GCOM Final

Define the basic communication elements contained in the communication models (channel, sender, receiver, message, encode, decode, context, fields of experience, noise and feedback)

A channel is a medium through which a message travels, such as oral or written. A sender is an initiator and encoder. The receiver is the decoder of a message. A message is a stimulus that produces meaning. Encoding is the process of formulating a message. Decoding is the designing meaning to a message. Context is the environment in which communications occur. Noise is interference with effective transmission and reception of a message. Feedback is a receiver's verbal and nonverbal responses.

What differentiates a constructive communication climate from a destructive communication climate?

A constructive communication climate is composed of two general elements: a pattern of openness, or a willingness to communicate, and a pattern of supportiveness or a confirmation of the worth and value of others and a willingness to help others be successful. A destructive communication climate is composed of two general elements: a pattern of closedness, or an unwillingness to communicate with others, and a pattern of defensiveness, or a protective reaction to a perceived attack on our self-esteem and self-concept.

What is brainstorming? What is critical to its success?

A creative problem-solving method characterized by encouragement of even zany ideas, freedom from initial evaluation of potential solutions, and energetic participation from all group members. The rules that achieve the best results are 1. All members should come prepared with initial ideas. 2. Don't criticize any idea during the brainstorming process. 3. Encourage freewheeling idea generation. 4. Don't clarify or discuss ideas during the idea-generation phase. 5. Piggyback on the ideas of others. 6. Record all ideas for future reference. 7. Encourage participation from all team members. 8. Wait to evaluate ideas generated until the brainstorming session is completed.

Define the general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea in public speaking.

A general purpose identifies the overall goal of your speech; it tells the audience why you're giving the speech. A specific purpose statement is a concise, precise infinitive phrase composed of simple, clear language that encompasses both the general purpose and the central idea and indicates what the speaker hopes to accomplish with the speech. The Central idea identifies the main concept, point, issue, or conclusion that you want the audience to understand, believe or feel. It becomes the one concise thought, seperate from all the details provided in the speech, that audience members are likely to remember.

What is leadership?

A leader-follower influence process with the goal of producing change that is largely accomplished through competent communication

Explain the differences between the major delivery styles (manuscript, memorized, extemporaneous, and impromptu).

A manuscript speech is written word for word and read to the audience. A memorized speech is a manuscript speech delivered without the manuscript in front of the speaker. An extemporaneous speech is delivered from a prepared outline or notes. An impromptu speech is one delivered without preparation.

What is a perceptual schema (prototype, stereotype, and script)?

A perceptual schema are knowledge structures that help us process stimuli. A prototype is the most representative or "best" example of something. A stereotype is a generalization about a group or category of people. A script is a predictable sequence of events that indicates what we are expected to do in a given situation.

What is groupthink? How might groupthink be avoided?

A process of group members stressing cohesiveness and agreement instead of skepticism and optimum decision making. A group climate that encourages robust discussion of opposing viewpoints can combat groupthink.

Define what a small group is.

A small group consists of three or more people

What are the basic elements of a competent outline (symbols, coherence, completeness, balance, and division)?

A standard outline using symbols is like this: I. Roman numerals for main points A. Capital letters for primary subpoints 1. standard numbers for secondary subpoints. a. Lowercase letters for ___________________tertiary subpoints A coherence style begins with the topic, narrows the topic to the specific purpose statement, and from that statement, develop main points that break down further into subpoints. For example: [TOPIC] The aging U.S. Population [CENTRAL IDEA} Longer lifespans pose new challenges [PURPOSE STATEMENT] To explain in what ways longer lifespans stress fragile support systems for elderly Americans. I. [MAIN POINT] Americans are living longer than ever before. II. [MAIN POINT] Longer lifespans stress fragile support systems for the elderly in three significant ways A completeness style communicate complete thoughts. For example: PURPOSE STATEMENT: To explain specific ways to prevent the problem of hazing. I. Hazing is a growing problem in the US. A. More than 50 deaths and numerous injuries have occurred hazing in just the last decade B. The number of hazing incidents requiring intervention by authorities has doubled in the last decade. II. There are several ways to prevent hazing. A. Hazing could be outlawed in all states. B. College, corporate, and military policies could specifically ban hazing rituals. C. Penalties for violations of laws and policies could be increased. D. Students, employees, and soldiers could receive instruction on the dangers of hazing and the consequences of violating laws and policies banning the practice. A balanced style means that each main point gets an equal amount of time during your speech. A Division style means that the main points divide into sub points. For example, I. Main Point A. Primary Subpoint B. Primary subpoint II. Main point A. Primary Subpoint B. Primary subpoint 1. Secondary subpoint 2. Secondary subpoint

Identify the organizational pattern used in speeches (topical, spatial, causal, chronological, problem-solution, and Monroe's Motivated Sequence)?

