FW 110 Exam 1 Review
What are cnidocytes?
"Stinging cells" that contain nematocyst.
What are the general characteristics of echinoderms?
-Spiny skin, marine only, pentaradial symmetry, endoskeleton of ossicles, filter feed and carnivorous -Ossicles, water vascular system, pentaradial symmetry
What are some examples of cephalopods? which ones do we harvest/eat?
-Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus. We eat squid and octopus
How has the problem changed and/or ameliorated with the invasion of Beroe ovata?
-They have started to eat the Mnemioposis
For what 2 uses have sponges been harvested in the past 100 years?
Actual sponges and Pharmaceuticals
Most "specious" phyla on planet?
Arthropods
How do asconoid, synconoid, and leuconoid sponges generally differ?
Asconoid: Simple vaselike structure, size limitation. Synconoid: Body wall is complex with many finger-like folds. Larger surface area due to folds mean they can be larger in size Leuconoid: Does not have a vaselike shape. No atrium, but instead has more smaller internal cavities in which the water flows. Multiple osculum in which the water flows out. Largest sponges.
What is the general body plan of sponges? Do they have organs? Tissues?
Asymmetrical, pore bearing. No organs, no tissues. They have porocytes where water flows into the internal cavity (atrium), and an osculum (opening) at the top where the water is pumped out.
Which crustacean is sessile?
Barnacles
What was the Black Sea fishery like pre-1960s?
Became saline and had a huge fishery, 26 species. Sea grass beds, 5 times more productive than Mediterranean
Where are corals located? What are their environmental requirements?
Between 30 degrees North/South of the equator, tropical waters. Extends a little further in the West due to warm ocean currents, a little narrower in the East due to cold ocean currents. Good amounts of bright sunlight, < 50-70m of water, limited turbidity, warm water >18 degrees C (annual avg), moderate waves/currents, not a lot of sediment or fresh water
Where is Mnemioposis invasive now?
Black Sea
Is there a mouth and anus or just a mouth in ctenophores?
Body contains internal cavity, mouth, and anal pores
What problems are affecting Aves and Marine Mammals?
Bycatch/bykill, destructive fishing strategy, lack of enforcement of protective regulations, overfishing, illegal harvest, marine debris/marine pollution
What material composes the ossicles?
CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)
What material composes a mollusk shell? Where do mollusks get that material?
Calcium carbonate
What are some examples of bivalves? which ones do we harvest/eat?
Clams, oysters, scallops. We eat all of those
What are the important marine chordates?
Class Chondrichthyes: Skates, rays, sharks Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes Class Reptilia: Sea snakes, iguana, sea turtles Aves: penguins, shorebirds, sea birds Mammalia: whales, dolphins, seals, walrus
What are some specializations of cephalopods to their active life style?
Closed circulatory systems, camoflauge, exceptional vision, beak to tear prey, tentacles to grip prey
How do ctenophores swim?
Comb paddles have thousands of cilia that are used to swim.
How did the Black Sea fishery change before the invasion of Mnemiposis leidyi (ie. industrialization...)
Competition between the East and the West encouraged production and led to environmental degradation. Horrible pollution of 3 main rivers; C, N, P stimulate algae growth that blocked light to deeper waters and uses up most of the oxygen.
What is CITES?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species - international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
What are some examples of malacostrans?
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, isopods, amphipods
What are the prey of ctenophore? What are their predators?
Ctenophores prey on plankton, ctenophores, and cnidarians. They are preyed on by jellies, sea turtles, and some fish.
How do cnidarians exchange gases?
Diffusion
What led to the demise of the sponge industry?
Disease, thought to be because of Red Tide, wiped out sponge beds.
What 4 similarities characterize (almost) all mollusks?
Foot- mouth (radula) and feeding parts Shell- Calcium Carbonate Mantle- Delicate tissue, most of body Visceral Mass- Internal Organs
You should know the sequence of reef formation...to atolls
Fringing Reefs (reefs formed along the coastline of islands) → Barrier Reefs (reefs surrounding an islands with a protected lagoon in between) (sinking island) → Atolls (reef with lagoons but no central island) (island has sunk below sea level)
How did Mnemioposis enter the Black Sea?
From ballast water
What is a ctenophore?
Greek word for comb-bearing, they're sometimes called comb jellies. Invertebrate animal in marine waters.
You should know the 4 classes of cnidarians and (at least) 1 member of each.
Hydrozoa "water animal"- Portuguese Man o' War, Obeila Scyphozoa "cup animal"- True Jellyfish, Moon Jellies (Both) Cubozoa "cube animal"- Box Jellies, Sea Wasp (Medusa) Antozoa "flower animal"- Sea anemones, Corals (Polyp)
What countries eat/import sea cucumbers?
Japan, Korea, China
Where are cnidarians found?
Mostly shallow marine
How do sponges obtain food? Reproduce?
