Gabe biology final review

Sexual and asexual

Name the types of reproduction.

The number of people in a particular area.

population

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. Moves molecules, atoms, ions, etc. from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Active Transport

provides support and protection to the cell membrane

Cell Wall Function

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. ex. budding, binary fission, fragmentation

Asexual reproduction

Weather

Average year-after-year conditions are to CLIMATE as day-to-day atmospheric conditions are to ________.

the study of life and living organisms, from one-celled creatures to the most complex living organism of all — the human being.

Biology

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cell Membrane - function

traps energy from the sun to produce food for the plant cell

Chloroplasts function

attraction between similar molecules (e.g., attraction between two water molecules)

Cohesion

A type of symbiosis - The relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

Commensalism

the living part of an eacosystem

Community

Eukaryotes have nucleated cells and identifiable cell structures called organelles, while prokaryotes are more variable in their cellular structure and lack a discrete nucleus. Prokaryotes are all single-celled organisms. A Eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus. The nuclear material in the cell or the DNA is contained within a double membrane.

Compare Prokaryotes with Eukaryotes.

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytoplasm function

Cell Membrane = the semi-permeable structure that surrounds the cell and keeps all of the cells organelles from exploding everywhere.

Describe the cell membrane

Nucleus = A really dense organelle of the cell usually surrounded by two membranes. They contain and protect your genetic material. Basically everything that makes you, you.

Describe the cell nucleus

Cell Wall = the rigid 'armor' of the cell that surrounds it after the membrane. Usually made up of cellulose and ONLY found in plant cells.

Describe the cell wall

Cytoplasm = The watery, salty, and protein filled 'soup' that fills the cell. All organelles float happily in this.

Describe the cytoplasm

Energy flows from the sun to the autotrophs, and from the autotrophs to the heterotrophs. Energy also flows from the autotrophs and the heterotrophs to the decomposers.

Describe the flow of energy among the following members of an ecosystem: decomposers, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and the sun. (*-*)

Energy flows from the sun to the autotrophs, and from the autotrophs to the heterotrophs. Energy also flows from the autotrophs and the heterotrophs to the decomposers.

Describe the flow of energy among the following members of the ecosystem: decomposers, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and the sun.

see review sheet

Describe the flow of energy from the sun through living things. How does each organism in the energy flow relate to the sun?

Photosynthesis is a process used by plantss in which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into molecules needed for growth. These molecules include sugars, enzymes and chlorophyll. Light energy is absorbed by the green chemical chlorophyll.

Describe the process of photosynthesis.

Sunlight Chemical energy

Describe the two sources of energy that fuel life on earth?

quantitative

During an experiment, measuring the height of a plant in centimeters would be an example of collecting ______ data.

the living and nonliving things in an environment and all their interactions

Eacosystem

the internal delivery system of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum - Function

The cell theory helps define life - all living things are made of cells, and the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of a living thing. The cell has all the processes of an organism in miniature ... digestion, respiration, reproduction. Cell theory basically states that all living things have cells.

Explain the significance of the cell theory to biology.

-seasonal cycles, certain human activities, and unusual weather

Give 2-3 examples of a limiting factor.

Animals, plants, fungi, insects. Basically everything except bacteria.

Give an example of a Eukaryote cell

bacteria

Give an example of a Prokaryote cell

packages, modifies, and transports materials to different locations inside/outside of the cell

Golgi Complex - Function

The Body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is changing.

Homeostasis

An organism that a parasite lives with, in, or on, and provides a source of energy or suitable environment for the parasite to live

Host

Both mutualism and commensalism involve a close relationship between two organisms where at least one of them benefits. In mutualism, both organisms benefit while in commensalism one benefits and the other is unaffected.

How is mutualism similar and different from commensalism?

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very low rainfall, hot days cold nights, few plants, some storing water

List 2 characteristics of Desert Biome.

low rainfall, hot or warm summers cold winters. Dominated by grasses.

List 2 characteristics of Grassland Biome.

Cool wet winters and hot dry summers, often with fires. Drought resistant shrubs dominate, with evergreen foliage.

List 2 characteristics of Shrubland Biome.

Moderate rainfall, warm summers cool winters, trees that shed their leaves in winter dominate with shrubs and herbs beneath

List 2 characteristics of Temperate Deciduous Fores Biome.

Rainfall high to very high and hot to very hot in all seasons. Huge plant diversity

List 2 characteristics of Tropical Rainforest Biome.

Very low temperatures, little precipitation, very small trees, mosses and lichens-

List 2 characteristics of Tundra Biome.

fertility rate, mortality rate, immigration and emigration

List 3 things that cause a decrease in population.

