GB310

sales process

Sales process is an operational process with three main activities—Sell, Ship, and Payment

The problems of Sales Process without SAP and SAP solutions

Sales: 1.No opportunity for real-time price discounting SAP: real-time price discounting activity a part of inherent process 2.Inaccurate data on products available for sale SAP: real-time data sharing Warehouse: 1. No communication to sales on significant changes to future inventory. SAP: Inventory forecast sent to sales with integration of SAP processes Accounting: 1. Wasted time spent on invoice and other errors SAP: Inherent processes enforce input controls to reduce errors 2. New customer delays SAP: real-time data sharing

Five components model

1.Recognize that you are the key: mind and thinking are the most important of IS (determine the quality of IS) 2.Make Each component work: right procedure, right format data 3. Estimate the scope of New IS: scope of investment, new hardware, new licensed program 4.Prioritize components by difficulty and disruption: Additional hardware easy develop new program hard new database or change existing database hard+1 change procedure hard+2 change personal responsibility, work in new ways, hard+3 5. IS is more than Technology: x IS = IT, result in poor procedures and undertrained people

Decision making challenges

1.Vendor selecting ERP vendors have strength and weakness, picking the right is important 2.Gap Analysis identify the difference btw the business requirements from strategic planning the the capabilities of the chose ERP system difficult to decide what the the company would like the ERP to do Should ensure, focused, short list of like. Difficult to decide whether integrate existing IS to ERP 3.Configuration: item identifiers (track every item?), order size (specify the Standard volume of order), Bill of Material (specifies the materials, quantities, and subassemblies needed to create final product) 4. DATA issues: format of data, how to avoid duplicate 5. Cutover Method: cutover from current way of doing business to new ERP system.

How can IS hinder a process?

"If an IS prevents or restricts a flow, this can hinder process" this situation called Information silo: the data needed for a process activity is unavailable because it is stored, in an isolated, separated IS. Eg. In evaluating suppliers delivers to the pizza shops, with KPI ( timeliness of delivery), diff btw schedule and actual. However Scheduled delivery time are stored in the franchise IS, but actual delivery times are stored in spreadsheets at different shops.

How can people use Information

1. Assume it is hard to communicate: given is not exactly received 2. Recognize that all new IS are frustrating at first: learning process 3. Understand how to be effective on a team: provide data diffen than that people already knows, so they can create info based on it. 4. Stay Curious: keeping creating info 5. Realize that people share data but believe it is information: most do not discern 6. Take resp for you own learning: life-long learning

Benefits of ERP Systems •In the past, business functions and departments ran their own processes using their own information systems and databases (not optimal). •ERP systems are very large enterprise IS that bring data together in a big database and help a company improve its processes (SAP leading vendor). •While you don't need to know all the technical details, you will need to know about ERP systems and know how to use an ERP system.

1. Data sharing occurs in real time 2. Implements integrated processes that are industry best practices 3. More managers see more data, leading to better insight 4. Information silo problem is solved 5. Better integration with supply chain partners

How can IS be used to improve processes

1. Improve activity: improve one of the activities in process by using IS eg. GPS for delivery food, reduce time 2. Improve data flow among activities: adding data flow btw activities eg. order data from order process to delivery process, help driver make better plans 3.Improve control of Activities: control help activities so a process run more smoothly and consistently Control help reduce exceptions (unexpected outcome that requires an action-food doesn't arrive) eg. Enron case 4. Use automation: computer does an activity which was done by a person before. eg. auto-driving car 5. improve procedures: procedure is often a weak link btw process and IS, so improving procedure leads to process improvement. eg. have a great phone but don't have a good movie process, cuz don't how to find nearby theatres by using the phone.

How can SAP improve CRM process (Customer relationship management)

1. Improving CRM processes by Data sharing 2.Improving CRM processes with integration

Bottom Line of GB310

1. Give you the background you need to access, evaluate, and apply emerging info systems technology to business. 2. Give you the ultimate in job security-employment skills- by helping you learn..4 skills 3. Job opportunities

Competitive strategy (2nd step, In response to industrial structure)

1. Lower cost across the industry 2.Lower cost in an segment 3. Better product/service across the industry 4. Better product/service within an industry segment Principle 1 : ONLY commits one. Wrong to do more than one at a time. (failed to achieve either) Principle 2: must be distinctive and maintainable. (if competitors do similar strategy better, fatal cons) To be effective: CS must consistent with Og's goals, culture, and activities. Also IS facilitate.

