodwill in the marketplace
Conventional level of moral development
the second level of moral development in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectations
control
the social need to influence others
information screens
the subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them
buying signals
the things customers do or say to indicate a readiness to buy
display
the visual & artistic aspects of presenting a product to a target group of customers
How are people with low self - esteem counterintuitive
they pay more attention to negative evaluations; are more likely to have partners with similar self views; experience worse health after experiencing positive events
dissolve
to do away with
ideal model of communication
transactional communication
busing
transportation of public school students from areas where they live to schools in other areas to eliminate school segregation based on residential patterns.
Head Money Cases
treaties
Commissioner v. Tufts
unanimous decision on when a taxpayer sells or disposes of property encumbered by a nonrecourse obligation exceeding the fair market value of the property sold, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may require him to include in the "amount realized" the outstanding amount of the obligation; the fair market value of the property is irrelevant to this calculation
CPM single time estimate
used when activity times are known with certainty, used to determine timing estimates for the project, each activity in the project, & slack time for activities
Bretton Woods Conference
1944, (FDR) The common name for the UN Monetary & Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under - developed areas, & speed the economic recovery of Europe
First Temple
A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B. C. E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)
FBI
An agency of the U. S. federal govt, long headed by J. Edgar Hoover, which investigates violations of federal (rather than state or local) laws, including kidnaping, smuggling narcotics, & espionage. "¡ Established in 1908 under the Department of Justice, the FBI earned its reputation in the 1920s & 1930s by apprehending notorious bank robbers & gangsters
54/40 of fight
An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada & Oregon should be drawn. wanted the U. S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846
idealism
An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, & international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations
Employer discrimination
An arbitrary preference by an employer for one group of workers over another
Executive Privilege
An assertion of presidential power that reasons that the pres. can withhold information requested by the courts in matters relating to his office
Class consciousness
An awareness of belonging to a particular socioeconomic class whose interests are different from those of others. Usually used in reference to workers who view their interests as opposite those of managers & business owners
Funan
An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first & sixth centuries C. E. It was centered in the rich rice - growing region of southern Vietnam, & it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus
Concurrent resolution
An expression of congressional opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House & Senate but not of the pres. Used to settle housekeeping & procedural matters that affect both houses
dark horse
An unexpected winner. In politics, a dark horse is a candidate for office considered unlikely to receive his or her party's nomination, but who might be nominated if party leaders cannot agree on a better candidate
Characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:
Clear division of labor - Clear hierarchy of authority - Formal rules & procedures - Impersonality - Careers based on merit
Cross - functional strategic plan
Clearly the greatest advantage of strategic planning with a cross - functional team is the ability of team members to consider a situation from a number of viewpoints
Coercive Acts
Closed Boston Harbor to all but essential trade (food & firewood) & declared it would remain closed until the damages incurred during the Boston Tea Party were paid for. Several measures tightened English control over the Massachusetts govt & its courts, & another required civilians to house British soldiers
Collective Security
Collective Security is a power system in which each state would guarantee the security & independence of every other state
Colonialism
Colonialism is the rule of an area & its people by an external nation with an Imperialist policy. Two major types: - The transportation of emigrants from the mother country to form a new political entity at a distant location - The imposition of rule over technologically lesser - developed peoples
categorical - formula grants
Congress appropriated funds for specific purposes, allocated by formula & are subject to detailed federal conditions, provide federal supervision to ensure that money is spent as planned, local govt receiving funds must also invest some of its own funds in the desired endeavors
cross - training
a process that prepares a team member to do many different activities
cycle counts
a small portion of the inventory is physically counted each day by stockkeeping units so that the entire inventory is accounted for on a regular basis
ethnicity
a social division based on national origin, religion, language, & often race
fiduciary monetary system
a system in which money is issued by the govt & its value is based uniquely on the public's faith that the currency represents command over goods & services
Gulag
a system of prison camps inside the former Soviety Union used for political prisoners. Under Stalin millions died in these camps
In re Ross
application of U. S. law to foreign sailors on U. S. flagged ships while in another country
Ginnie Mae - The govt National Mortgage Association (GNMA)
created by the U. S. Federal govt through a 1968 partition of Fannie Mae. a wholly owned corporation within the U. S. ' HUD Department. main purpose is to provide financial assistance to low - to moderate - income homebuyers, by promoting mortgage credit
job enlargement
horizontally addding duties of a similar level of skill at the same organizational level horizontal loading
collective goods problem
how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it
candidate appeal
how voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, & other personal qualities
counterinsurgency
effort to combat guerillas, often including programs to "win the hearts & minds" of rural populations so they stop sheltering guerillas
highland
elevated land area such as a hill, mountian, or plateau
hill
elevated land with sloping sides & rounded summit, generally smaller than a mountian
cleavage
factors that separate groups within a society; may be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc. the wider & deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society; cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other; cleavages that don't coincide can weaken the divisions between groups
federal trade commission (ftc)
federal agency responsible for enforcing the principles of a free enterprise system & protecting consumers from unfair or deceptive business practices
consumer product safety commission (cpsc)
federal agency responsible for overseeing the safety of all products except food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco products, firearms & ammunition, motor vehicles, pesticides, aircraft, boats, & fixed site amusment rides
independence
freedom from being ruled by someone else
Internal Debt
govt debt owed to other fovernmental agencies or to its own citizens
directing (leading) function
guiding & influencing people to seek organizational objectives
Feedback - communication process
the part of the receiver's response communicated back to the sender
channel of distribution
the path a product takes from its producer or manufacturer to the final user
executive
the people & agencies which implement or execute govt policy (from the head of govt to the lowest bureaucracies)
Chief information officer
the person over a group that is centralized IS serving the entire organization's needs placed under the control of a top - level manager & link them to top for control coordination, & guidance
Full Service Retailers
specialty stores & first class department stores. Salespeople assist customers in every phase of the shopping process
comparison - contrast of issue arrangement
speech that shows both similarities & differences
dominance disadvantage
stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, & resentment by, the lower - ranking members in the status hierachy
Ex Parte Madrazzo
standing in an admiralty case
introduction stage
starts when the new product is first launched. sales are slow
host country
state in which a foreign multinational corporation operates
great power
states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power (US, Germany, Russia)
Function of the Federal Reserve System #1
supplies the economy with fiduciary currency (paper currency known as Federal Reserve notes); changes throughout the yr (ex. demands for paper currency are largers during the holiday seasons)
extensional orientation
tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, & events & then look at their labels
competitive federalism
term defined by Thomas R Dye, all units of gov competing with each other over ways to put together the goods & services of gov
indirect speech
term for communicating in a roundabout way
channel
term for the medium through which a message passes
equation of exchange
the formula indicating that the number of monetary units (Ms) times the number of times each unit is spent on final goods & services (V) is identical to the price level (P) times real GDP (Y)
Hegemony
the overbearing influence of one nation over another
bubonic plague
A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents & humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate & hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in eighteenth - century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior & were just as scientific as the laws of physics
judicial activism
A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, especially in the areas of equality & personal liberty
Income strategy
A policy of giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty
Federal regime
A political system in which local units of govt have a specially protected existence & can make final decisions over some governmental activities
Habsburg
A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro - Hungarian) Empire, & ruled sixteenth - & seventeenth - century Spain
In forma pauperis
A procedure whereby a poor person can file & be heard in court as a pauper, free of charge
Credible promise
A promise to take an action that is in the promiser's interest to keep
Estates General
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, & commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution
Good Neighbor Policy
Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor. " The phrase came to be used to describe the U. S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U. S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations
Healthcare Coverage
GB1 cost of health care rose as well as those without it
Federal Election Commission
GF investigate alleged violations of the law
Gains from specialization & trade are always possible as long as
Gains from specialization & trade are always possible as long as OPPORTUNITY COSTS DIVERGE
Hessians
German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty & not duty, had large numbers desert & remained in America to become respectful citizens
Coxey's Army
A band of unemployed people who marched to DC during the depression of 1894 under the leadership of Jacob S. Coxey. They urged the enactment of laws which would provide money without interest for public improvements to create work
Civic duty
A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic & political affairs
callable" bond
A bond that can be paid back early, thus forcing the buyer to find another place to put his money
game theory
A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner's Dilemma & Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions
Financial Institution
A business whose primary activity is buying, selling, or holding financial assets
cost - benefit analysis
A calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action & the benefits it is likely to bring
Buying stocks on margin
This is when you buy a stock with a small downpayment & say that you will pay the rest later because you don't have the money now. It's buying something with money you hope that you'll be getting in the future
concentrated marketing: targeting strategies
a market coverage strategy in which a firm goes after a large share of one or a few segments or niches
direct marketing channel
a marketing channel that has no intermediary levels
citizen
a member of a state who is legally entitled to full civil rights & is legally obliged to perform defined public duties
Diplomatic Realism
What sub - ideology - "There can be a slippage between the distribution of power & the perception of threat" - Revisionist are threatening, while status quo states are not
Corporate bonds
What tend to be the riskiest type of bonds
Humility
What trait did Napoleon Not possess
Green Party
a minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, & a foreign policy of nonintervention; Ralph Nader ran as the Green party's nominee in 2000
dialectical model
a model claiming that throughout their lifetime people in virtually all interpersonal relationships must deal with equally important opposing forces
johari window
a model that describes the realstionship between self disclosure & self awareness
cash flow statement
a monthly plan that tracks when a person anticipates that cash will come into their business & when they expect to pay out cash
ERG Hiearchy