A topical pattern shapes information according to types, classifications, or part of a whole. A topical pattern doesn't suggest a particular order of presentation for each main point. You could begin with maximum and work to minimum security prisons as easily as the reverse. A spatial pattern may be front to back, left to right, north to south, top to bottom, bottom to top, and so forth. Explaining directions to a particular place requires a spatial order, a visualization of where things are spatially. Explaining how the Brooklyn Bridge was built would necessitate starting at the base of the bridge and working up spatially. A Causal pattern would be causes-effects or effects-causes. The causes-effects pattern looks for why things happen and then discusses the consequences. A chronological pattern suggest a specific sequence of events. A problem-solution organizational pattern explores the nature of a problem and proposes a solution or possible solutions. The Monroe Motivated Sequence is an organizational pattern with five steps: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action.

What is a transition?

A transition connects what was said with what will be said.

Define the five most common conflict negotiation strategies (accommodating, avoiding, controlling, compromising, and collaborating).

Accommodating is when we yield to the needs and desires of others during a conflict. Avoiding is when we sidestep or turn our back on conflict. Compromising is when we give up something to get something. Collaborating is working together to maximize the attainment of goals for all parties in a conflict. Controlling is meant to regulate or direct a person's behavior.

Explain how culture influences communication.

All communication exists in a cultural context and all culture is communicated.

What strategies exist for addressing these relational dialectics?

Amalgamating in which both contradictory forces are addressed without compromising on either impulse, which can be a highly effective approach to dialectics. Selecting is giving attention to one contradictory impulse while ignoring the other. Segmenting is when partners divide certain parts of their relationship into domains, or categories.

What distinguishes informative speaking from persuasive speaking?

An informative speech focuses on teaching an audience something new, interesting, and useful. A persuasive speech focuses on convincing listeners to change their viewpoint and behavior.

Explain the difference between assertiveness and aggressiveness.

Assertiveness involves being able to communicate competently. Aggressiveness means not caring about someone else's perspective.

Define the process of attribution.

Attributions mean assigning causes to behavior. We attribute two primary causes to behavior: The personal characteristics of the individual and the environment.

Define the concepts of depth and breadth in terms of self-disclosure.

Breadth is the number of topics that we cover. Depth is the intimacy level of information.

What are the criteria for evaluating supporting material?

Clarify points, support claims, gain interest, and create impact.

What is cohesion? How is it developed?

Cohesion is the goal of the social dimension. The extent of a group's cohesiveness depends on the degree to which members identify with the group and wish to remain in the group. It's developed by encouraging compatible membership when possible, developing shared goals that members find challenging and exciting to achieve, actually accomplishing important tasks that meet these shared goals, developing a positive group history of cooperation, and promoting acceptance of all group members by making each feel valued and welcomed in the group.

What are the most common myths about communication?

Common myths about communication are that good communication can solve any problem, that communicating is just common sense, and communication quantity equals quality. Research also reveals that some problems that occur between individuals are not solvable, the "common sense" notion of communication is contradicted by our all-too-common experience, and more communication isn't always better communication.

What are the primary dimensions of credibility (competence trustworthiness, dynamism, and composure)?

Competence is the audiences' perception of the speaker's knowledge and experience on a topic. Trustworthiness is how truthful or honest we perceive the speaker to be Dynamism is the enthusiasm and energy exhibited by the speaker Composure is to be emotionally stable, appear confident and in control of themselves and remain calm even when problems arise during a speech.

Define conflict.

Conflict is an expressed struggle between interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals and/or interference in goal achievement

Explain how connotative meaning differs from denotative meaning.