People Challenges

1. Management moves on too early: MA assumes that once decision is made, they can move on, but they need to stay for monitoring the implementation. 2. Management oversells: Ma overselling the vision of what ERP will do, often being blinded by the promised benefit of system without looking assumptions 3. Management failed to anticipate cultural resistance: ERP imple.. can change the culture (day-to-day work habit), employees may resistant, which may threat self-efficacy (believe cannot succeed in job) 4. Team collaboration breaks down: Team collaboration breaks down, ERP suffers 5. Users fell pain and get no gain: people who change ways of work can receive no benefit, resulting in pain (may use cash prize) 6.Difficult to use software: How to get people learn ERP system that is not user friendly? time, cost.

Elements of ERP system

1. Software: Reside on server on client machine or cloud Configuration: customize system without changing program code Customization: writing a new code to supplement ERP system 2. Data: Transactional data: data related with events Master data (reference date): data no change with transactions, eg, name, address Organizational data : data about company, location, malling address 3. Hardware: many, including disk, sotrage, clients, printers.... cloud computing become increasingly popular 4. Procedures: set of instructions for a person to follow when operating IS Every ERP installation requires a firm to select ERP process and then specify how those processes will be executed on ERP. 5. People: Users: employees in firm implementing the system IT analysts: trained to support, maintain, and adapt the system after implemented (employees) Consultant (third party): helps budget, plan, train, confiture, and implement the system, work before, during, and after implementation.

ERP upgrades Challenges

1. Surprise and resistance Upgrade is disruptive, people lose belief 2. Justification: Original settlement of ERP provides vivid improvement from non. Upgrade not provide so vivid contrast 3. Version lock: a client firm has so customized ERP system that locked itself from upgrading. 4. No long-term upgrade strategy: Strategy should specify plans for upgrading different business functions and should allocate sufficient fund and manpower to ensure future upgrades are wisely conceived and excited.

How can management improve processes

1. classify objectives: efficient or effective 2. make unstated assumptions explicit 3. Match object to the strategy Also must specify measure for each objective. Measures (metrics): quantities assigned to attributes eg, GPA, Height Key performance indicators (KPI), measure selected by managers to use to asses process performance

Procurement process : P2P (procure to pay cycle)

1. purchasing manager Find qualified suppliers, ask price 2. Purchasing managerCreate Purchasing order (PO), a document specifies the quantity of product and service in return of payment 3. Warehouse: Once Receive from suppliers, update Inventory 4. Accounting: pay bills, record.

BI-support Activities "•Key sources: health care, financial, scientific, communication, machines •Spending on the analysis of business data has tripled in the past 16 years. •250,000 vacant data analysis jobs by 2024. •Need for 1.5 million managers who can work alongside data scientists to turn insights from data into improved business processes •Call for businesses to be data driven—to rely on evidence and data rather than intuition or personal experience."

1.Acquiring: Obtain data, Cleanse data, organize and release data, catalog data 2.Analyzing: Breaks a thing down to examine its details in order to reveal its essential features-pattern in detail. Reporting: aimed at assessment (sorting, filtering, grouping, cal..) Data mining: for prediction (advanced statistics) 3.Publishing Visualizations: diagram communicates data pattern Digital Dashboard: viz customized for for a particular user. (list of stocks price, weather forecast)

Soft Skills

1.Creativity 2.persuasion 3.Collaboration 4.Adaptability 5.Time Management (based on survey of 2019) 5. Emotional Intelligence (new, replace TM)

Challenges of ERP system

1.Decision making challenges: 2. People challenges 3. ERP upgrades

Key components of BI

1.Hardware: BI server, must be scalable, provide control options, often cloud-based 2.Software: differ by activity, analyze the publish software increasingly easier to use 3.DATA: operational sources, external source (combined with OPS, stored in the data warehouse) 4.Procedures: Acquire Data activity requires technical training Analyze the publish activities increasingly easier to used by trained end-users follow simple instructions. 5. People: Informing differences based on differences in knowledge, education, and experience. Differences promote collaboration "Informing is limited by user knowledge and collaboration skills" "Most BI applications depend on a data warehouse, so businesses must learn to acquire and store data in a different way from their traditional transactional database"

Business Intelligence (BI)

A process of acquiring, analyzing, and publishing data with an objective of discovering or reading patterns in data will inform a businessperson. BI system: an information system that supports those three activities.

