Fundamentals of Nursing Ch: 3 Health, Illness, and Disparities

The health belief model is useful when educating individuals about health and illness. Why would this be?

It allows you to assess the client's beliefs and structure goals so he can meet health needs.

The recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning is defined as:

high-level wellness

Chronic illness may be characterized by periods of remission. Remission is best defined as:

the presence of a disease with the absence of symptoms.

A client makes a decision to quit smoking and joins a smoking cessation class. This is an example of which of Dunn's processes that helps a person know who and what he is?

Befitting

A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care?

Tertiary

The nurse in a free clinic caring for clients uses the Health Belief Model, which is based on three components. What is the main focus for this model?

It focuses on what people believe to be true about their health.

A woman over the age of 40 years has an annual mammogram. What level of prevention does this represent?

Secondary prevention

Research has shown that the incidence of chronic conditions is increasing. What lifestyle factor has been shown to contribute to this increase?

Smoking

The nurse is educating a client with diabetes on how to better control blood sugar levels and recognize the symptoms associated with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The client is frequently admitted to the hospital due to elevated blood sugars. This education is an example of which level of health promotion?

Tertiary

Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors?

The Agent-Host-Environment Model

The nurse is addressing primary prevention with a group of college students. Which is an example of a primary prevention measure?

use of condoms and safer sex practices

A client who has recently been diagnosed with a chronic illness appears to be depressed. When the nurse asks if there is something wrong, the client states, "Nothing will ever be the same for me since I have this disease." Which of the following is the most appropriate response for the nurse?

"If you maintain a positive self-concept, you can live as normally as possible."

Which is an example of the sociocultural dimension influencing a person's health-illness status?

A single mother of two applies for food stamps in order to feed her family

A patient with a lump in her breast calls her primary care physician to schedule an appointment for an evaluation. Based upon the patient's actions, what stage of illness is the patient demonstrating?

Assuming the sick role

An exacerbation refers to the reactivation of a disease. Which of the following conditions is associated with exacerbation?

Chronic illness

A client with Crohn's disease in remission is admitted to the nursing unit for follow-up care. The remission state is characterized by which of the following?

Disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with the disease

Risk factors for illness are divided into six categories. Working with carcinogenic chemicals is an example of which type of risk factor?

Environmental risk factor

Which of the following is not a factor in the agent-host-environment model of health and illness, as developed by Leavell and Clark (1965)?

Evil spirit

A patient has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of pancreatitis secondary to alcoholism. The patient states that he finds it nearly impossible to quit drinking because of the deep entrenchment of alcohol use in his circle of friends and line of work. As well, he claims that he thought limiting himself to beer and foregoing hard alcohol would prevent health problems. This patient is exhibiting health consequences rooted in which of the following human dimensions?

Sociocultural and intellectual

A nurse is caring for a patient who has COPD, a chronic illness of the lungs. The patient is in remission. Which statement best describes a period of remission in a patient with a chronic illness?

Symptoms are not experience

A nurse is caring for a female client age 17 years whose left leg was amputated after being crushed in a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following interventions might the nurse perform to accommodate the cleint's intellectual dimension?

Teaching her how to care for the stump and explaining the rehabilitation program

A nurse observes that a patient who has pneumonia is in the recovery and rehabilitation stage of the illness. What statement describes the patient response that the nurse would expect at this stage of the illness?

The patient gives up the dependent role.

You are presenting patient teaching to a 48 year old male who was just diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient has a BMI of 35 and leads a sedentary life style. You give the patient information on the risk factors for his diagnosis and talk with him about changing the behaviors of diet and exercise. You know that further patient teaching is necessary when your patient tells you what?

There is nothing that can be done anyway; chronic diseases cannot be prevented"

Which nursing intervention is an example of tertiary preventive care?

assisting with speech therapy for a client with a traumatic brain injury

The nursing instructor is teaching the students about acute and chronic illnesses and informs them that health promotion and illness prevention is vital because ___________.

chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world.