Connotative meaning is personal meaning. It is the volatile, individual, subjective meaning of a word. Denotative meaning is shared meaning. It is the objective meaning of words commonly agreed to by members of a speech community and usually found in a dictionary.

Differentiate between destructive and constructive conflict.

Constructive conflict is characterized by communication that is cooperative, supportive, and flexible. Destructive conflict is characterized by escalation, retaliation, domination, competition, defensiveness, and inflexibility.

What are the most common problems that thwart competent informational listening (conversational narcissism, competitive interrupting, glazing over, pseudo-listening, and ambushing)?

Conversational narcissism is the tendency of listeners to redirect ordinary conversations to themselves without showing interest in other's topics. Competitive interrupting is domination of the conversation by seizing the floor from others who are speaking. Glazing over is when the listeners' attention wanders and daydreaming occurs. Pseudo-listening to pretending to listen and attempting to disguise inattention to the message (mmm-hmm, really, uh-huh) Ambushing is when we listen for weaknesses and ignore strengths of a speaker's message.

What creates a cooperative climate?

Cooperative climate is the supporting environment or tone of the relationship between work and school.

How does culture influence nonverbal communication?

Culture influences nonverbal communication by making you have to derive significant information from contextual cues, such as the relationship, situation, setting and time.

Define what culture is.

Culture is a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by an identifiable, large group of people with a common history.

What are the components of audience analysis (demographics, values, beliefs, and attitudes)?

Demographics are characteristics such as age, gender, culture, ethnicity, and group affiliations. Values are the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior. Beliefs are what a person thinks are true or probable. Attitudes are learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some object.

Define the major leadership styles (directive or autocratic; participative or democratic; laissez-faire, and situational).

Directive puts heavy emphasis on the task dimension with slight attention to the social dimension of groups. Member participation is not encouraged. Participative places emphasis on both the task and social dimensions of groups. Task accomplishment is important, but social relationships must also be maintained. Laissez-Faire means that no leadership is exercised at all.

Define the stages of interpersonal development (initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding, differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding and terminating).

During the initiating phase, we are surveying the interpersonal terrain. We try to put our best foot forward by appearing friendly, open, and approachable. Communication approaches that seem to work effectively during this phase are networking (learning about a person from someone who knows him or her), offering (making yourself available for conversation by sitting in an adjacent seat or being in a place where the person usually frequents), approaching (signalling an interest verbally or nonverbally with a smile or a self-introduction), and sustaining (keeping the conversation going by asking questions). Experimenting involves engaging in small talk to discover areas of commonality. It involves auditioning for the part. Intensifying is where relationships deepen. The top 10 approaches identified are increased contact, relationship negotiation, social support and assistance, increased rewards, direct definitional bid, tokens of affection, personalized communication, verbal expressions of affection, suggestive actions, and nonverbal expressions of affection. Integration fuses a relationship. Nonverbal markers of intimacy are displayed, such as pictures or pins. A sexual relationship often occurs at this stage. Bonding is the public-ritual phase that institutionalizes the relationship. Differentiating is when assertions of individuality become more frequent and conflict occurs. Circumscribing is when we establish limits and restrictions on communication with our partner. Stagnating is when the relationship doesn't grow or progress. Communication becomes even more restricted, narrow, hesitant, and awkward. Avoiding is when the partners simply keep a distance from each other. Terminating is when the relationship is ended.

What is empathy?

Empathy is thinking and feeling what you perceive another to be thinking and feeling.

Define ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, and multiculturalism

Ethnocentrism is the notion that one's culture is superior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to our cultural standards. Cultural relativism views cultures as merely different, not deficient. From this viewpoint, all phenomena can be assessed only from the perspective of the culture in which they exist. We must respect all cultures and their inherent right to engage in practices, rituals, and communication behavior that may appear strange, even repugnant. Multiculturalism is a social-intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity as a core principle and insists that all cultural groups be treated with respect and as equals.

Define the three Aristotelian modes of proof (ethos, logos, and pathos).

Ethos are the ingredients of credibility Logos is building arguments based on logic and evidence Pathos is emotional appeals

What are the major power resources (expertise, legitimate authority, reward, punishment, personal qualities)?