BI IS supporting new business process

Airplane Eta Estimation: need to be predictan accurate arrival time at the gate. early, frustrated late, time waste BI analyze weather, winds, GPS.... Prediction markets Energy conservation: public utilities use BI to help homeowners reduce energy consumption.

Big Data

Big data: data collections that are characterized by huge volume, rapid velocity, and great variety 1. big data datasets are usually hundreds of terabytes in size, or larger 2. Big data is generated rapidly or accessed rapidly 3. Big data has structured date, free-form text, log files, graphics, audio, and video

How can management principles improve processes?

Bottleneck: when one activity reduce the performance of the overall process. Eg: too many cus are being served by waiter.

What is Business process?

Business process: a sequence of activities for accomplishing a functions Activity: a task within a business process resources: the items, such as people, computers, and data, and document, necessary to accomplish the task Actors: resources as humans or computer hardware Role: a subset of the activities in a business that are performed by a particular actor

Why information Silo exist?

Can be caused physical separation of stores Also occur even all the data is under the same roof Because 1. one databased stores data on restaurant sales, another database keep track of the inventory and delivers, at the end of day data are compiled and shared with other database. "Several times a year sales are quite unusual and this delay leads to running out of items at restaurant or unneeded delivers. " (can be avoided if stored in one data base) Why stored in separate database? 1. Departments prefer to control the data they use, they are all experts of the data eg. accounts know more than anyone else about how accounting database should be used, so naturally control how set up, how used. 2. Departments have different objectives, a department system that support a key obj, even if with information silo, might be better than enterprise system doesn't support that obj. 3. some sensitive data cannot be shared (tax data, health care claims) 4. Department IS are more affordable and can be purchased and implemented more quickly than enterprise solutions Effort to minimize Information silo will continue

Cloud (the future for most organizations)

Cloud: elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the internet elastic: # of resource can be increased or decreased dramatically Benefits 1.lower cost through economies of scale (pooled resources), pay just resource needed,

Data application system

Components: data base, DBMS, database applications

Database

Database: self-describing collection of integrated records. Records are integrated because rows can be tied together by their key/foreign key relationship

Information System (5th step)

Determined by competitive strategies High-end service: need more sophisticated IS systems ● IS Can influence five forces: Reduce threats of new competitors, reduce bargaining power by raising switching costs for suppliers and customers ● IS Can offer new opportunities for differentiation: leader of customer service ● IS can help pursue low-cost strategy

How does E-commerce Improve Processes in an industry

E-commerce: multi-firm process of buying and selling goods and services

ERP and International firms

ERP can bring tremendous benefits for international firms. 1.International ERP solutions are designed to work with multiple currencies, manage international transfers, and work effectively with supply chains across the world. 2. ERP can provide a worldwide consolidation of financial statement timely base, help firms identify optimized production level. Single Instance: one large ERP Multiple Instance: ERP for each country, or business unit

Objectives of BI process

Effectiveness 1.Assessment: informed about current conditions (what is the problem, what is the action needed?) 2. Prediction informed about the likelihood of future events (what is the next best thing can happen? what if we change this?) Efficiency Time and cost: Target specific time and budget

Objective of process

Efficiency: Maximize output using minimum inputs Effectiveness: helps achieve OG strategy

Value chain and Business process

Examples of operational process, managerial process and strategic process

Industry Structure Assessment (1st step in determining OS)

Fives Forces model: 1. Threat of substitutions: Products with similar function.(lower P, easier switch, higher threats) 2. Threat of new entrants. Barries to entry: factors make new player difficult to enter the industry. (High Customer switch cost, Large initial Investment, and Gov policies, sales and distribution channels) 3. Existing rivals (copycats): Intensity based on: •Number of competitors •Firm growth rates •Economies of scale •Information complexity •Exit barriers ●High: when Rivals compete using discount, new products, and improvements ●High +1 when: many rivals, Slow Industry growth, High exit barriers i 4. Bargaining power of suppliers: # of available suppliers, product differentiation of suppliers 5. Bargaining power of customers: •Buyer volumes •Prohibitive switching costs for customers •Relative size of the firm compared to size of suppliers, customers

DBMS

Functions 1.Creating database and its structures (tables, relationships...) 2.Processing the database: read, insert, modify, or delete data, SQL (international language for process) 3. Administering database: provide tools to assist in the administration of database. (Eg.set up security system, backup, removing...)