A community health nurse arranges for a dental checkup camp for the local children in the school district. Which of the following would most likely be the nurse's goal for this health camp?

health promotion

A group of students is reviewing the various levels of illness prevention. The students demonstrate understanding when they identify which of the following as a goal of tertiary prevention of illness?

minimizing complications

While providing client care, a nurse determines that a client adheres to the health belief model. What would the nurse need to assess as a factor possibly affecting the client's response to illness?

personality characteristics

A nurse refers a 67-year-old male client to group counseling for alcohol cessation. According to Rosenstock's health belief model, the client's knowledge of the diseases that may occur with alcoholism is a:

structural variable.

When providing holistic care to a client, the nurse recognizes that which of the following is necessary? Select all that apply

• Understand and respect each person's definition of health. • Understand and respect each person's responses to illness.

The nurse practitioner is discussing health promotion with a group of senior nursing students. What would be the best example of secondary health promotion?

Family counseling

The nursing instructor is teaching the students about health and wellness and identifies which of the following as the best definition for health?

Health is a state of complete well-being

A nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse explains to the client that COPD is a chronic disease. Why is COPD considered a chronic disease?

It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time.

A nurse caring for patients with diabetes knows that the following is a characteristic of a chronic illness:

It requires special patient education for rehabilitation.

The nurse is giving a talk to a local community group on the harms of smoking. The nurse tells the group that a risk factor is something that increases a person's chances for illness or injury. What type of risk factor is smoking?

Modifiable

The nurse understands the role that religion and spirituality plays in a client's health. Which of the following is one example of the influence of the spiritual dimension on health care?

Orthodox Jews prohibiting the intake of pork

What level of prevention is noted when the nurse educates a group of mothers of school-age children on self breast examinations?

Primary prevention

Which is an example of tertiary health promotion?

Rehabilitation

A client experiencing symptoms of cold is referred to the specialist for diagnosis and consultation. Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in which level of the health care system?

Secondary care

A client has had a total knee replacement and is receiving care that includes learning to walk with a walker. What level of prevention is most applicable to this client?

Tertiary prevention

What is a dynamic balance among the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of a person's life?

Wellness

What is the definition of wellness?

an active state of being healthy

Which of the following is an example of a characteristic of Stage 2 of illness?

A person tells his family that he is sick and allows them to take care of him.

A 90-year-old woman has a staphylococcus infection in her decubitus ulcer. Staphylococcus is the:

Agent

An elderly patient has been recently diagnosed with vascular dementia. Because he lives alone and has poorly controlled hypertension, he has begun to receive home healthcare. This new aspect of his care is characteristic of which stage of illness?

Assuming a dependent role

The nursing student who has diarrhea before every test and every clinical understands that this is not a healthy behavior. The student is aware that this negative effect can impact overall health. The nurse recognizes that this student needs to focus on which of the following dimensions of health?

Emotional dimension

A patient has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, a problem that was accompanied by a random blood glucose reading of 575 mg/dL, vomiting, and shortness of breath. This patient has experienced which of the following phenomena?

Exacerbation

When providing care to a client, the nurse integrates knowledge that a client's beliefs and actions are related and influenced by his personal expectations in relation to health and illness. The nurse is demonstrating understanding of which health model?

Health belief model

A hospital nurse assesses patients in various stages of illness. Which statements accurately describe patient responses to illness based on Suchman's stages of illness? (Select all that apply.)

• In stage 2, most people focus on their symptoms and bodily functions. • When help from a health care provider is sought, the person becomes a patient and enters stage 3, assuming a dependent role. • In stage 1, pain is the most significant symptom indicating illness, although other symptoms, such as a rash, fever, bleeding, or cough, may be present.

The nurse is using Leavell and Clark's Agent- Host-Environment Health Model to help plan nursing interventions for patients in a hospital setting. Which examples of nursing actions to prevent hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in these patients best illustrate the principles of this model? (Select all that apply.)

• The nurse should assess the patients for risk factors for infection when planning nursing care. • The nurse should consider the patients' family history and age when assessing risk factors for infection. • The nurse should examine environmental stressors in patients' lives to see how they might affect their recovery and ability to ward off infection.