Expertise and information are closely related. Having expertise as a major power resource means knowing how to use the information wisely and skillfully. The person with expertise is perceived to have the requisite skills, abilities, knowledge, and background to function as a real expert. Individuals to be perceived as experts are trustworthy. A legitimate authority is someone who is perceived to have a right to direct others' behavior because of his or her position, title, role, experience, or knowledge. The power potential of punishment depends on the degree of certainty that the punishment will be administered. Punishment is a source of power if it can be, and likely will be, exercised. Rewards tend to induce rewarding behavior. If you disseminate rewards, you become more attractive in the eyes of those rewarded. Personal qualities help for people with charisma, good looks, an attractive personality, dynamism, persuasive skills, warmth, and charm are some of the personal qualities that make an individual charismatic.

Identify propositions of fact, value and policy.

Fact alleges a truth. Policy calls for a significant change from how problems are currently handled. Values are calls for a judgment that assesses the worth or merit of an idea, object, or practice.

What are the guidelines for offering and receiving self-disclosure?

Five characteristics of appropriate self-disclosure are trust, reciprocity, cultural appropriateness, situational appropriateness, and incremental disclosure.

What is the difference between formal and informal roles?

Formal roles assign a position. Informal roles identify functions, not position.

How does the fundamental attribution error impact competent communication?

Fundamental Attribution Error is overemphasizing personal traits and underemphasizing situations as causes of other people's behavior. Even when we know a person is required to communicate in a certain way, we still tend to perceive personal characteristics as the cause of behavior rather than situational forces.

Explain the distinctions between a team and a group.

Groups consist of 3 or more individuals. They interact to achieve a common goal. Members influence and are influenced by one another. They succeed or fail as a unit. A team is a group but not every group is a team. A team has higher cohesion and cooperation, more diverse skills, and a stronger group identity.

What are guidelines for the competent usage of visual aids?

Guidelines include keeping aids simple, make aids visible, make aids neat and attractive, don't block the audience's view, keep aids close to you, pull the aid out of sight when not in use, practice with aids, don't circulate your aids, and anticipate problems.

What are some guidelines for managing speech anxiety?

Guidelines include preparing and practicing, gaining proper perspective, adopting a noncompetitive communication orientation, using coping statements, using positive imaging, using relaxation techniques, and trying systematic desensitization.

What impact do various delivery considerations have on an audience (eye contact, vocal variety, verbal fluency, poise, dynamism)?

Having eye contact maintains attention of the audience. Vocal variety keeps the audience alert. Verbal fluency keeps a good flow in transitions. Poise has good emotions. Dynamism keeps the audience alert through enthusiasm.

What influence does cohesion have on task and social dimensions of small groups?

High cohesiveness alone doesn't guarantee group success, but it seems to be a necessary condition for successful task accomplishment.

Explain the major differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

Individualistic cultures have the broad value tendencies of people in a culture to emphasize individual identity, individual rights, and individual achievements. Collectivistic cultures have the broad value tendencies of people in a culture to emphasize group identity, group obligations, and group-oriented concerns.

What is the difference between a fact and an inference?

Inferences are interpretations of varying accuracy made by individuals. Facts are descriptions of reality.

What are the types of listening (informational, critical, and empathic)?

Informational listening is the attempt to comprehend the message of a speaker. Critical listening is the process of evaluating the merits of claims as they are heard. Empathetic listening is taking the perspective of the other person, to listen for what that person wants and needs.

What is intimacy?

Intimacy is a type of interpersonal relationship that is characterized by strong emotional bonding, closeness, and interdependence, in which individuals meaningfully influence each other.

Define persuasion.

It's a communication process of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes or behavior of others.

What are jargon and euphemisms?

Jargon is a specialized language of every profession, trade, or group. It's a kind of verbal shorthand. Euphemisms are a form of linguistic Novocaine whereby word choices numb us to or camouflage unpleasant or offensive realities. An example would be saying passed away rather than dead.

Explain the differences between the three models of communication: linear, interactive, and transactional.

Linear communication involves person A sending a message to person B. For example, watching TV or listening to a song would be linear communication. Interactive communication involves person A sending a message to person B THEN B sends one back to A. Transactional communication involves person A and person B simultaneously sending and receiving messages to each other.

Define listening by its basic elements (comprehending, retaining, and responding).