a motivation category that uses three types of needs, existence, relatedness & growth needs
brand
a name, term, design, symbol, or combination of these elements that identifies a business, product, or service & distinguishes it from its competitors
Civil rights act of 1991
a U. S. statute that was passed in response to a series of U. S. Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural & substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases: it provided for the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims & introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages,
Groupthink
a barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within a group for members to agree with each other
conservatism
a belief that limited govt ensures order, competitive markets, & personal opportunity
direct close
a closing method in which a salesperson asks for the sale
Ethical responsibility
a company's social responsibility nnot to violate accepted principles of right & wrong when conducting its business
ideology
a consistent pattern of beliefs about political values & the role of gov
insurance policy
a contract between a business & and insurance company to cover a specific business risk
dissaving
a negative saving: a situation in which spending exceeds income; can occur when a household is able to borrow or use up existing assets
disfluences
a non linguistic verbalization
escalatory conflict spiral
a reciprical pattern of communications of which messages between communicators reinforce eachother
buyer
a representative of a retail store who places orders for products that will be sold in the store, usually by traveling to manufacturers' showrooms
federal mandate
a requirement imposed by the federal gov as a condition for the receipt of federal funds
harbor
a sheltered place along the shoreline where ships can anchor safely
convergence
accomodating ones speaking style to another person who usually is desirable or has higher status
installment accounts
accounts that allow for payment over a period of time; also known as time payment accounts
budget accounts
accounts that allow the payment of a purchased item over a certain time period without a finance charge
great aim of Louis XIV was to
acquire territories up to France boundaries
govt Action" in Porter's Theory
actions by govt that could have a positive or negative effect of foreign business
Function of the Federal Reserve System #4
acts as the govt's fiscal agent (helps the govt collect certain tax revenues & aids in the purchase & sale of govt securities)
Intelligence Community
agencies & bureaus that are responsible for obtaining & interpreting information for the govt
inventory
all the goods stored by a business before they are sold
fiduciary
comes from the latin fiducia, which means "trust" or "confidence"
inferential statement
conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
expected value
conditional value of alternative times probability of state of nature
Ex parte McCardle
congressional power to limit Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction
everyday low prices (edlp)
consistently low prices with no intention of raising them or offering discounts in the future
Conventional Distribution Channel
consists of one or more independent producers, wholesalers, & retailers. Each is a separate business seeking to maximize itw own profits, perhaps even at the expense of the system as a whole
cash & carry
countries such as Britain & France would have to pay for American goods in cash & provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone & eliminate the need for war loans
excess reserves leakages
depository institutions may wish to maintain excess reserves greater than zero (greater the excess reserves, the smaller the money multiplier)
C - Type conflict (cognitive)
disagreement that focuses on problem - and issue - related differences of opinion
A - type Conflict (affective)
disagreement that focusses on individual or personal issues
geographic segmentation
dividing a market into different geographical units such as nations, states, regions, counties, cities, or neighborhoods
gender segmentation
dividing a market into different groups based on gender
income segmentation
dividing a market into different income groups
demographic segmentation
dividing a market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income, occupation, religion, race, generation, & nationality
cross - cutting cleavages
divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different
Foreign Business
domestic business operating in foreign countries
forecasting
early step in planning process; est. premises or assumptions on which plans will be based
factors of production
economic term for the four categories of resources: land, labor, capital, & entrepreneurship
EEC - European Economic Community
economic union of some European countries creates in order to unify their trade policies and cancel tax barriers between the member nations
How does the Bureau of Labor Statistics calculate unemployment
egularly gathers data from 60,000 households to compute the unemployment rate
fedwire
electronic payments transfer system operated by the Federal Reserve System (about 2,000 U. S. depository institutions use to process interbank payments)
cues - filtered - out theory
emotional expression is severely restricted when we communicate online because sending messages via internet filters out non - verbal cues
Employee shrinkage
employee theft of company merchandise
civil servants
employees of the govt who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve any & all govts
goal of the speech
expressed in terms of its expected outcome
flexible processes
flexible manufacturing systems & simple, easy set up equipment; allow for rapid low - cost switching from one product line to another which enables economies of scope
dissolve
for one people to _ the political bands
individualist culture
individual values such as power, achievement, hedonism, & stimulation (Americans fall under this category) success is measured by how well you outshine others, & you are responsible for you & you alone
high power distance culture
inequalities expected, children respect parents, teachers take initiative, hierarchy is normal
Characteristic of org information
information Data that have been deliberately selected, processed, & organized to be useful to an individual manager
face
is the most significant place to express emotion
emotive language
language that conveys the senders attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
initiative
process through which voters may propose new laws, one of several Progressive Era reforms that increased voters' power over govt
factory outlets
producer operated stores by firms in value retail centers
green marketing
producing & promoting environmentally safe products
consumer product
product bought by final consumer for personal consumption
bounded rationality
real - world decision - maker has his thinking limited by such things as societal & organizational norms & impracticality of obtaining all possible info about problem or alternatives
deism
the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation
CIA
the govt organization that oversees foreign intelligence - gathering & related classified activities
How can communication be a nonverbal behavior
the clothes you wear, the way you walk, shake hands, cock you head, comb your hair, sit & smile
Discretionary responsibility
the expectation that a company will voluntarily serve a social role beyond its economic, legal & ethical responsibilities
disposable income
the money left over after taxes are taken out of a consumer's income
interest
the money paid for the use of money borrowed or invested
existence needs
the need related to a person's well being
free - on board (fob)
the price for goods includes delivery at the seller's expense to a specified point & no further
Human Communication
the process of making sense out of the world & sharing that sense with others bt creating meaning through verbal & non verbal messages
Grassroots
Political participation at the local level
general election campaign
That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a general election
Economic rent
That part of the payment for a factor of production that exceeds the owner's reservation price, the price below which the owner would not supply the factor
Eastern Question
The "question" posed by the Great Powers about the future of the Ottoman territories.
Conspicuous Consumption
The onsumption of goods not for one's direct pleasure, but simply to show off to others
Culture
The shared set of beliefs, values, & patterns of behavior common to a group of people
Gold plating
The tendency of Pentagon officials to ask weapons contractors to meet excessively high requirements
Coattail Effect
The tendency of lesser - known or weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence on the party's ticket of a more popular candidate
How many types of physical behaviors are there Name them
There are three types of physical behavior: eye contact, body movement & gestures
How is a pres. impeached
There are two steps: First the House of Reps passes the articles of impeachment, which are the formal allegations, by a simple majority. Next, the Senate votes, by two - thirds majority to convict
Civil Service Laws
These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties & created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition
Financial Assets
Assets such as stocks or bonds, whose benefit to the owner depends on the issuer of the asset meeting certain obligations
A bill concerning money or revenue
What kind of Bill can only begin in the House of Representatives
Interactional/transactional
What part of communication is the way you sit/look
constituency - party
2 factors that make up congressman's stance on trade
Concurring opinion
A Supreme Court opinion by one or more justices who agree with the majority's conclusion but for different reasons
containment, policy of
A U. S. foreign policy doctrine adopted by the Harry S. Truman administration in 1947, operating on the principle that communist govts will eventually fall apart as long as they are prevented from expanding their influence
George McClellan
A Union general in the Civil War. In 1861 he was commander of the Army of the Potomac (name of the Union Army). He was an excellent drillmaster & organizer of troops but he was also a perfectionist & would always believe he was outnumbered. He never took risks, & held the army for months until Lincoln ordered him to advance
Fiedler contingency model
A contigency theory that proposed that effective group performance depended upon the proper match between a leader's style of interacting with his or her followers & the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control & influence
Feed Foward Control
A control that prevents defects & deviations from standards by focusing on operations before they begin
Descriptive representation
A correspondence between the demographic characteristics of representatives & those of their constituents
capital offense
A crime, such as murder or betrayal of one's country, that is treated so seriously that death may be considered an appropriate punishment
Gender
A cultural construction that includes one's biological sex, psychological charaterics (feminnity, mascularity & drogyny), attitudes about the sexes & sexual orientation
electric telegraph
A device for rapid, long - distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England & North America in the 1830s & 1840s & replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores
Decision tree (or game tree)
A diagram that describes the possible moves in a game in sequence & lists the payoffs that correspond to each possible combination of moves
conflict
A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation
Compensating wage differential
A difference in the wage rate - negative or positive - that reflects the attractiveness of a job's working conditions
Great Western Schism
A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 & 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome & Avignon
International Court of Justice
A division of the UN that settles legal disputes submitted to it by member nations. Also called the World Court or the Hague
brief
A document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial
Civil Service Commission
A federal agency which regulates the hiring of govt employees
Despository Institution
A financila institution whose primary financial liability is deposits in checking or savings accounts
Imperfectly competitive firm
A firm that has at least some control over the market price of its product
Hyperpluralism
A group theory characterized by many interest groups vying for control resulting in a govt that is tied up in a gridlock
Decision Support System
A specialized variant of a CIS an analytic model that joins a manager's experience, judgment, & intuition
Command - and - control strategy
A strategy to improve air & water quality, involving the setting of detailed pollution standards & rules
Inflation shock
A sudden change in the normal behavior of inflation, unrelated to the nation's output gap
donkey
A symbol of the Democratic party, introduced in a series of political cartoons by Thomas Nast during the congressional elections of 1874
elephant
A symbol of the Republican party, introduced in a series of political cartoons by Thomas Nast during the congressional elections of 1874
bureaucratic authoritarianism
A system in which the state bureaucracy & the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, & technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation
Head tax
A tax that collects the same amount from every taxpayer
Excise Tax
A tax that is levied on a specific good, such as tobacco
fresco
A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan & Mycenaean palaces & Roman villas, & became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance
First Labor Unions
AJ, in Philly, wanted 1) abolition of imprisonment for debt 2) free education 3) abolition of prison contract 4) 10 hour work day