What is a dynamic state in which a person constantly adapts to changes in the internal and external environment?

Health

What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?

Health

The nurse is preparing to talk to a local community group regarding chronic illness. The nurse informs the group that both external and internal factors influence a person's health. When discussing the fact that the male client has a higher chance of developing lung cancer due to his gender, which of the following dimensions is the nurse referring to?

Physical dimension

A nurse is immunizing children against measles. This is an example of what level of preventive care?

Primary

Your community outreach class is giving a presentation on seat belts and child safety seats at the local firehouse every weekend in October. What level(s) of health promotion is this an example of?

Primary

When caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with a chronic illness, the nurse understands the importance of promoting health by highlighting which of the following concepts?

Focus on what is possible.

A nurse working in the ICU understands that illnesses affect both the client as well as the family members. What are some things that often cause stress in family members due to a hospitalization of a family member? Select all that apply.

• Alterations in roles • Economic problems • Alterations in lifestyle • Decrease in social interactions

Which of the following activities would the nurse consider to be lifestyle risk factors for the development of health problems? Select all that apply.

• Avoiding exercise • Participating in extreme sports • Maintaining a stressful job

A nurse is caring for a patient who has breast cancer. The patient tells the nurse: "I don't know why this happened to me, but I'm ready to move on and do whatever I need to do to get healthy again." This patient is in which stage of acute illness?

Stage 3

What have the models of health promotion and illness prevention been used for?

To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors.

A nursing instructor is working with a class of first semester nursing students. The instructor explains the interrelatedness of health and wellness. What would be the best definition the nursing instructor could give of health?

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The client who has cancer has adapted to her diagnosis and has recently returned to work. When first diagnosed she was depressed and told everyone how sick she was. Since undergoing the chemotherapy she states that she now feels better than ever. The nurse recognizes that which of the following models of health promotion is most appropriate for this client?

The Health-Illness Continuum Model

A client enjoys eating high-calorie carbohydrate meals, but understands her blood sugar can increase sharply, ultimately causing the feeling of butterflies in her stomach as her blood sugar decreases. This is considered

self-concept.

Nurses promote the needs of clients as an integral part of each person's human dimension. Which needs are being met when a nurse recommends a senior citizen community center for an older client who is living alone?

Sociocultural needs

A nurse assists the client in the development of a healthy lifestyle. The adoption of these lifestyle changes in the client's life is considered:

self-care

The definition of chronic conditions can be complex. Which factors would you expect to be included in the definition of chronic conditions? Mark all that apply.

• Diseases where complete cures are rare. • Diseases that do not resolve spontaneously. • Diseases that have a prolonged course.

Nurses are aware that there is a current trend of an increase in the number of older adults resulting in an increase in the incidence of chronic illnesses. The nurse recognizes that some of the things that are necessary in order for a person to successfully adapt to a chronic illness include which of the following? Select all that appl

• One must learn to live as normally as possible. • One must maintain a positive self-concept. • One must maintain a sense of hope.

A nurse is performing health promotion activities for clients at a local health care clinic. Which nursing actions exemplify the focus of secondary preventive care? Select all that apply.

• Screening clients for hypertension • Scheduling a mammogram for a client • Referring a client to family counseling

Nurses understand the importance of adopting healthy behaviors so that they can better care for clients. What are some examples of healthy self-care behaviors everyone should adopt? Select all that apply.

• Sleeping 7-8 hours each night • Eating regular healthy meals • Maintaining an ideal body weight

Nurses understand the importance of health promotion and illness prevention. They also know that it is just as important for them to care for their own health needs. Which of the following are reasons that nurses need to care for their health needs? Select all that apply.

• So that they are able to give effective nursing care to others • To enable them to practice more efficiently • To help them serve as role models for clients • To help clients acquire new behaviors by modeling those same behaviors

After studying concepts of health and wellness, the nursing student realizes that many different things influence a client's personal perception of health. Which of the following influences should the student list as factors that impact how a client defines health? Select all that apply.

• Family • Culture • Community • Society