Listening is the process of receiving, constructing and reconstructing meaning from and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. Comprehending is shared meaning between or among parties in a transaction. Retaining is what you remember. It is diminished when our listening is mindless. It is enhanced when listening is mindful. Mindful listening is active listening: you're engaged in the communication transaction with others. Responding is when speakers look for responses from listeners to determine whether a message is being processed or ignored.

Explain the major differences between low-power distance and high power-distance cultures.

Low-power distance values relatively equal power sharing and discourages attention to status differences and ranking to society. Examples include the United States, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Israel, and New Zealand. Low Power Distance culture have norms that minimize power distinctions act as guides for appropriate behavior. High-power distance have a relatively strong emphasis on maintaining power differences. Authorities are rarely challenged, the most powerful are thought to have a legitimate right to exercise their power, and organizational and social hierarchies are nurtured. Examples include Malaysia, Guatemala, the Philippines, Mexico, India, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

Explain the difference between the three types of informal group roles (maintenance, task, and disruptive).

Maintenance roles address the social dimension of small groups. The central communicative function of maintenance roles is to gain and maintain group cohesiveness. Disruptive roles serve individual needs at the expense of group needs and goals. Task roles advance the attainment of group goals.

Explain the differences between the major forms of decision-making (majority rules, minority rules, and consensus).

Majority rule depends on a decision made by the majority. Minority depends on a decision made by an expert or authority. Consensus is a "state of mutual agreement among members of a group where all legitimate concerns of individuals have been addressed to the satisfaction of the group.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the major forms of decision-making (majority rule, minority rules, and consensus)?

Majority rule's advantages are that it's efficient. The disadvantage is that it may support preposterous, unethical positions. They may be tempted to decide too quickly. Minority rule's advantages are that it attempts to make the best decision by letting the experts take control. The disadvantages include a designated expert can ignore group input or simply not seek it. Second, members may engage in power plays to seek favor with the authority figure that makes the decision. Third, group members will likely have weak commitment to the final decision because they had little participation in the outcome. Consensus' advantages are that it requires full discussion of issues, which improves the chances that quality decisions will be made. Team members are likely to be committed to the final decision and will defend the decision when challenged by outsiders. Consensus usually produces group satisfaction. The disadvantages include the difficulty to achieve a final decision along with it being time consuming and contentious.

What are the types of visual aids that can be used during a speech?

Objects, models, graphs, maps, tables, photographs, drawings, chalkboard or whiteboard, poster board, handouts, video excerpts, projection equipment, and computer-assisted presentations

How does one avoid plagiarism?

One avoids plagiarism by researching early and removing any temptation to plagiarize.

Explain the two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

One claims that we are the prisoners of our native language, unable to think certain thoughts or perceive in certain ways because of the grammatical structure and lexicon of our language (linguistic determinism); the other version claims that the grammar and lexicon of our native language powerfully influences but does not imprison our thinking and perception (linguistic relativity).

Define the three internal relational dialectics (openness-closedness, novelty-predictability, and autonomy-connection).

Openness-Closedness is the tension between accessibility and privacy. Novelty-Predictability is a desire for both stability and change in interpersonal relationships. Autonomy-Connection is the desire to come together with another person (connection) yet remain independent and in control of one's own life (autonomy).

Explain the nature of phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and semantic and their relationship to languages.

Phonemes are individual units of sound that compose a specific spoken language. These sounds correspond to consonants (such as b,c,d), vowels (a,e,i,o,u), and consonant combinations (such as ch, th). Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in language. YOu combine phonemes to create morphemes. A morpheme may be a stand-alone word (friend, dog) called a free morpheme, a unit of meaning called a bound morpheme that has no meaning until it is attached to a stand-alone world (e.g., prefixes or suffixes such as ing, un, ly, s). Syntax is the rules that govern combining words into phrases and phrases into sentences. Semantics is the set of rules that governs the meaning of words and sentences.

Explain the major types of nonverbal communication (kinesics, paralanguage, territoriality, proxemics, and haptics).