Grandfather Clause
AJohn Law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867
Dyadic Conciousness
Acknowledgement of Dyadicness
Iron Age
After the bronze age, used iron to make tools around 2000 BC
Independent regulatory agencies
Agencies that are quasi - legislative & quasi - judicial in nature & operation. Example include the FDA & EPA
Collective security
Agreement to form through treaties mutual defense arrangements, such as NATO, which guarantee that if one nation is attacked, other nations will come to its defense
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
Agreement wherein new trade barriers would be avoided by member nations, existing tariffs would be eliminated, & protective tariffs would be used only for emergency situations
Homestead Act
Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, & paying $30. Urged many to move out West
Chatauqua Movement
American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th & 20th movements - brought people into communities to lecture
Jonathan Edwards
An American clergyman who was a leader of the Great Awakening in the 1730s
Geronimo
An Apache leader who was one of the last to lead Native Americans against white settlers
Free Enterprise & Competition
An economic system characterized by private ownership of property & productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, & the forces of supply & demand to direct the production & distribution of goods & services
Franco - American Alliance
Negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought French into war on Americans' side. Helped determine outcome of war
Cash Flow Accounting System
An accounting system entering expenses & revenues only when cash is received or paid out
Dawes Act
An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, & distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities & promote individualism
Compensatory action
An action designed to help members of disadvantaged groups, especially minorities & women, catch up, usually by giving them extra education, training, or services
Bureau of the Public Debt
An agency in the Treasury department that issues US Bonds
Hoover Commission
An effort spearheaded by former pres. Hoover. proposals resulted in an extensive reorganization of the executive branch of the federal govt. Another one was conductedand published its findings in 1955 during Eisenhower's administration. Their recommendations, over 70% of which were implemented by executive & legislative action, resulted in the elimination & consolidation of some departments
durbar
An elaborate display of political power & wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire
direct primary
An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office
Critical Election
An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues
Diocletian
An emperor, reigned (284 - 305CE) divided the empire into two administrative districts. He was a skillful administrator
Full Convertibility
An exchange rate system in which individuals may change dollars into any currency they want for whatever legal purpose they want
Foreign Office
An executive agency that formulates & implements foreign policy
Factor of production
An input used in the production of a good or service
Fitch Ratings
An international credit rating agency dual - headquartered in New York City & London. It is one of the three Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSRO) designated by the U. S. Securities & Exchange Commission in 1975, together with Moody's & Standard & Poor's
Charismatic leader
An leader whose personality & actions influence people to behave in certain ways
Closed rule
An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate & forbids a particular bill from being amended on the legislative floor
European Community
An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993
Central or National govt
Another name for the Federal govt
Concurrent
Any powers shared by state & federal govt are called
Diego Garcia
Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a large runway that the US & Indian navies use for drills
Interpretation
Attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, & organized
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
BH Authorized the Pres. to set aside public forests as national parks & other reserves
Contingent Self - Esteem
Based on other's goals
Common law
Based on the legal concept of stare decisis, or judicial precedent
J. Edgar Hoover
Director of FBI 1921 - 1972. Vigorous investigation of gangsters & spies. Controversial because seen as overzealous with respect to communists
Ilkhanate of Persia
Brother of Khubilai Khan who took over Baghdad in 1258
Espionage Act & Sedition Act
Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the govt, the Constitution, or military uniforms, & forbade aiding the enemy
Crystal Palace
Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron & glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, a symbol of the industrial age
Bureaucratic Organization
Bureaucracy: An ideal, intentionally rational, & very efficient form of organization. Based on principles of logic, order, & legitimate authority
govt Corporations
Businesses established by Congress that perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. (like the US Postal Service)
Greek fire
Byzantine fire, wildfire & liquid fire; was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, & was very effective both on sea & land. However, it was used primarily at sea
Civil Service Reform
CAA Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians & create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in govt
First Bank of the U. S
Caused debate between Federalists & Anti - Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the govt could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the govt did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton
Effluent Fees
Charges imposed by govt on the level of pollution created
Cordell Hull
Chief architect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. He also succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the U. S. lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same
Indulgence
Church selling freedom from purgatory. Attack by Martin Luther of this practice began the reformation
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries & territories, ICFTU came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Central to the ICFTU's work has been the struggle to defend workers' rights. The ICFTU lobbies for the ratification of what it calls "core labour standards" - the various conventions of the International Labour Organization
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication that occurs within yourself including your thoughts & emotins
French Indochina
DDE a French colony that included Vietnam Laos, & Cambodia, but Vietminh captured the fRench fortress of Dien Bien Phy, North was a Communist State, south independent, they wanted to resist of Communism
Interstate Highway Act
DDE, Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, Pres. Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel & vacation industries
Frances E. Willard & the WCTU
Dean of Women at Northwestern University & the pres. of the Women's Christian Temperance Union which she build to become the largest organization of women in the world
Gridlock
Describes peoples' perception that Congress & the pres. are in a state of disagreement that results in little legislation passing
Equilibrate
Describes the movement of the factors of a market set at the equilibrium price
European Economic Community
EEC - The regional trade & economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the common market
Economic Imperialism
Economic Imperialism is the involvement of one state in the economy of another so that the power of the sovereign state is impaired
Cash on the table
Economic metaphor for unexploited gain from exchange
inevitable discovery
Exception to the exclusionary rule that allows the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial if the court determines that the evidence would eventually have been found by legal means
Civilian Conservation Corps
FDR 1933, March 31, 1933; unemployment relief act; hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;
Home Owners Loan Act
FDR 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages
Francisco Franco
Facist dictator of Spain, Head of state for life. Died in 1975
common obstacles to sentence coherence
Faulty order of sentence parts & misplaced modifiers - sentence parts are not in the correct order. 2) Faulty parallelism - similar ideas or parts are not expressed in a parallel way. Faulty relationship of ideas - reader cannot tell the relationship of sentence parts due to dangling modifiers or omissions
Czech Coup
Feb. 1948 - A Soviet supported coup in which the govt of Czechoslavkia, the last independent govt in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing
Food stamp program
Federally funded program that gives food coupons to low - income people based on income & family size
FPI
Foreign portfolio investment - Investment in the stocks & the public/private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock - issuing company or the bond - issuing debtor. Solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations
dual federalism
Form of US federalism during nation's early history. Federal & state govts remain separate & independent
Fascism
Form of govt characterized by militarism, extreme nationalism, & a oneparty dictatorship
constitutional govt
Form of govt in which govt power is vested in the people & is defined & limited by law
chiefdom
Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages & towns. Less powerful than kingdoms & empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving & commercial links
Georgia
Founded by James Oglethorpe for those burdened by debt. The English used the colony as a buffer between the propserpous Carolinas & the French & Spaniards
Connecticut
Founded by Thomas Hooker who brought groups of Puritans to new colony
Harvard College
Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies
College of William & Mary
Founded in 1693, it was the first college of the Jamestown area
four resources for researching your subject
Four available resources are the library, the internet, referance books, & individuals
Isocost line
Graph showing all possible combinations of labor & capital that can be purchased for a given total cost
G77
Group of 77 - the group of 77 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in N - S trade. Now includes 133 members & represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South
breech loading rifle
Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber
International Military Tribunal
HT Robert Jackson, defined crime as something against - peace, humanity, & international law
Creel Committee
Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917 - 1919). He depicted the U. S. as a champion of justice & liberty
de Lome letter
Hearst's Journal published a private letter written by Spanish minister to the U. S. Depuy de Lôme regarding his reservations for Cuban independence & disparaging Pres. McKinley. Helped spark war
hoplite
Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic & Classical periods who fought in the close - packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies - militias composed of middle - & upper - class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128
directive leadership
House's Path - Goal theory; used in complex, non - routine jobs
By national convention
How can an amendment to the Consitution be proposed
divided French fleet into small groups & attacked
How did Admiral Nelson defeat the French - Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar
Direct Colonial Control
How did the French govern the people of French Indochina
elect govts whose power depends on landowners & merchants
How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from the neighboring states
5 Questions for Opinion Maker
How different is mass opinion & lead opinion - How interested is the public - How knowledgeable is the public - What do they believe - Are our opinions volatile
Ever state gets 2 votes
How is the number of Senators determined
1 in 4
How many Americans define themselves a non - white
Incentive Effect
How much a person will change his or her hours worked in response to ta change in the wage rate
Caroline Incident
In 1837 a steamer, the Caroline, was attacked by the British. They burned it on the shore of New York. This steamer was carrying supplies across the Niagara River. Luckily, it sank before going over the falls & only One American died
Fort Sumter
In 1861 Confederates attacked the fort, which led to its surrender & was the opening engagement of the Civil War. It is located in Charleston, South Carolina
Federal Election Campaign Acts (FECA)
In 1971 it set up restrictions on the amount of advertising used by a candidate, created disclosure of contributions over $100, & limited the amount of personal contributions a candidate could make on his or her behalf. In 1974 it set up a Federal Election Commission & established a system of federal matching funds for presidential candidates
Guadalcanal
In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific. After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943
gentry
In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)
Edwardian period
In England prior to WWI, known for its extravagance & unpreparedness for the 20th Century
General Francisco Franco
In July, 1936, Gen. Fransisco Franco & other army leaders staged a coup & installed a right - wing fascist govt, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) & Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini & Hitler)
Janissaries
Infantry, armed with firearms & constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826
Insider stories
Information not usually made public that becomes public because someone with inside knowledge tells a reporter. The reporter may have worked hard to learn these facts, in which case it is called "investigative reporting," or some official may have wanted a story to get out, in which case it is called a "leak. "