Information and Data

Information: knowledge derived from data (recored facts of figures that describe the characteristics of an event of object) 1. more than data: meaningful 2. varies from person to person:different interpretation (edu, Bak, Exp) 3. Is located inside you: in the mind of viewer

Hardware

Input Device: input data and command, (IOT) everything connect to internet Output Device: allow users to see or hear output Storage: CD, Disks, Hard Driver Cpu : Central processing unit, execute the instructions specified in software. RAM (random access memory) Eg. Wearable Personal Computer Tablets Server: a computer that is designed to support processing from remote computers and users Server farm: collection of servers Clients: Hardware access to server Future Hardware (1) the Internet of Things (IoT), (2), Virtual/Augmented Reality, (3), 3D Printing, and (4) Cloud Storage as important growth areas for different types of hardware (e.g., input, output, storage). I would add (5) Robotics, and (6) Quantum Computing.

Cloud

Market share

Key performance indicators (KPI)

Must be 1. Reasonable (valid, compelling) 2. accurate (exact, precise) 3. Consistent (Reliable) Eg. graph

Networks

Network: a collection of computers that communicate with one another over transmission lines or wireless connections PAN: devices around single person LAN: PCs in geographic location (Small/Home office) WAN: devices across geographic locations (business) Internet: network of network, connect LANS, WNAS.. Intranet: a private internet within orgiz

How Does CPI Implement SAP to solve problems

Objectives Efficiency-increase Customer Order size KPI: Average sale amount Effectiveness 1.faster customer response KPI: Elapsed time from order to arrival, percentage of sales of first-year products 2. Reduce canceled sales to top customers KPI: revenue canceled sales to top 20 customers

Software

Operating System: Windows, Macos, Unix, Andriod Application: Off-the-Shelf / Customized or Altered / Custom-Developed / Open Source Horizontal-market apps: across industry Vertical-market apps: specific industry One-of-a kind market: unique need

Inherent Processes (process blue prints)

Optimized business process designed by an ERP vender to be used by client firms. firms use ERP must either adapt to predefined processes or change, which cause huge expense

Process in value chain

Primary activities 1. Inbound Logistics process: receive, store, and disseminate product input Procurement is an Inbound operational process that acquires goods and services. 2. Operations process: transfer inputs into outputs eg. production of pizza (operational operation) scheduling maintenance on the ovens( managerial operation) Eva if open a new store (strategic operational) 3. Outbound Logistics process: collect, store, and distribute products to buyers. concerns the management of finished-good inventory and the movement of goods to customers. eg. Sales process: record sales, ship product, bill customer (operational outbound process) Award a refund (managerial outbound) Determine payment policy (strategic outbound) 4.Sales and Marketing: provide means and incentives for customers to purchase P/S Obj: to find prospects and transform them into customers by selling sth Operational promotion: mails promotions to cus managerial marketing:evaluate promotion discount Strategic marketing: launch new product 5.Service process: providing after-sales support to enhance or maintain the value of product or service Operational customer service: Track orders, Customers, Customer support, customer support training. Management service process: evaluate customers complains to determine if there are patterns exist Strategic process: Evaluating Service options Support activities 1. Human resources processes: Assess the motivations and skills of employees, create job positions, investigate employee, train Operational HR processes: recruit, compensate, and assess employee performance. management HR processes: address the development and training employee for the future dev Strategic HR processes: determine pay scales, authorize types of incentives, and decide organizational structure 2. Technology Development Process: designing, developing, and testing technology in support of the primary activities. Operational technology De process: test whether newly developed software can handle high volumes of entries. Managerial technology de process: estimate time required for each step in a software development process. Strategic technology de process: decide if a particular technology will be purchased or develop by the company. 3. Infrastructure Processes: include processes in accounting, admin, quality assurance, and legal and financial areas. Operational Inf: executing the quality assurance evaluation on product as it moves through a production line. Managerial Inf: production of Financial Statements Strategic: determine if a patent should be obtained

Procedure

Procedure is a set of instructions for a person to follow when operations an IS. knowledge of IS procedure increase productivity. Each IS has different procedure for every process the IS supports

Major ERP vendors

SAP: 20% Oracle: 14% Microsoft: 9% others 57%

Sales fundamentals (O2C, order to cash cycle) B2B: to business customers (more common) B2C: to customers

Sales Agent: contacted customers, give price quote, verify products. Quotation: a binding agreement to sell a product at a specific price to a customer in a specific date. then create sales order (SO) Accounting: Accounting approve SO, by getting data from sales database, customers data from accounting data base...all different Warehouse Manager: prepare, pack, and ship the product to customer. Send notice to accounting when goods are shipped....

spreedsheet and database

Spreadsheet •Rows & Columns •Single user •Single theme (e.g. Grades) Database •Tables •Relationships (keys) •Multi-user •Multi-theme

SAP Improves Supply Chain Processes at CBI

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the design, planning, execution, and integration of all supply chain processes. SCM uses a collection of tools, techniques, and management activities to help businesses develop integrated supply chains that support organizational strategy. Data sharing is the practice of distributing the same data to multiple processes (helps reduce the bullwhip effect). Process integration occurs when processes are mutually supportive (when one process is done well, the objectives of another process are also achieved).