Physical appearance is often the first nonverbal message communicated. Our physical appearance is strongly related to perceptions of physical attractiveness. The beauty bias is in effect since good-looking people have more overall benefits than those who aren't good looking. Body shape and size regarding beauty are different throughout different cultures. Despite these differences, there are universal standards of physical attractiveness. Bilateral symmetry- the right and left sides match each other - seems to be a universal attractiveness characteristic. The lower the waist-to-hip ratio - the smaller the waist is compared to the hips (an hourglass shape) - the greater the perception of attractiveness. For men, a wedge shape, or relatively broad shoulders and narrow waist and hips, is seen as attractive physique. Tattoos can be taboo with a large portion of the population. Generally, physical appearance, from adornments we put on our bodies to physical features we accentuate or camouflage, is of no small concern to us. It shows our obsession with physical appearances. Physical appearance can be enhanced or diminished in a variety of ways. Clothing expresses a person's identity. Hair style expresses self-concept. The face and eyes are the most immediate cues people use to form first impressions. The study of both facial communication and gestures is referred to as kinesics by social scientists. Oculesics is the study of eye contact. Facial feedback hypothesis shows that facial expressions clearly influence emotions. The universal emotions identified by all cultures from specific facial expressions are fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness. Display rules are culture-specific prescriptions that dictate the appropriateness of behaviors. Manipulators are gestures made by one part of the body, usually the hands, that rub, pick, squeeze, clean, or groom another part of the body. They have no specific meaning, although people observing such manipulators may perceive nervousness, discomfort, or deceit. Illustrators are gestures that help explain what a person says to another person. Emblems are gestures that have precise meanings separate from verbal communication. The hand wave communicates "good-bye" which is an emblem. Haptics is the study of touch. The functional-professional touch is the least intense form of touching. The touch is instrumental communication that takes place between doctors and patients, coaches and athletes, and the like. The social-polite touch occurs during initial introductions, business relationships, and formal occasions. The friendship-warmth touch is the most ambiguous type of touch and leads to the most misunderstandings between people. The amount of touch has to be negotiated when showing friendship and warmth towards others. The love and intimacy touch is reserved only for a very few, special individuals - close friends, family members, spouses, and lovers. This is not sexual touch, although it may blend with sexual touch. Sexual touch is the most personal, intimate touch, and most restricted. Mutual consent is the most important consideration to the competent communicator. These types of touch help define relationships between people. Paralanguage are vocal cues that are divided into three classifications: vocal characterizers (laughing, yelling, moaning, crying, whining, belching, yawning), vocal qualifiers (volume, tone, pitch, resonance, rhythm, rate), and vocal segregates ("uh-huh", "uh," "mm-hmm," "ooh," "shh"). Proxemics is the influence that distance and territoriality have on our communication. Territoriality is a predisposition to defend a fixed geographic area, or territory, as one's exclusive domain.

How is power indicated in communication (verbally and nonverbally)?

Power is indicated by the way we speak, and by how listeners evaluate these speech patterns. The speech of a less-powerful person is often flooded with self-doubt, approval seeking, over-qualification, hesitancy, and personal diminishment. Powerless speech suggests lack of confidence, uncertainty, indecisiveness, vacillation, and deference to authority. Powerful speech is generally direct, fluent, declarative, commanding, and prone to interrupt or overlap the speech of others. Powerful forms of speech are not always appropriate. Abusive and obscene language sounds powerful because it is shocking, but it will likely offend others. There are numerous nonverbal indicators of power in relationships. Clothing is recognized as a strong indicator of power. Touch is another important nonverbal power indicator. The more-powerful person can usually touch the less-powerful person more frequently and with fewer restrictions and vice versa. Eye contact indicates a power difference. Staring is done more freely by the more-powerful person. Space is a clear nonverbal indicator of power. The more powerful usually have more of it.

Define power.

Power is the ability to influence others' (and one's own) goal attainment. It also involves control of resources and behaviors. Power is relational. Power is shared. Power can be achieved through status and/or dominance.

What elements of speech making are influenced by audience analysis (preparation and presentation)?

Preparation and presentation are both elements of speech making that are influenced by audience analysis because they are both audience-centered processes.

Why is reciprocal sharing important?

Reciprocal sharing demonstrates that trust and risk-taking are shared.

Define the term "relational climate".

Relational climate is the tone of a relationship between couples.

What are the functions of nonverbal communication (repetition, substitution, regulation, contradiction, accentuation)?