Caligula
Insane Roman emperor. Nominated his horse to the Senate
Integral Nationalism
Integral Nationalism glorifies the state as the highest focus of individual loyalties
Intelligence
Intelligence is information gathered by the state about another state's capabilities & intentions
Irredentism
Irredentism is the desire of the people of a state to annex the contiguous territories of another state that are inhabited by mostly members of linguistic and/or cultural minorities of the first state
Fracis Xavier
Missionary who worked in India during 1540. Worked among outcast & lower cast groups. Later worked in Japan
Consensual Leaders
Leaders who encourage discussion about issues & then require that all parties involved agree to the final decision
Dred Scott Case
JB Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south
Harpers Ferry
JB, 1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee & the US Marines; Brown was hanged
Greenback Labor Party
JG Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor
Democratic Leaders
Leaders who solicit input from all members of the group & then allow the members to make the final decision through a vote
Ex parte Endo
Japanese - American internment & loyalty, decided same day as Korematsu
Fisk - Gould scandal
Jim Fisk & Jay Gould exploited US Treasury to benefit themselves. Exemplified corruption in America when proven guilty
Boxer Rebellion
Kick out foriegners, defeated but gave more control to europeans
Civil Rights Act
LBJ 1964 LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, had to take literacy test
Jimmy Hoffa
Labor leader who build the Teamsters Union. Considered corrupt & was likely killed
Gothic Cathedrals
Large churches originating in twelfth - century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults & spires, flying buttresses, & large stained - glass windows
Hidden Imam
Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son - in - law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time
Hatch Act
Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or compaigning for a particular candidate
Charles Lindbergh
Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight
Erie Canal
Linked the Great Lakes region to New York (and European shipping routes), opened up new era of industry for farmers. (1825)
Fed Funds
Loans of excess reserves banks make to one another
George McGovern
Lost election to Nixon, was a liberal democrat opposed to involvement in Vietnam
Gettysburg Address
Major speech delivered by Lincoln during the Civil War ('Fore score & seven years ago. govt of the people, by the people & for the people shall not perish from the Earth. "
Emergency Banking Relief Act
March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, & had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for govt inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks. It gave the pres. power to regulate banking transactions & foreign exchange & to reopen solvent banks
Hundred Days
March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery & reform laws submitted by the Pres. for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days
French Overseas Departments
Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Reunion Island, Mayotte (future)
How did Kristallnacht demonstrate Nazi persecution of Jews
Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, business & synagogues
Ho Chi Minh
North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II & at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial govt. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, & became Pres. of the North Vietnamese govt established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam
Connecticut Compromise
Offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates & created a bicameral legislature, where one house is represented by population, & the other house is represented by the states
caliphate
Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire
FALLS, INCREASES
On a straight - line demand curve, elasticity decreases as the price _ & the quantity _ increases
fidel Castro
Overthew Batista in 1959. Turned to communism
Income
Payments earned by households for selling or renting their productive resources. For example, workers receive wage or salary payments in exchange for their labor
Four P's
Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles
Cassaks
Peasant adventures with agricultural & military skills, recruited to concur & settle newly settled lands in southeast Russia & Siberia
Earmarks
Pet projects added to appropriation bills by congressman, called "wasteful spending" & "pork barrel legislation" by critics
extradition
Process by which govts return fugitives to the jurisdiction from which they have fled
George Marshall
Secretary of State after WWII, oversaw Marshall Plan for Europe. Received Nobel prize
Harriet Beecher Stowe
She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North & South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, & helped to bring about the Civil War
dhow
Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail & a sewn timber hull
Francisco Coronado
Spanish explorer of the 16th century. Travelled through the southwest, & 'discovered' the Grand Canyon
House Divided speech
Speech given by Lincoln early on saying that crisis was inevitable on issue of slavery
Investment
Spending by firms on final goods & services, primarily capital goods. (also a flow concept): expenditures on new machines & buildings (capital goods) that are expected to yield a future stream of income
How did the AFL & CIO differ historically
The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union
Economic planning
The belief that government plans, such as wage and price controls or the direction of investment, can improve the economy
How many trust funds make up Social Security
The Social Security System Comprises Four Trust Funds: Old - Age & Survivors Insurace, Disability Insurance, Hospital Insurance, Supplemental Medical Insurance
jurisprudence
The philosophy of law. Jurisprudence implies creating a body of law & methods for interpreting the law, studying the relationships between law & society, & predicting the effects of legal decisions. In the U. S. lawmakers, attorneys, scholars, & courts all take an active role in guiding jurisprudence
Hurdle method of price discrimination
The practice by which a seller offers a discount to all buyers who overcome some obstacle
commander in chief
The role of the U. S. pres. as highest ranking officer in the armed forces
Council of Economic Advisors
This council was created by the Employment Act & was made to promote maximum employment, production, & purchasing power
Diversification
This strategy can lead the organization into entirely new & even unrelated businesses. It involves seeking new products (often through acquisitions) for customers not currently being served
govt
Those institutions that create public policy
Dag Hammarskjold
UN Secretary General during Cold War & oversaw decolonization
hegemonic war
War for control of the entire world order - the rules of the international system as a whole. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systemic war
Compromise of 1877
Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem. ) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South
Indirect Preception Checking
Using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to confirm or refute someoes behavior
dealignment
Voters act increasingly independent of a party affiliation. Split - ticket voting may be a consequence
Fordney McCumber Tariff
WH 1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level - 60%
Brady Bill
WJC 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five - day waiting period for handgun purchases
Ending Nuclear Testing
WJC us wouldn't test unless another nation did it first
Committee on Public Information
Was created to "sell" the war to those people who were against it & gain support for it. To do this, men devlievered speeches & gave out pamphlets. It was headed by George Creel
Good. Many early moviegoers were non english speakers
Was it good or bad for the early movie industry that its movies were silent
German & Irish immigration
Wave of German/Irish immigration in 1840s - 50s that was met with wave of resentment due to competition for jobs. Irish especially, for Catholicism
Confucius
Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551 - 479 B. C. E. ). His doctrine of duty & public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought & served as a code of conduct for govt officials
Double entry bookkeeping
What accounting system did merchants of Venice in the late 1400s use
India by Buddha. Meditation, individual enlightenment
What country did Buddhism originate in What are it's beliefs
China by Confucius. Social harmony, importance of families.
What country did Confucianism originate in What are its beliefs
India. Reincarnation & levels of spirituality & society
What country did Hinduism originate in What are it's beliefs
Burr - Hamilton duel
When Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson when Jefferson & Burr were up for the presidency, Burr became so angered he challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton accepted, & lost
House of Representatives
Who impeachs a govt official
First Great Awakening
a time of religious fervor during the 1730s & 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism & the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent & urging a personal understanding of truth
expansion
a time when the economy is flourishing; also called prosperity
cash on delivery (cod) sale
a transaction that ocurs when a customer pays for merchandise at the time of delivery
fidelity bonds
a type of insurance that protects a business from employee dishonesty
brand mark
a unique symbol, coloring, lettering, or other design elements
equivocation
a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
distribution center
a warehouse designed to speed delivery of goods & to minimize storage costs
full warranty
a warranty that guarantees that if a product is found to be defective within the warranty period, it will be repaired or replaced at no cost to the purchaser
implied warranty
a warranty that takes effect automatically by state law whenever a purchase is made
Coalition
an alliance of political groups formed to oppose a common foe or pursue a common goal
environmental scan
an analysis of outside influences that may have an impact on an organization
comprimise
an approach to conflict resoloution in which both parties attain atleast part of what they seek through self sacrifice
Integrative conflict resolution
an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences & hen working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
focal point
an area in a display that attracts attention first, above all else
environmentalism
an ideology that is dominated by concern for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, & feminism
Immigration act of 1990
approving a substantial increase in immigration. The U. S. would now admit 700,000 new immigrants annually. The new system continued to favor people with family members already in the U. S. but added 55,000 "diversity visas" for countries from which few were emigrating as well as 40,000 permanent job - related visas & 65,000 temporary worker visas
General managers
are responsible for more complex units that include many functional areas
economies of scale
as a plant gets larger & volume increases, average cost per unit of output drops
disadvantages of functional project
aspects of the project that are not directly related to the functional area get short - changed, motivation of team members is often weak, needs of the client are secondary & are responded to slowly
indirect effect of an increase in the money supply
banks lower interest rates that they charge on loans - >encourages people to take out those loans - >businesses engage in new investment with the funds loaned - >individuals will engage in more consumption of durable goods (housing, autos, & home entertainment centers) - >generates a rise in aggregate demand - - >more people involved in more spending
coercive power
based on ability to inflict punishment or deprive others of something valued
entitlements
guarenteed benefits under a govt program such as social security, medicare, or medicaid (often called noncontrollable expenditures)
Function of the Federal Reserve System #3
holds depository institutions' reserves
crazymaking
passive aggressive messages sent in indirect ways that frustrate & confuse the recipiant
critical path
path taking the longest time through this network of activities
consignment buying
paying for goods only after the final customer purchases them
Judicial Review
the Power of the Supreme Court
How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies
they provided for colonial peoples' needs but did not give them full rights
constructs
thin/fat smart/dumb opposites & no in - between
distractions
things that compete with the message for the listener's attention
civil rights
those protections against discrimination by the govt & individuals, intended to prevent discrimination based on race, religion, gender, ethnicity, physical handicap, or sexual orientation
EPR, award/decoration nomination, talking paper
three most common uses for bullet statements in the Air Force
Coolies
unskilled laborers from Asia in the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the U. S. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Peru, North Africa, Sri Lanka & the West Indies. The term usually referred to Chinese, Indian, Japanese & Korean laborers & was often used in a derogatory way
difference feminism
values the unique contributions of women as women, believes gender differences are not just socially constructed & that views women inherently less warlike than men
job enrichment
vertically redesigning jobs to hold more motivator factors; implies increasing the depth of the job by giving it planning & controlling elements