Cell Wall - Function: provides support and protection to the cell membrane Chloroplasts - Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food for the plant cell

List the organelles only found in a plant cell and function.

1. Ask a question or observation 2. Form a hypothesis 3. experiment 4. make observation 5. analysis 6. make a conclusion

List the step of the scientific method.

Lysosomes, Centrioles

List things only found in animal cells.

Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole.

List things only found in plant cells.

Abiotic factors may include: temperature, rainfall, and space.

List three abiotic factors that determine the survival of a rabbit in a temperate forest.

Biotic factors may include: plants the rabbit eats, predators that eat the rabbit, and animals that compete with the rabbit for food and territory.

List three biotic factors that determine the survival of a rabbit in a temperate forest.

nitrogen-containing compounds

Living organisms require nitrogen to make _________, such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA).

energy formation

Mitochondria - Function

A type of Symbiosis - a relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Mutualism

car exhaust, electricity use, and forest fires

Name 3 ways humans are adding to pollution that is increasing global warming.

1. Carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) 2. Lipids (carbon and hydrogen, not as much oxygen.) 3. Proteins (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) 4. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus)

Name the macromolecules Name the elements found in each.

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it that make proteins and lipids. Smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes and can be used for storage and for making lipids.

Name the two types of ER, where the ribosomes are found in each, and what is synthesized in each.

holds the DNA

Nucleus - Function

Decomposers

Organisms that break down organic matter and return it to the environment are called ________.

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane from kinetic energy from molecular motion. Moves molecules, atoms, ions, etc. from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Passive Transport

Herbivores

Plant-eating animals such as cows are called_________.

property of a molecule with oppositely charged ends. because of it, water is able to dissolve many different substances.

Polarity

An interaction in which one organism kills and eats another.

Predation

Organism that does the killing in a predation interaction

Predator

Organism that is killed and eaten by another organism

Prey

makes proteins

Ribosomes - Function

helps make proteins

Rough ER function

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Sexual reproduction

makes fats or lipids

Smooth ER function

1. All living things are composed of cells. 2.Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. 3. Cells are produced by other cells.

Summarize three statements from the cell theory.

spontaneous generation

The name given to the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter is _______.

hydrogen ions

The pH scale is a measurement system that indicates the concentration of ________ in solution.

biology

The science that seeks to understand the living world is called __________.

Ecology

The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment is called_________.

stores water

Vacuoles- Function

The area of the earth inhabited by life. It contains all the earth's ecosystems.

What and where is the biosphere?

molecules, cells, groups of cells, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

What are five of the levels of organization that biologists study?

Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?

geographic distribution density growth rate age structure

What are the four main characteristics of a population?

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

What is a catalyst?

A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

What is a hypothesis?

Environment conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism. More limiting factors=less people. Less limiting factors=more people. Density independent factors: natural disasters, Density dependent factors- competition, predators, parasites, and disease. Can only have if the population is too large

What is a limiting factor?

energy that is needed to get a reaction started

What is activation energy?

The random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration of those molecules to an area of lower concentration.

What is diffusion?

energy changes

What is one of the most important factors in determining whether a chemical reaction will occur?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2. carbon dioxide plus water and light energy produces a carbohydrate (glucose) and oxygen.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A food chain only shows ONE path of energy. A food web shows many paths.

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

A theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations; a hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

Structural Functions, Enzymes, Hormonal Regulation, regulation of Cell Division, Antibodies,

What is the function of a protein?

Eukaryotic cells: have plasma membranes, only have cell walls if the cells are plants., They do have a nucleus, They have cytoplasm.

Which of these structures are you likely to find in a Eukaryotic cell?

Plant cells: have both the cell wall, and have a plasma membrane, have a nucleus, have cytoplasm.

Which of these structures are you likely to find in a Plant cell?

Prokaryotic cells: have plasma membranes. cell walls are usually chemically complexed, don't have a nucleus, have cytoplasm

Which of these structures are you likely to find in a Prokaryotic cell?

Animal cells: only have the plasma membranes, No cell wall, have a nucleus, have cytoplasm.

Which of these structures are you likely to find in an Animal cell?

Abiotic factors may include: temperature, rainfall, and space.

list three ABIOTIC factors that determine the survival of a rabbit in a temperate forest.

break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells

liposomes - Function

cells, tissues, organ systems, and organisms.

list the four levels of organization from simplest to most complex.

Biotic factors may include: plants that the rabbit eats, predators that eat the rabbit, and animals that compete with the rabbit for food and territory.

list three BIOTIC factors that determine the survival of a rabbit in a temperate forest.

regulate chemical pathways and transfer information

name two essential roles that enzymes play in cells