Repetition means same message on different channels. An example would be saying yes and then nodding your head. Accentuation means intensifying verbal messages. An example would be pounding your fist on a table as you express your anger nonverbally repeats the message but also accents the depth of your emotion. Substitution means that no words are necessary. A yawn can substitute for the verbal "I'm bored" or "I'm tired." Regulation means conversation that's regulated by direction of the person expected to speak next, especially if the conversation occurs in a group. Contradiction means mixed messages. These would be inconsistencies between verbal and nonverbal messages. "Sure, I love you," when said with eyes cast downwards and flat vocal tone is an example of this.

What are group norms?

Rules that indicate what group members have to do, should do, or may not do if they want to accomplish specific goals.

How is self-concept developed(reflected appraisal, significant others, and society)?

Self-concept is who we are and what we are like; they are characteristics that define us. Self-concept is a social construction, a product of interpersonal communication. We use communication to develop and maintain perceptions of self. Our body image is "the foundation of our self-image. Our body image does not constitute the whole of the self, but it is a highly significant aspect of it. That is sometimes dictated by society. Self-concept is the descriptive element of self-perception. Self-esteem is the evaluate element of self-perception. It is self-appraisal-the sum of all your self-schemas- your perception of self-worth, attractiveness, and social competence. There are three primary influences on our self-esteem: reflected appraisal, social comparison, and contingencies of self-worth. Reflected appraisal refers to messages you receive from others that assess your self-concept. Social comparison is evaluating yourself by comparing yourself to other people. Your self-esteem is also influenced by what is perceived as most important to you feeling good about yourself. This is called contingencies of self-worth. Our self-esteem is contingent on what we value most and whether we succeed or fail in pursuit of valued goals.

What is self-disclosure?

Self-disclosure is revealing information about yourself that the person would otherwise not know.

Define the term "self-serving bias".

Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute our successful behavior to ourselves (personal traits) but to assign external circumstances (situations) to our unsuccessful behavior.

Define the four essential elements of all languages (structure, productivity, displacement, and self-reflexiveness).

Structure is the most essential element of any language, and easily the most complicated. Without structure, you have no language. Every language has a grammar that provides this structure. Productivity is the capacity of language to transform a small number of phonemes into whatever words, phrases, and sentences that you require to communicate your abundance of thoughts and feelings. This essential element of language allows you to express a virtually infinite number of thoughts and feelings in an amazing variety of ways. Displacement is your ability to use language to talk about objects, ideas, events, and relations that don't just exist in the physical here and now. It helps us talk about things that don't exist, abstract ideas, and it helps us all learn from past mistakes and consider potential solutions for anticipated problems. Self-reflexiveness is the ability to use language to talk about language.

Explain the differences between supportive and non-supportive messages? (Gibbs)

Supportive messages have a pattern of openness and supportiveness and are we-oriented, whereby our individual agendas are secondary to the relationship, group, etc. Non-supportive messages have a pattern of closedness and defensiveness

Explain the abstracting process (sense experience, description, inference, and judgment).

The abstracting process is when we formulate increasingly vague conceptions of our world by leaving out details associated with objects, events, and ideas. It permits displacement and self-reflexiveness. The four levels of it are sense experience, description, inference, and judgment. Sense experience is important because your sense experience with the physical world is inherently selective and limited. With language, you are able to share your approximations of the world with others. Descriptions are verbal reports that sketch what we perceive from our senses. Your description of the world is an approximation of the world as you perceive it, not an exact duplicate. Something is always lost in the translation because you are describing to others what is in your head, not reality itself. Inferences are conclusions about the unknown based on the known. They're guesses, educated or otherwise. Some inferences are more educated than others because their probability of accuracy is higher. Judgments are subjective evaluations of objects, events, or ideas. We attach a subjective positive or negative value such as right or wrong, good or bad, and ugly or beautiful.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of small groups?

The advantages are synergy, cooperation, and deep diversity. The negative side is the possibility of negative synergy.

What is speech anxiety?

The common fear of public speaking.

Explain the two aspects of every message: Content and relationship

The content dimension refers to what is actually said and done. The relationship dimension refers to how that message defines or redefines the association between individuals.

What are the critical elements of a speech conclusion?

The critical elements of a speech conclusion include summarizing the main points, referring to the introduction, and making a memorable finish.