ERP Core functions

Supply chain management (SCM; procurement, sales order processing, inventory management, supplier management, and related activities) Manufacturing (manufacturing scheduling, capacity planning, quality control, bill of materials, and related activities) Customer relationship management (CRM; sales prospecting, customer management, marketing, customer support, call center support) Human resources (payroll, time and attendance, HR management, commission calculations, benefits administration, and related activities) Accounting (general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash management, fixed-asset accounting)

Three-way match

The activity within the procurement process that ensures that the data on the invoice matches the data on the purchase order and the goods receipt.

Descriptive analysis

Use data aggregation and data mining to provide insight into the past and answer: "What has happened?"

Predictive Analytics

Use statistical models and forecasting techniques to understand the future and answer: "What could happen?"

Value Chain Structure (3rd step, Determined by CS)

Value: amount of money customer is willing to pay for P/S Margin: Value-cost Value chain: a network of value-creating activities Primary activities 1. Primary Activities: drive competitive advantage (process of creating main p/s) 2. Support activities: Contribute or facilitate the primary value chain activities (add value indirectly) • Procurement process of finding vendors, setting up contractual arrangements, and negotiating prices. • technology: R&D, other actis for dev new tech, methods, and procedures • HR: recruiting, compensation, evaluation, and training employees. • Firm infrastructure: Management, finance, accounting, legal, gov affairs Value-Chain linkages: interactions across value activities, to create cross-department BS systems

Procurement problems without ERP AND ERP solutions

Warehouse: managers doesn't have data on sales and price discounts SAP: inherent integrated process show discounts and sales data Accounting: Three-match-discrepancies take time to correct SAP: real-time data sharing limit errors Accounting reports are not real-time SAP: real time data sharing reduce roll-up times Purchasing: purchasing agents are not centralized, training and experience vary SAP: Integrated purchasing acti of ERP system Weak internal controls leads to limited scrutiny of term-72purchase SAP: Realtime data sharing increase the use of financial reports

Storage Volume

Zettabyte (ZB) = 1024 Exabytes Yottabyte (YB) =1025 Zettabytes

Key, Primary Key, Foreign Key

a column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table

DBMS (Database Management System)

a program used to create, process, and administer a database Eg. DB2 from IBM, Access from Microsoft Differ btw DBMS and Database: DBMS is a software, database is a collections of data , relationships, and metadata.

Metadata

data that describes data

Internet browsing

https: you have a secure, encrypted, transmission and you can safely send sensitive data like credit card numbers. Otherwise, you should assume that all of your communication is open and could be published on every social media platform 5 minutes from now."

sale

is an exchange of goods or services for money. More precisely, a sale is revenue from delivery of merchandise or a service where payment may be made in cash or other compensation. The Sales process (order-to-cash) is an operational process with three main activities—Sell, Ship, and Payment

Procurement

is the process of obtaining goods and devices, such as raw materials, machine spare parts, and cafeteria services. Procurement is a vital process for firm's supply chain (a net work of people, organizations, resources, and process that create and distribute a particular product from the delivery of raw......to delivery)

Invoice

itemized bill

5 Components of Information Systems

na Assembly of hardware, software, date, procedures, and people that interact to produce information.

Business process (4th)

operational: routine managerial: Allocation and use of resources strategic: broad scope organizational issues

lead time

time interval between ordering and receiving the order zero when reveived

Prescriptive Analytics

use optimization and simulation algorithms to advise on possible outcomes and answer: "What should we do?"