influence
viewed as the essence or equivalent of leadership by some; ability to get others to do something desired by the person doing the influencing
interest aggregation
ways in which demands of citizens & groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e. g. leadership, political parties, etc
Constant organizational culture
when a company actively defines & teaches organizational values, beliefs, & attitudes
Capital outflows
Purchases of foreign assets by domestic households & firms
International capital flows
Purchases or sales of real & financial assets across international borders
Champa Rice
Quick - maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state
Indian Removal Bill
RBH, put down of Sioux uprising in Minnesota & the Dakota last tribe
Energy Crisis
RN, following Yom Kippur War, so they planned to use Alaskian pipeline, but eventually went back to foreign
Consumer Proection Agency
RN, influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud & deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers & others to the cause
Gibb Categories
six sets of contrasting styles of verbal & nonverbal behavior
I am the State
What would an absolute monarch most likely say
Gold in California
When gold was discovered in California, it led to a massive migration to the state. These miners pushed for statehood
A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; its answer is usually obvios
When starting a presentation, what are some attention - getting devices you might consider
Credentialism
When the academic degrees, or credentials, become more important than the knowledge learned
Dienbienphu
Where Vietnamese defeated French in 1954, lead to French withdrawal
Istanbul
Where is the Golden Horn
Britain, China, Iran
Which of the states we have studied are unitary govts
Harding. He opposed Wilson's league of nations, as did the US senate
Which pres. was elected because he opposed the League of Nations
bypassing
Which term describes when the sender & receiver miss each other with their meanings
Great purge, 5year plans, establishment of collective farms
Which was a part of the transformation of the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state
Congress, on govt expenditures & assignments
Who does the General Accounting Office (GAO) report to
It is constantly moving
Why is communication dynamic
it was the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies
Why was india considered the "jewel in the crown"
Eva Peron
Wife of Juan Peron & champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker & popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools & hospitals & providing other social benefits
7. McCellands Theory Achievement:
the desire to excel or achieve in relation to a set of standards
gross profit
the difference between sales revenue & the cost of goods sold
duration gap
the difference between the duration of assets & liabilites. measures how well cash flows for assets & liabilities are matched. When the duration of assets exceeds the duration of liabilities the duration gap is positive. A positive duration gap means greater exposure to rising interest rates; if interest rates go up then the price of assets fall more than the price of liabilities
individualism/collectivism
whether an individual places importance on self or on community
investiture (popes)
controversy Dispute between the popes & the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands
Elima Triangle
Between Egypt & Sudan. No active dispute
Helen Keller
Blind & deaf, overcame her adversities. Known for her persistence & courage
How can a vetoed Bill become a law
Both Houses of Congress must override the veto with a 2/3 vote in each House
cultural relativism
which term describes the difference of culture but that not any one is better or worse than the others
feminine culture
which type of culture values modesty, concerns for relationships & the quality of life
Acceptance Theory of Authority
Chester Barnard; authority of any communication or command lies in the degree to which the receiver accepts it as legitimate
connotation
which word refers to the emotional meaning that specific speakers - listeners give to a word
comparison method of issue organization
which you would tell how the two types of institutions are alike
Freedom Riders
White & Black Northerners who rode busses into the South to challenge racial segregation. Regularly attacked, seldom protected
Getulio Vargas
Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 & from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the govt & created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)
Distinctive competencies
Distinctive competencies are things that an organization does well—so well in fact that they give it an advantage over similar organizations
Independent Treasury Act
Divorced US govt from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year
Congress of Vienna
Drew boundaries of Europe after defeat of Napolean. Lead to peace in Europe for next 40 years
Freeport Doctrine
During L - D debate, Lincoln asked if the people of a territory voted against slavery despite Supreme Court, who would prevail. Douglas said the people
Chance" in Porter's Theory
wholly unpredictable occurances that you cannot mitigate
Hatred of Jews, or anti - semitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology
Why did Hitler blame the Jewish population for all of Germany's troubles
he was a devout catholic
Why did Parliament remove James II of England
had weak empires & poor economies without a middle class
Why did strong states form more slowly in central Europe than in western Europe
Communism
Economic System where workers own means of production & control distribution of resources
How often do treasury bills pay interest
Never. Only T - notes & T - bonds pay interest twice a year. T - bills are simply sold at a discounted price
FCC
an independent governmeent agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite
Entrepreneur
an individual who sees an opportunity to sell an item at a price higher than the average cost of producing it
exit interview
an interview arranged by human resources department when an employee leaves a company
delegate
an official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views; one interpretation of the role of the legislator
internship
an opportunity that offers students direct work experience & exposure to various aspects of a career, either with or without pay
interest group
any organization that seeks to influence govt policy making to better serve the self - perceived wants & needs of its members
ethics
basic values & moral principles that guide the behavior of individuals & groups
flexibility
behavior that allows you to adapt to changing circumstances
given
endowed
centrifugal forces
forces that divide & fragment societies
chief of staff
head of the White House staff
excuses
reasons for not buying or not seeing the salesperson
customer satisfaction
the extent to which a product's perceived performance matches a buyer's expectations
Figurehead role
the interpersonal role managers play when they perform ceremonial duties
Confederate States of America
the southern states that seceded from the U. S. in 1861, Jefferson Davis, Montgomery, AL
interactional view of communication
the speaker & listener take turns speaking & listening
Internationalism
a foreign policy based on taking an active role in global affairs; the predominant foreign policy view in the U. S
divergence
a linguistic strategy in which speakers empathise differences between their comunicative style in others in order to create distance
Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek
Harrison defeat Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe. (1811)
Elton Mayo
Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations Mvt, Behavioral Approach
Haiti DIlemma
RR 1990s, had 30 year dictatorship, soon ends, then Bertrand Aristide overthrows with military, & UN awith US use mandate to restore constituional rule & Aristide's presidency
Gramm Rudman Act
RR It provided automatic spending cuts, balancing budget act
Free French
During WWII, the French who refused the legitimacy of the Vichy Regime. Headed by Charles De Gaulle, they eventually took part in normandy & liberated Paris
customer profile
a list of information about a target market, such as age, income level, ethnicity, occupation, attitudes, lifestyle, & geographic residence
gypsies
a nomadic people who originated in the region between India & Iran who migrated to Europe in the 14th century
Dixiecrats (States' Right Party)
HT Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party, leader is Governor Strom Thurmond
free - trade imperialism
Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free - trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)
Features of civilization
Economic system able to make basic goods & services available; Form of political organization capable of governing, creating social institutions, enforcing laws, & protecting people from outside threats,Moral code in the form of a shared religion, andIntellectual tradition that includes a written language & encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science & the arts
Japanese Strike
It has the workers maximizing their output. They are nominally working as usual but the surplus can break the planning, especially in just - in - time systems
ethnic groups
Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties & a common identity
Cherokees
Major tribe that lived in the Southeast. Were forcibly removed to reservations west of the Mississippi
Civil Rights Acts
Officially made blacks citizens of the US
Consumption possibilities
The combination of goods & services that a country's citizens might feasibly consume
cut oil supplies to Japan
What was the US response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid - 1941
economic development
What was the purpose of the Soviet state's Five - year Plans
circle graph
a pie - shaped geometric representation of the relative sizes of the parts of a whole; also called a pie chart
Duverget's law
a 2 - party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single - member districts; a multi - party system is created in proportional representation
global business
a business that sells its products to more than one country
causes of shifts in the consumption function
a change in any other relevant economic variable (besides real disposable income); # of such determinants is unlimited
Compromise of 1850
agreement over slavery by which California joined the Union as a free state and a strict fugitive slave law was passed
goals
desired end states
extemporaneous speaking mode
developing a set of "talking points," such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas
contrast method of issue arrangement
developing the ideas by giving specific examples of differences between the two types of institutions
employee discounts
discounts offered by employers to their workers
Child Labor Tax Case
docket title Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. found the Child Labor Tax Law of 1919 was not a valid use of Congress' power under the Taxing & Spending Clause
efficiency
doing something at the lowest possible cost
effectiveness
doing the right thing to create the most value for the company
interpersonal
in which communication type do you interact with others, normally two people
gestures
incorporate the use of hands, body movements, & facial expressions
core services
integrate tangible goods; hotels, airlines, internet service providers
3 phases of decision - making
intelligence (gathering knowledge leading to an understanding of what decision will have to be made, etc. ), design (alternative courses of actions are invented), choice (actual decision is made)
initiating structure
involves giving direction & orders, clarifying jobs & roles, explaining objectives & pressuring subordinates for task performance
Dominant Firm
irm with a large share of total sales that sets price to maximize profits, taking into account the supply response of smaller firms
decision - making done under uncertainty
probability of event unknown, cannot be estimated
Encoding - communication process
process of putting thought into symbolic form
growth needs
needs that relate to a person's achievement & competence
Embargo Act
signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all American goods and American ships from sailing for foreign ports
business cycle
recurring changes in economic activity, such as the expansion & contraction of an economy
gross sales
the total of all sales for a given period of time
inestimable
too valuable to be measured
face work
verbal & nonverbal behavior designed to create & maintain a communicators face & the face of others
intercultural communication
where you communicate with members of other cultures
Brooklyn Bridge
Added to the seductive glamour of gleaming cities
China by Lao - Tzu. Harmony with Nature
What country did Taoism originate in What are it's beliefs
father to his people
What did Frederick the great believe a ruler should be
Cotton Gin
1798 - Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South
First Protective Tariff
1816 JM In 1816, Congress passed the nation's first protective tariff. It was designed to protect textile factories, because the British were dumping cloth in the U. S. at bargain prices in their attempt to regain markets they had lost during the War of 1812
Dartmouth College Case
1819 JMon, contract, Daniel Webster, Jurisdictional dispute between the college's pres. & board of trustees led to a Supreme Court ruling favoring the educational freedom of private institutions which is what colleges are considered to be
Crittenden Compromise
1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, & compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans
Credit Moblier Scandal
1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company & hired itself to work using govt funds - scandal broke loose & leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock
Great White Fleet
1907 - 1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U. S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement. "
Federal Reserve Act
1913 created the Federal Reserve System, the central bank of the USA. Congress delegated this power to the Federal Reserve. All banks chartered under the National Banking Act of 1863 were made members of the Federal Reserve System, while others could join. A Board of Governors appointed by the Pres. of the U. S. supervised the system
Japanese occupation of Manchuria
1931 - 32,Manchuria (in China) is invaded by Japan; China appeals to League of Nations; Japan withdraws from League of Nations and retains Manchuria
FHA
1934 - Created by Congress to insure long - term, low - interest mortgages for home construction & repair
Fannie Mae - Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA)
1938 to establish a secondary market for mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). buys mortgages on the secondary market, pools them & sells them as mortgage - backed securities to investors on the open market. This secondary mortgage market helps to replenish the supply of lendable money for mortgages & ensures that money continues to be available for new home purchases
Greater East Asia Co - Prosperity Sphere
1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis - occupied countries during WWII, in which puppet govts manipulated local populations & economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs & an army ideologist. "Greater East Asia" was a Japanese term referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia & surrounding areas
Cominform
1947 - Agency of international communism founded under Soviet auspices in 1947. Its original members were the Communist Parties of the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, & Italy, but Yugoslavia was expelled in 1948. The Cominform's activities consisted mainly of publishing propaganda to encourage international communist solidarity. It was dissolved by Soviet initiative in 1956
Founding of Pakistan
1947 - British as part of India & became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is Capital & Karachi the largest city
Class - action suit
A case brought into court by a person on behalf of not only himself or herself but all other persons in the country under similar circumstances. For example, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court decided that not only Linda Brown but all others similarly situated had the right to attend a local public school of their choice without regard to race
COMECON - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Organization
1949 to facilitate & coordinate the economic development of Soviet - bloc countries. original members were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, & Romania; other members joined later, including Albania (1949) & the German Democratic Republic (1950). Its accomplishments included the organization of Eastern Europe's railroad grid, the creation of the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, & the construction of the "Friendship" oil pipeline
International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights
1976; one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights. Article 1 states that "All peoples have the right of self - determination, including the right to determine their political status & freely pursue their economic, social & cultural development. " affirms individuals' rights to food, work, housing & education. does not count the U. S. as a signatory
Carter's Energy Plan
1979, he wanted cut down on foregin oil supports & on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar poewr & synthetic gasoline, alsocommit funds to develop alternative enrgy sources through windfall taxes
Collapse of Communism
1989 - 91. EE countries facing resistance. Gorbachev did not send troops. Lost Pland to Solidarity in 1989. Berlin wall fell. Failed communist Coup against Gorbechev marked end
General - act charter
A charter that applies to a number of cities that fall within a certain classification, usually based on city population. Thus in some states all cities with populations over 100,000 are governed on the basis of one charter, while all cities with populations between 50,000 & 99,999 are governed by a different one
Hebrew Bible
A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, & practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B. C. E. (99)
By Passing
A comminication problem that arises when the same words mean different things to different people
Foreign Relations Committee
A committee of the Senate charged with overseeing the conduct of foreign policy
bullet statement
A concise, written statement of a single idea or a single accomplishment & the impact
difference between a concrete & an abstract noun
A concrete noun refers to objects that humans can directly experience. They usually convey the same meaning to everybody. an abstract noun is one that tends to be vague & open to interpretation. As such, its use often leads to confusion
Division vote
A congressional voting procedure in which members stand & are counted
Interstate Commerce Commission
A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods & people between states
Global firm
A globally integrated company that tries to achieve & experience curve economies. Products tend to be largely undifferentiated & location of production is chosen to achieve "Minimized unit delivered cost to Market" with largely centralized operations
encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor & periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)
felony
A grave crime, such as murder, rape, or burglary, that is punishable by death or imprisonment in a state or federal facility
Golden Horde
A group of Mongols that overran Russia, Poland, & Hungary. (1237 - 1242)
Free Trade Association
A group of countries that have reduced or eliminated trade barriers among themselves
Brain trust
A group of intellectuals & planners who act as advisors, especially to a govt
Joint - Stock Company
A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King
Confederation
A group of nations or states in which the component states retain considerable independence
Dixicrats
A group of people from 15 southern states that were embittered by Truman's nomination & nominated J. Strom Thurmond on a states' Rights Party ticket
Health maintenance organization (HMO)
A group of physicians that provides health services to individuals & families for a fixed annual fee
cabinet
A group of presidential advisers, composed of the heads of the fourteen govt departments all of whom are appointed by the pres. & confirmed by the Senate) & a few other select govt officials. Theoretically, the cabinet is charged with debating major policy issues & recommending action by the executive branch; the actual influence of the cabinet, however, is limited by competition from other advisory staffs
Capitol Hill
A hill in DC on which the U. S. Capitol building sits. The House of Representatives & the Senate meet in the Capitol
Fee shifting
A law or rule that allows the plaintiff (the party that initiates the lawsuit) to collect its legal costs from the defendant if the defendant loses
Fugitive Slave Act
A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. The law was highly unpopular in the North & helped to convert many previously indifferent northerners to antislavery
Democratic Style
A leader who tended to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods & goals, & use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees
Free - rein (Laissez - fair) Leadership
A leadership style in which the leader turns over all authority & control to subordinates
habeas corpus
A legal term meaning that an accused person must be presented physically before the court with a statement demonstrating sufficient cause for arrest. Thus, no accuser may imprison someone indefinitely without bringing that person & the charges against him or her into a courtroom. In Latin, habeas corpus literally means "you shall have the body. "
justice of the peace
A local officer of the judicial branch empowered to try minor cases, recommend cases for trial, & perform civil ceremonies, such as marriages & oath taking. Justices of the peace are usually elected locally & are paid fees for their services
Capital good
A long - lived good that is used in the production of other goods & services
High - tech campaign
A major characteristic of the modern presidential campaign. The use of paid political ads, 30 - & 60 - second spots, paid infomercials incorporating charts & graphs, & sophisticated polling techniques have all been used in recent campaigns
Global Management Skills
A managers ability to operate in diverse culture environments
Conceptual Skills
A managers ability to view the organization as a whole, understand how the various parts are interdependent, & assess how the organization relates to its external environment
Dis - USA
What did Great Britain start Calling the U. S. under the Articles of Confederation
Johnson Impeachment
AJohn fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him
Greenbacks
AL Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war plural
Copperheads
AL a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition & sympathized with the South during the Civil War, Vallandigham
Cost overruns
Actual costs that are several times greater than estimated costs. These occur frequently among private contractors producing new weapons for the Pentagon
Elastic
Above the mid - point on a straight - line demand curve, demand is _
global
According to former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, the propensity of firms to outsource many of their productive activities to different suppliers around the world has resulted in the creation of _ products
Family Medical Leave Act (1993)
Act that gave unpaid emergency medical leave for employees with a guarantee that their job would not be taken away in the interim
Immigration Act of 1991
Act that shifted the quota of immigrants to Europe & aimed to attract immigrants who were trained workers
Hunting & gathering societies
Also called foraging societies. Living off resources that could be taken directly from land. When resources grew scarce, they moved on to another area
Corporate Takeover
An action in which another firm or a group of individuals issues a tender offer (that is, offers to buy yup the stock of a company) to gain control & to install its own managers
Drug Enforcement Administration
An agency in the U. S. Department of Justice that enforces federal laws & regulations dealing with narcotics & other dangerous drugs. It cooperates with the FBI & with local law enforcement agencies
Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie was an American millionaire & philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society
Federal - question cases
Cases concerning the Constitution, federal law, or treaties over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution
Diversity cases
Cases involving citizens of different states over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution
Charismatic Leadership
Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state & generates widespread & emotional popular support
Chauvinism
Chauvinism is an extreme superpatriotism which implies an uncritical devotion to a state, jealousy of its honor, & an exaggerated sense of its glory
Impeachment of Johnson
Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it's chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair)
Congressional Budget Office
Congressional agency of budget experts who assess the feasibility of the pres.'s plan & who help create Congress' version of the federal budget
conference committee
Congressional committee that includes representatives of both houses of Congress. Their purpose is to settle differences between the Houes & Senate versions of bills that have been passed by their respective legislatures
federal reserve board
Executive agency that is largely responsible for the formulation & implementation of monetary policy
Clientele Agencies
Executive departments directed by law to foster & promote the interests of a specific segment or group in the US population (such as the Department of Education)
Cro - Magnon
Existed 40,000 years ago & is a homo sapien. They were highly reflective in art & existed in Europe
Induced Expenditures
Expenditures that change a s income changes
Homo erectus
Extinct species of early hominid that is thought to be the direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens. Flourished from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, about 1,600,000 to 250,000 years ago. Fossil remains of H. erectus were first found in the 1890s. Stone axes, basic wooden tools, clothing of skin & furs, & larger brain than H. erectus
Japan Trade
FP, Matthew C. Perry with Japan, Japan dominant power in Far East
Economic Incentives
Factors that motivate & influence the behavior of individuals & organizations, including firms & govt agencies. Prices, profits, & losses are important economic incentives in a market economy
Grants - in - aid
Federal funds provided to states & localities. Grants - in - aid are typically provided for airports, highways, education, & major welfare services
Categorical grants
Federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law: to build an airport, for example, or to make welfare payments to low - income mothers. Such grants usually require that the state or locality put up money to "match" some part of the federal grants, though the amount of matching funds can be quite small
Conditions of aid
Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants
Hard money
Federally regulated campaign contributions made to political candidates & political parties. Under current law, hard money contributions cannot exceed $1000 per individual, per election cycle
Free Assocation with the US
Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Marianas
Fourth Lateran Council
Identified the 7 sacraments & reaffirmed that they are essential to salvation