Obtain food through filter feeding, Choanocytes (in inner lining) cause the flow of water and trap food particles that are suspended in the water. They reproduce both sexually and asexually (fragmentation/budding). Sperm leaves sponge through osculum and is taken in through currents generated by choanocytes. Fertilized eggs develop into free swimming larvae.
Where do we find ctenophores?
Only in marine water, wide ranges of salinity. Both inshore and offshore, shallow and deep, tropical and polar
Why are oysters considered keystone species?
Oyster beds are important for the development of juvenile fish and invertebrates
What is the Chesapeake Bay situation with oysters?
Oysters are dying out in that area, less and less are able to be harvested, not there to filter the water,
Why is Texas spraying ground up oyster shells into their shallows?
Oysters need residue of old oyster shells to start living in an area
Why is their life cycle kind of unique? What is a medusa? Polyp?
Polyp stage → asexual → Medusa stage → sexual → Polyp stage
What were the consequences of the Mnemioposis entering the Black Sea?
Predator: ate plankton and larval eggs; anchovy collapse; 1990 there was 1 billion tons of ctenophores.
How do cnidarians feed?
Preying on organisms using nematocyst, absorbing organic chemicals, filter feeding, symbiotic algae.
What is the basic body plan of ctenophores? and defining characteristics?
Radial or biradial symmetry, two layers of cells: epidermis and gastrodermis (mesoglea in between), non-stinging Plates of fused cilia arranged in rows (combs), adhesive prey capturing cells called colloblasts
What are cnidarian's basic body plan? Why are they considered diploblastic?
Radial symmetry, single mouth, no head or anus (have Medusa and Polyp stage) -Only Ectoderm (Epidermis) and Endoderm (gastrodermis)
Why are mollusks considered so diverse?
Second largest animal phylum; have extremely diverse morphology
For what products are sharks primarily targeted?
Shark fin soup, shark meat
How have humans affected the shark population?
Shark finning and the shark meat trade have dramatically reduced a number of populations, some having been decreased by 99% in areas
What is a spicule and what are the different types?
Spicules are sharp/pointy, usually present in large numbers on sponges. Different classes based on spicules: Class Calcarea: Spicules made of calcium carbonate. Diversity greatest in shallow/tropic waters. Class Hexactinellida: "Glass sponges." Siliceous spicules. Early branch within Porifera Class Demospongiae: > 90% of the 5,000 known sponge species fall into this category. Skeleton composed of spongin fibers and/or siliceous spicules. This whole class has a Leuconoid body form.
What are zooxanthellae? What is their relationship with corals?
Symbiotic Relationship. Algae that lives in gastrodermis or corals, zooxanthellae provides nutrients to coral through photosynthesis, corals provide shelter and access to sunlight
You should know the basics of what makes up coral reef?
They are formed on top of bedrock platforms, are rigid masses of calcium carbonate derived primarily from colonial type coral skeletons. Can also be formed from coralline algae, worms, and clams that secrete calcium carbonate shells.
How are they important economically and culturally?
They are some of the more popular sea food
What role do sponges play in the ecosystem that makes them important?
They filter tons of water every day, extremely important to the ecosystem.
How do sponges generate such a large current?
They have choanocytes which are cells with beating flagella that cause the water to flow
What are the benefits of coral reefs?
They provide a habitat (with many symbiotic relationships) for many species of fish, cnidarians, ctenophores, etc. Emphasis on supporting biodiversity.
What is the function of the colloblasts?
They're adhesive prey capturing cells. Sticky retractable tentacles used to catch prey.
Besides food, what are the major impacts of mollusks?
They're filter feeders so they filter out our water, pearls, shell collecting
Why are copepods so important to marine food webs?
They're zooplankton which are the biggest source of protein in the ocean
What is bycatch?
Things not part of the target species being caught (a dolphin caught in a tuna net, a stingray caught in a shrimp trawl, sea turtles on longlines, etc)
What are the uses of the water vascular system?
circulation, respiration, locomotion feeding
Which groups of arthropods are the most important to marine ecosystems?
copepods and crustaceans
How are they adapted to sessile lifestyle?
entire body covered in hard ossicles, not a lot of "meat" on them
Where are sponges found?
mostly marine (one freshwater family), variety of depths because they don't need sunlight, sessile (permanently attached to substrate)
Definitions you should know: sessile
permanently attached to substrate
What are some examples of gastropods? which ones do we harvest/eat?
snails, slugs, sea slugs, nudibranchs. Conch and Abalone are eaten.
Why has the crown of thorns sea star received attention?
they eat polyps, weather/nutrients can lead to outbreaks of them that kill coral reefs
Why are sea urchins important in maintaining coral reef health?
they help control algae populations so that they don't overrun the coral polyps
Symmetry and organs of mollusks?
triploblastic and bilaterally symmetric, have body organs