ERP system A very large enterprise IS that bring data together in a big database to help company to improve its process An IS designed to integrate process by consolidating data

two key features 1. consolidation of data for real-time sharing of data can help company avoid repetition same things 2.integrated process: "left hand of company to know what right hand is doing" new sale data can be immediately send to factories to adjust production peace "84 percent of organizations with between 100 and 1000 employees use ERP, with yearly revenues as low as 5 million. "

Necessary Data Characteristics

• Accurate: correct, complete, precise • Timely: Available, current • Relevant: For context and subject • Sufficient: Enough to make decisions • Worth the Cost: Maintaining and analyzing (daily Report value zero)

IS and Organizational Strategy

•Organizations analyze their industry and choose a competitive strategy. •Given that strategy, they examine their value chain and design business processes that span value-generating activities. •Those processes determine the scope and requirements of each organization's information systems.

Key takeaways

•Many companies use ERP systems to record customer interactions in CRM modules, post and edit sales, and create new reports that will help identify new trends and opportunities. •SAP and other new IS (e.g., drones, social CRM, blockchain, etc.) can significantly improve the sales process.

characteristic of process

•Processes have now become the fabric of organizations, the means by which people organize their work activities. •Four key process characteristics are: stability of flow, scope, objectives, and location in the value chain. •Process are often much more complex than what we see at face value. •By analyzing processes, businesses can add value by better executing strategy, lowering costs, and increasing productivity.

Four key skills

● Abstract Reasoning: the ability to make and manipulate models. (to simplify object, an idea, model or concept that can then be manipulated with a logical or reasonable thought process) ● Systems thinking: See the whole and show how inputs and outputs related to one another ● Collaboration: develop ideas and plans with others. Provide and receive critical feedback. ● Experimentation: Create and test promising new alternatives, consistent with available resources.

The impact of Information Age

● Business professions need to be able to access, evaluate, and apply emerging information technology to business. ● Technological change and increased international competition place the spotlight on the skills and preparation of the workforce, particularly the ability to adapt to changing technology and shifting demand.

BI IS supporting existing business process

● Decision Making: the selection of a choice among available options and can be done individually or in a group.(most frequent occurring processes in organizations) BI system support Decision Making by acquiring data and providing analysis and publication software. (data driven) ● Machine Maintenance: data from machines will be acquired and analyzed to operate the machines safely and peak efficiently ● Net Best Offer (NBO) process: a target offer or proposed action for customers based on the data patterns in the customer's history and preference, context, and attributes of the product and service. The objective is to more accurately predict the % of customer will accept the offer BI can help predict more accurately ● Online sales: Key activity is to acquire customer data, such as IP, whether eventually purchase, location... Conversion rate: % of visitors who finally purchase A/B testing: Randomly comparison testing sales result to identify which one is more effective in generating final purchasing behaviors.

Information Age

● Distribution, and control of information is the primary driver of the economy. ● two Aspects: 1. The global is flat (tech quick access to capital to spread rapidly worldwide. 2. Business must adapt quickly, or be overtaken by those who do.

job security

● IS Jobs have grown fast over the past decades. ● The anticipated growth of IS jobs for the next 5 years exceeds the the forecasted growth for non-IS jobs.

Scope of Process

● Operational: commonplace, routine, everyday business process Actors: more computer High frequency IS: Transaction Processing System ● Managerial: Planning, assessing, and analyzing the resources used by company to achieve its objective. Actors: Mix Medium frequency IS: Management Information System eg. assess seasonal promotions ● Strategic: seek to resolve broad-scope organizational issue Actors: more people Low frequency IS: Executive Support System eg, where to open new pizza store

Structured and Dynamic Processes

● Structured processes: Formally defined, controlled, standardized process, mostly support day-to-day operations Efficiency and effectiveness important Prescriptive: clearly delimit what users can do under what conditions eg. prepare tax, scheduling work ● Dynamic processes: Informal, change rapidly, Innovation, more adaptive (evolve with experience), intuitive. Supportive: allows users to determine how to best use IS.

Moore Law

● The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles every 18 months. X The speed of a computer doubles every 18 months. Because of the Moore Law: ● the Cost of data processing, communications, and storage is essentially zero. ● the Price to Performance of PC has fallen from nearly 4000 to a fraction of penny. ● Some researchers have theorized that 5 nanometer nodes will be the end of Moore's Law, the phenomenon known as quantum tunneling. In a nutshell, its when stuff becomes so small, they don't work like they are normally predicted to occur.

Business process and IS

●A process can be supported by zero to many IS. ●An IS can support one or many processes.

MIS(Management information systems)

●MIS: Creating, monitoring, and adapting processes, information system, and information to help org achieve their strategies. 1. process, information system, and information 2. creating, monitoring, and adapting 3. Achieve strategies