What are some of the influences on perception (gender, culture, past experiences, mood, and context)?

The influences on perception are gender, culture, past experiences, mood, and context. Gender role stereotypes make big difference in perception. Gender role stereotypes are expectation for the behavior of men and women; what is considered masculine and feminine in a given culture. Culture is a patterned way of living by a group of interacting individuals who share a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors. Our past experiences help our self-perception along with our scripts and what is expected in society. Our mood, along with other peoples' moods, can be subjective and prone to bias. The last thing that can influence our perception is the context which is the environment in which communications occur.

What is necessary for an appropriate or effective oral citation?

The initial citation of a source should be complete, but subsequent references to the same source can be abbreviated to avoid tedious repetition, unless the abbreviation might cause confusion.

Explain the major differences between feminine and masculine cultures.

The masculine culture exhibits stereotypical masculine traits such as male dominance, ambitiousness, assertiveness, competitiveness, and drive for achievement. The feminine culture exhibits stereotypical feminine traits such as affection, nurturance, sensitivity, compassion, and emotional expressiveness.

Define the perceptual process.

The perceptual process is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting data from our senses.

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? What does it influence?

The self-fulfilling prophecy is acting on an erroneous expectation that produces the expected behavior and confirms the original impression. It impacts competent communication in a negative way because it makes inaccurate stereotypes appear valid.

What should be considered when choosing a topic (speaker, subject, and person addressed)?

The speaker, subject, and person(s) addressed should be considered when choosing a topic.

Explain the steps in the Standard Agenda.

The standard agenda provides one such highly effective structured method of decision making and problem solving. The sequence goes like this: 1. Identify the goal(s) 2. Analyze the problem 3. Establish criteria 4. Generate solutions 5. Evaluate solutions and make the final decision 6. Implement the decision

What are the types of supporting materials used in speeches?

The types of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony of authorities

What is the difference between oral and written styles of speech making?

There are three main differences. First, when we speak, we usually use simpler sentences than when we write. Second, oral style is highly interactive; written style is not. Third, oral style is usually less formal than written style.

What are the most common listener response styles used in empathic listening?

They are evaluative responses, advising response, interpreting response, content-only response, probing response, supporting response and understanding response. Evaluative response makes a judgment about the person's conduct. It assumes a standard of evaluation has or has not been met. Advising response tells people how they should act. It is a common initial reaction to those who make a complaint or reveal a problem. Interpreting response shows that we express what we think is the underlying meaning of a situation presented to us. Content-only response comprehends the literal meaning of messages from others but doesn't recognize the feelings that ride piggy-back. Probing response seeks more information from others by asking questions. As a listener, you're showing interest in the other person's distress by inquiring further about the problem. A supporting response includes "expressions of care, concern, affection, and interest, especially during times of stress or upset". The understanding response requires a listener to check his or her perceptions for comprehension of the speaker's message or to paraphrase the message to check accuracy.

What are the critical elements of a speech introduction?

They include gaining attention, making a clear purpose statement, establishing the significance of your topic, and previewing your main points.

What are the different approaches to leadership (traits, styles, and situational)?

Traits are relatively enduring characteristics of a person that highlight differences between people and that are displayed in most situations. Leadership styles are directive, participative, and laissez-faire. Situational would be the group's perspective and their development along with competent communication.

What are the differences between verbal and nonverbal channels of communication?

Verbal communication is single-channeled, but nonverbal communication is multichanneled. You can express anger verbally by saying, "I hate you" or "I hope you grow hair on your palms and your breath smells permanently like vomit." The statements change, but the channel (words) is the same. The same anger can be expressed nonverbally through multiple channels: shaking a fist, extending a middle finger, jumping up and down, glaring, screaming, kicking a wall, to name just a few possibilities. Nonverbal communication is at least as as ambiguous as language, probably more so. Verbal communication has discrete beginnings and endings. We begin it when we start talking, and we end it when we stop talking. Nonverbal communication, however, has no discrete beginning and end. We continuously send messages for others to perceive, even when we may wish not to do so.

How do the genders differ in their expression of intimacy?

Women generally talk about personal matters and share feelings. Men achieve closeness by sharing meaningful activities and helping each other.

What is a small group role?

patterns of expected behavior associated with parts that you play in groups.