foreign direct investment
If General Electric, a U. S. based corporation, purchased a 50% interest in a company in Italy, that purchase would be an example of
Footbinding
Male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size, produce pain, & restrict movement. Confined women to household
Hawthorne Studies
Manipulated physical work conditions to assess impact on output. Factors that accounted for increased productivity: Group atmosphere & Participative supervision
George Washington Carver
First black scientist to gain national prominence
Jackie Robinson
First black to play major league baseball
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub - Saharan West Africa between the sixth & thirteenth centuries C. E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast
Chester Nimitz
Forced Japanese back when they were trying to weize Midway Island
Ethics in Govt
GB1 main issue = larges fees for lobbying & weak laws governing campaign spending
Interstate Commerce Act
GC 1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices
First Bank of the US
GW 1791 - 1811, by Hamilton, came about strict vs loose construction
Chiang Kai - Shek
General & leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat - sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong
Iron Curtain
HT Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East - West divide in postwar Europe between communist & democratic nations
Hitler's prime reason for wanting to take Poland
He wanted the Polish Corridor & the port city of Danzig
Federalist Party
Headed by Alexander Hamilton, this party, made up of the country's upper class, supported a strong national govt & set a policy agenda that would solve the nation's economic problems
Impending Crisis of the South
Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non - slave - owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer
conquer other countries
Hitlers main method for achieving lebensraum was to
Direct Incitement
Holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by 1st Amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended & likely to occur
Every 10 years
How often is there a census of the American people
Hawthorne studies
Human relations (behavioral) perspective
Ibn;Rushdi
Iberian Muslim philosopher. Helped to make works done by Plato & Aristotle become well known
govern
If a govt disregards the rights of the people they lose their right to _
Coase theorem
If at no cost people can negotiate the purchase & sale of the right to perform activities that cause externalities, they can always arrive at efficient solutions to the problems caused by externalities
How do you use number to maintain pargraph coherence
If the controlling idea is singular, you keep all the references to it singular
Economic Decision Rule
If the marginal benefits of doing something exceed the marginal costs, do it. If the marginal costs of doing something exceed the marginal benefits, don't do it
Halfway Covenant
In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial church membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations
Economic Functions of govt
In a market economy, govt agencies establish & maintain a legal system to regulate both commercial & social behavior, promote competition, respond to market failures by providing public goods & adjusting for externalities, redistribute income, & establish macroeconomic stabilization policies. To perform these functions, govts must shift resources from private uses by taxing and/or borrowing
equites
In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth & status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy & used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)
Israel
In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean & the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B. C. E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948
creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples
bourgeoisie
In early modern Europe, the class of well - off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, & allied professions
Demand - Pull Inflation
Inflation that o curs when the economy is at or above potential output
functionalism & functional relations
International cooperation in specific areas such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity. Reflected in specialized agencies like the World Health Organization. Relations that include interaction in usually nonpolitical areas
How can firms acheive "first mover advantage"
Investing in becoming a first mover requires a large allocation of cash
Horizontal FDI"
Investing in the same economic activity abroad as one does at home
Free Market Economy
Invisible Hand regulates prices, wages, product mix, etc
humanism
It came from the rennaissance. It places emphasis on the individual's potential to reach greatness in any realm - art, science, spirituality, etc
Founding Fathers
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison & George Washington
Gadsen Purchase
MF 1853, $10 million land purchase in the desert of flat land for the Southern railroad completion in 1853. completes manifest destiny!
Gag Resolution
MVB 18 - 36 - 1844, Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
Independent Treasury System AKA Subtreasuries
MVB, 1840 Meant to keep govt out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect & expand govt funds in gold & silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining govt funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren & Polk
Departments
Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of governmental operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in that particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture
Feature stories
Media reports about public events knowable to any reporter who cares to inquire, but involving acts & statements not routinely covered by a group of reporters. Thus a reporter must take the initiative & select a particular event as newsworthy, decide to write about it, & persuade an editor to run it
Buffalo Soldiers
Members of one of the African American regiments within the U. S. Army after the Civil War, serving primarily in the Indian wars of the late 1860s
Farmer's Alliance
Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful
Globalization
National boundaries of world business have largely disappeared. - Globalization is the worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets, & business competition that characterize the new economy
immigration law
National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel & visit within a state's territory, work within the state, & sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization)
Guomindang
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat - sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai - shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement
Holocaust
Nazis' program during WWII to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, & others
Class C Mandates
New Guinea, Nauru, Western Samoa, Southwest Africa
cavalry warfare
New skill of warfare developed by Assyrians
Hearst
Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish - American War. The most famous yellow journalist
Cournot model
Oligopoly model in which firms prdouce a homogenoues good, each firm treates the output of its competitors as fixed, & all firms decide simultaneously how much to produce
Deacquisition
One company's sale of either parts of another company it has bought or parts of itself
economic liberalization
Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state & increase the power of the market & private property in an economy
Goal of controls
Planning, organizing, leading & staffing
How are Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle related
Plato was Socrates' student. Aristotle was Plato's student. The three worked with the rationalizing & linearalizing of thought & ideas
Characteristics of multicultural organizations:
Pluralism, Structural integration, Informal network integration, Absence of prejudice & discrimination, Minimum intergroup conflict
brinkmanship
Policy of a nation that pushes a dangerous situation to the limits of safety before pulling back
Finlandization
Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself
Helsinki Accords
Political & human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union & western European countries
Ideological interest groups
Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions with coherent sets of (usually) controversial principles
Congress party
Political party of Ghandi & Nehru during Indian independence
Issue - Oriented Politics
Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party, candidate, or other loyalties
Delegated Powers
Powers given to the Federal govt
Great Society
Pres. Johnson called his 1`version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, & federal aid to education
Edict of Nantes decreed that
Protestants could worship only in careas where they were majority
Capital inflows
Purchases of domestic assets by foreign households & firms
El Salvador Dilemma!
RR 1979 - 1990, Civil was there, US & Pres. Jose Napoleon Duarte against leftist, but then soon death squads & threat leftist, two main problemsones in power supported govt. in limit andused power to delay & hurt agriculture, but soon guerilla attacks stopped after US invested money in El Salvador's newly privatized electrical markets
Brooks - Sumner incident
SC Congressman Brooks (pro - slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC & slavery
Grenada Dilemma!
RR 1983, America wanted to rid the communist pressure in Grenada, Castro threats revolution in the Americas, Organization of Eastern Carribean States ask for US intervention, America remain long enough to remove Cuba supported govt from power & stop civil war, major sucess, earned credibility throughout Caribbean Basin
Budget, the National Debt & the Overvalued Dollar
RR after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income & military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted "dollar", price of the dollar increased 60 percent, "strong dollar" = good, "overvalued dollar" = severe economic problems
Federal Budget Deficit (Reagan)
RR, hated big govt & wanted to cut taxes through offering increased defense spending, he was convinced that Soviet Union was a threat so he raised money for greater military like MX missile & Star Wars, this caused FBD what govt took in & what it spent of $200 billion, refused to support tax increases & refused lower social security benefits
de facto segregation
Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African - Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact (de facto), although not by law
Edward Murrow
Radio commentator during WWII, opposed McCarthyism, created TV shows going to homes of celebrities for interviews
Congress powers in foreign Policy
Ratify treaties; confirm appointments; declare war; appropriate funds; oversee agencies; enact legislation
4 Models of Decision Making
Rational Actor Model. Organizational Process Model. Bureaucratic Politics Model. Radical (Military Industrial) Model
Favorable balance of trade
Refers to a country exporting more than they import. The U. S. has had an unfavorable balance of trade since WWII
gender gap
Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues & candidates)
Gold Coast
Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology & reformed clerical training & discipline
Dorothea Dix
Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums
human rights
Rights of all persons to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political & civil rights), & to enjoy certain minimum economic & social protections (economic & social rights)
Jeffersonianism vs. Hamiltonianism
Rival ideas of American govt. Jefferson preferred strong states & focus on agriculture. Hamilton said strong federal govt & focus on industrial development
Herding societies
Social groups that domesticated animals, but not plants. Had to move from place to place on constant basis, in order to obtain grass or fodder. Herding societies were less likely to develop into civilized societies
In what manner did Socrates describe speech How did this correlate to a speech structure
Socrates analogized the parts of a speech to a body of an animal having a head(Introduction), body, & tail(Conclusion)
Buffalo Bill
Soldier against Native Americans, later founded the celebrated 'Wild West Show. '
Bureaucrats
The appointed officials who operate govt agencies from day to day
collective attitudes
The attitudes workers have about their work life & their work life
How are concepts of communication preperation universal
The basic philosophy & guidance for effective writing & speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, & organizing
How are the concepts of communication preparation universal
The basic philosophy & guidance for effective writing & speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, & organizing
Coal Strike
TR, 1902, Coal mines of Pennsylvania. 140,000 workers, many illiterate immigrants had been frightfully exploited & accident plagued. Demanded a 20% increase in pay & reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners refused to negotiate. TR threatens to bring in troops, then they listened
Democrats 1836 - 1850
TRADITION, opposed banks & corporations as state legislated economic privilege, anti state legistlaed reforms & preferred individual freedom of choice, TJ agrarians, expansion, progress thru external growth, SOUTH
divination
Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky
Bull Moose Party
Teddy Roosevelt's party in the election of 1812
Hinduism
Term for a wide variety of beliefs & ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, & south Indian religious concepts & practices. Spread along trade routes (181)
International Broadcasting Bureau
The International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) is a U. S. govt federal agency that was created in 1994 to produce political radio & television broadcasts that are intended for audiences in foreign countries. The IBB replaces the former Bureau of Broadcasting
Bully pulpit
The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals
Delegate model
The view that an elected representative should represent the opinions of his or her constituents
Isolationism
The view that the U. S. should withdraw from world affairs, limit foreign aid, & avoid involvement in foreign wars
development banks
There are a few multilateral development banks throughout the world. Their purpose is to assist nations in economic development though loans etc
Funded mandates
Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them
Compare the four basic types of economic systems
Traditional, are ecomies decided by social customs; market economies, are economiesdecided by individuals; command are by gov't; mixed econ are by a combination of markets & gov't
Containment
Truman policy to contain spread of Communism. Lead to the formation of NATO
If a US citizen breaks a law abroad, how is he punished
US citizens are subject to the laws of whatever country they are in. The State department usually will not ask for a deportation
Four Power Pact
WH An agreement made by the U. S. Britain, France, & Japan to not seek further Pacific expansion or increased naval strength in the region. The countries also agreed to respect the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement. The signatories agreed to consult each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions
Gays in Military
WJC "dont ask, dont tell", end ban of homosexual in military, but under conditions 1 no open engagement, 2 remained quiet about orientation
International Trade Agreement
WJC Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices & raise living standards around the world, however didn't resolve tariff cuts on apparel & textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles
campaign money mess
WJC both parties accused of illegal practices, violating = allowing foreign influence in US elections hard money campaign gifts to individual candidates should be reported to federal election commission
HMOS
WJC care come from large range of doctors & hospitals, large businesses & ogvt, trouble getting health care when needed, managed care sure patients get better, not sicker, he failed to reform nation's healthcare system
Contract with America
WJCGingrich, Pres. can delete specific items passed by the Congress, proposed constitutional amendment to limit the term of office was ignore, imposed federal mandates on states without providing the money
Commodore Dewey
WMc surprise victory over the Span in Spanish - American War in the Philippines
Federal Trade Commission
WW 1914 A govt agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices & help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits
Esch Cummins Act
WW 1920, railroads given to private operations, now US digresses from railroad & more into automobiles & ships
Great Migration (circa WWI)
WW movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 & 1920
Dual primary
Where presidential candidates are selected & a separate slate of delegates is also voted on. New Hampshire uses this type of primary
Cambodia Laos & Vietnam NOT singapore
Which countires are part of French Indo China
flow, stock
_ of foreign direct investment refers to the amount of FDI undertaken over a given period normally a year. _ of foreign direct investment refers to the total accumulated value of foreign - owned assets at any time
goal
_ of the Declaration of Independence was to explain why the colonists felt the need to be free of British rule
domestic business
a business that sells its products only in its own country
co - branding
a combination of one or more brands in the manufacture of a product or in the delivery of a service
joint committee
a committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives & the Senate; such committees oversee
comparative advertising
a company directly or indirectly compares its brand with one or more other brands
credit union
a cooperative association formed by labor unions or groups of employees for the benefits of its members
Competitive advantage
a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from competitors & gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace
cooperative advertising
a cost - sharing arrangement whereby both a supplier & a local advertiser pay for advertising
high content culture
a culture that avoids direct use of language to express information especially about relational matters
integrated distribution
a distribution system in which manufacturers act as wholesaler & retailer for their own products
Council on Environmental Quality
a division of the White House that coordinates federal environmental efforts & works closely with agencies & other White House offices in the development of environmental policies & initiatives. Congress established the CEQ within the Executive Office of the Pres. as part of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Additional responsibilities were provided by the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970
emotional motive
a feeling experienced by a customer through association with a product
constitutional monarchy
a form of national govt in which the power of the monarch is restricted by a parliament, by law or by custom
depth
a level of personal information a person reveals on a particular topic
euphemism
a pleaseant sounding word used in place of a more direct less pleaseant one
civic culture
a political culture in which citizens widely share a belief in the legitimacy of their regime & a trust in the govt; therefore the citizens demonstrate restraint in their demands on the govt
Christian Democracy
a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII. general agreement on certain issues. The proposed design is decentralized, made up by various bodies, but having an unquestionable capacity. sees the economy as being at the service of humanity; The duty of the state to care for its citizens is of some importance for Christian Democrats,
accelerator effect in economics
a positive effect on private fixed investment of the growth of market economy. Rising GDP implies that businesses in general see rising profits, increased sales & cash flow, & greater use of existing capacity. This usually implies that profit expectations & business confidence rise, encouraging businesses to build more factories & other buildings & to install more machinery
coupons
certificates that entitle customers to discounts on goods & services
free trade
commercial exchange between nations that is conducted on free market principles, without tariffs, import quotas, or other restrictive regulations
Interpersonal Communication
communication that occurs simultaniously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationship
Impersonal Communication
communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles, rather thanto who they are as quique people
internet service providers (isps)
companies that provide internet access for businesses, organizations, & individuals
civilization
complex forms of social & political organization; practice of agriculture; advanced tool use; & the rise of cities
demand conditions
conditions governing how companies are created, organized, & managed & he nature of domestic rivalry is referred to as
informative briefing
fundamental objective to present information to a specialized audience, followed by the exchange of data, ideas, & questions among participants
Exclusive distribution
giving a limited number of dealers the exclusive right to distribute the company's products in their territories
consumption goods
goods purchase by households for immediate satisfaction or to use up (ex. food, movies)
Independent Executive Agencies
governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have a narrower area of responsibility (such as the CIA) & are not part of any Cabinet Department
Dictatorship
govt by a singl person or bya junta or other group that is not responsible to thepeople or their elected representatives
distributive policies
govt policies that allocate valuable resources
Characteristics of a leader
guide, direct, persuade, coach, counsel & inspire others
Ex parte Yerger
habeas corpus case that became moot when Yerger was released before the court ruling; therefore not actually heard by the Supreme Court
Ex parte Bollman
habeas corpus, definition of treason, Supreme Court's power to issue writs to circuit courts
Ex parte Milligan
habeas corpus, military tribunals
Hawk
hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning
firewall
hardware or software that protects a computer from attacks by hackers
Competitive analysis
is a process for monitoring the competition that involves identifying competition, anticipating their moves, & determining their strengths & weaknesses
I language
language that describes the speakers position without evaluating others
abstract languge
language that lacks or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data
examples of culture
language, laws, religion, ways of acting/thinking
glacier
large, thick body of slowly moving ice
consideration
leadership behaviors include showing interest in the personal life & well - being of the employee, being warm & friendly, & listening to the employee's ideas
eye contact
looking into the eyes of your audience as you speak
civil service system
method of hiring federal employees based on merit rather than on political beliefs or allegiances. replaced the spoils system in the US
expert opinion
method of sales forecasting; asking marketing executives what they expect will happen
concrete
related to being able to experience a referent with one of our senses
decision - making done under certainty
outcome or payoff for an alternative has a probability of 1. 0 (few real - world examples)
conditional value
payoff you think would happen under condition of each of the states of nature
decentralists
people who favor state or local action rather than national action
goal setting theory
people work harder to achieve goals that are specific, accepted by them, & challenging
Justinian
period when paganism finally lost its long struggle to survive & when the schism in Christianity between the monophy site east & the chalcedonia west became insurmountable
identity politics
political activity & ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power & benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals
Jefferson
power to govern a nation comes from the people - according to Locke & _
four concepts of self - efficacy
predicting our performance, relationally - based self - efficacy judgments, gut - feeling based, & consequences expected from your performance
impoundment
presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds authorized & appropriated by Congress
Department of State
primarily responsible for making & conducting foreign policy. It is commonly called the State Department & is headed by the secretary of state. Its activities include negotiating treaties, coordinating correspondence & information programs with foreign govts, & administering economic aid to developing nations
freight forwarders
private companies that combine less than carload or truckload shipments form several businesses & deliver them to their destinations
impeachment
process by which a pres., judge, or other govt official can be tried for high crimes & misdemeanors (does not remove from office)
Features of the "city"
protection & defense for large numbers of people; points of trade & economic activity; enable exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs, & cultural values
industrial sector
that part of the economy which manufactures finished & secondary products
governmental party
the Office holders & candidates who run under a political party's banner
independent expenditures
the Supreme Court has ruled that individuals, groups, & parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidates
Bretton Woods triangle trade
the U. S. would use the convertible financial system to trade at a tremendous profit with developing nations, expanding industry & acquiring raw materials. It would use this surplus to send dollars to Europe, which would then be used to rebuild their economies, & make the U. S. the market for their products. This would allow the other industrialized nations to purchase products from the Third World, which reinforced the American role as the guarantor of stability
exchange
the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return
customer benefits
the advantages or personal satisfaction a customer will get from a good or service
Euripides
the author of Medea & other tragedies
Domino Theory
the belief that if the communist succeed in vietnam other countries is SE & E asia would also fall to communism
Executive Office of the Pres.
the cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the pres. carry out his responsibilities; currently the office includes the Office fo Management & Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, & other units
equity
the concept of equal rights & opportunities for everyone
interest: adoption process
the consumer seeks information about the new product
demand elasticity
the degree to which demand for a product is affected by its price
derived demand
the demand for industrial goods based on the demand for consumer goods & services
formal balance
when a large item is placed on one side of the display, a similarly large item should be placed on the other side
Free reign style
when a leader asks his friends & subordinates to take over his leadership position, is characterized by delegation, & his willingness to give advice
human communication as a transaction
when communication is mutually interactive; created based on concurrent sharing of ideas & feelings
currency drains
when deposits increase, public will want to hold more currency (currency in a person's wallet reamins outside banking system & cannot be held by banks as reserves from which to make loans)
fact - interference confusion
when someone makes an inference & thinks its a fact & acts upon it as a fact but really isn't
