GEC 19 ppt 3-4 "19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES &THE ASENDANCE OF CHINESE MESTIZO"

Voltaire

"I may not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

formation of the Filipino identity

By 1800s, Chinese mestizos in the provinces began to form opinions regarding the Spanish colonial rule. It was difficult to separate the Indios from the Chinese mestizos since they identified themselves with each other socially and culturally. Chinese mestizos also shared grievances with the Indios about the harsh conditions under the Spanish rule. Spaniards feared that the independent mindset and liberalism of Chinese mestizos might influence the political consciousness of Indios. Another role that the Chinese mestizos played in the Philippine society was the

Industrialization, Concept of democracy, Spirit of liberalism, and Growing salutary effects of nationalism

Economic and political developments that were to affect the Philippines either directly and indirectly were shaping up in Europe.

1741

However, as Chinese mestizos' population grew, questions about legal status in the country arose. And in ____, their legal status was officially established

Governor Luis Perez Dasmariñas

In 1594, created Binondo as a permanent settlement for Chinese mestizos who converted to Catholicism.

Fifth generation Chinese mestizo

Rizal is a However, he and his father were considered as Indios. • Some documents and scholarly papers noted that Rizal disliked being called a Chinese mestizo and dissociated himself from any Chinese relations.

first hand experience of racial discrimination

Rizal's aim to make the Philippines known as a country of writers and intellectuals was a result of his _________ __________ __ ______ ___________ when he was in Spain.

Philippine Revolution of 1896

Rizal's liberal and progressive ideas, together with the other reformists, stirred the national consciousness of natives which eventually led to the ___________________

Spaniards, Indios and Chinese

Since the Spanish colonial period began until 1740, the inhabitants in the Philippines were classified into three:

Spaniards and Spanish mestizos, Indios, Chinese, Chinese mestizos

The Philippine population then were reclassified into four according to tax payment or tribute.

the consent of the governed

The government attains its right to exist and to govern by - Jean Jacques Rousseau

national consciousness

The natives of the Philippines were slowly realizing the need to awaken their This was sparked by movements against the oppression of the Spanish colonizers

Divine Right

Theory that stated that Kings had God given right to rule their nation as they wished.

Filipino, Indio

Under the Spanish rule: • ________ - peninsulares, insulares, mestizo • _____- native inhabitants

Alexander Lichauco

[N]ationalism is a historical development; a Child of the 'French Revolution.' It was exported to the other nations through the Napoleonic wars, trade and commerce, and by colonialism itself.

Social Contract

an arrangement where people give up their rights to be protected by the government

Binondo

became a place for intermarriages between Chinese immigrants and Filipino natives, thus the emergence of Chinese mestizos. This growing community of Chinese posed a threat to the Spaniards and their rule. They feared that the Chinese would be far less loyal to the Spanish regime than the Indios.

expulsion of the Chinese immigrants

enabled the Chinese mestizos to take over the markets that the former previously controlled. Chinese became prominent and influential figures in the industry, commerce, and business during the Spanish colonial period. They carried a lucrative commerce by collecting goods from the north and selling them to Manila and nearby provinces. They monopolize the internal trading in the Philippines while the Spanish mestizos were concerned with foreign trade

The entrepreneurial power of the Chinese mestizos

gave way to the emergence of the Philippine middle class described as "more active and enterprising, more prudent and pioneering, more oriented to trade and commerce than the Indios" (Bowring, 1963). They shared economic power in terms of export and imports. They became landholders, wholesalers, retailers, and owners of the majority of the artisan shops.

Industrial Revolution

increased the movement of trade around the world. • Filipinos with Spanish descent became wealthier... • Filipino merchants and small scale industrialists became prominent in Philippine society, forming a new group of influential middle class Filipinos. • Many prominent figures of the Propaganda Movement came from the middle class. They had the privilege to recognize and condemn the ills of the Spanish colonial government through their education.

Chinese immigrants

it was only during the Spanish colonial period that the _______ __________ became prominent in Philippine society.

provide valuable capital to Manila

one fact that the Spaniards could not discount then was that the Chinese became pivotal to their colonial rule because they Thus, despite orders of expelling all Chinese from the Philippines, Governor Dasmariñas realized that Manila needed the Chinese for economic reason.

Frailocracy

the rule of the friars.

liberty

to have _______, it is necessary that government be set up so that one man need not be afraid of another." -Baron de Montesquieu

Englightenment

was a political movement that originated in France during the mid-1700s. This political movement focused mainly on politics and society and involved ideas that challenged the concept of absolute monarchy.

Jose Rizal

was born in the 19th century. During this time, Spain's glory and rule as a colonial power was already waning It was he who first used the word Filipino to refer to the inhabitants of the country, whether they are Spanish or Filipino blood.

Spaniards and Spanish mestizos

were not required to pay tax or tribute, whereas the three other classes were required to pay taxes depending on their income

Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sancianco

who were both Chinese mestizos They wrote about the essence of being a Filipino, defended the dignity of Filipinos, and explained the supposed indolence of the Indios. Rizal nurtured their writings, also Chinese mestizo. The significant role of the Chinese mestizos in the making of the nation was highly evident. Their involvement showed that they regard Spain as the enemy. The Philippine Revolution of 1896-98 was the act of determination on the part of Filipinos—Indios and Chinese mestizos alike—to claim for themselves and for future generations the incomparable birthright of nationhood.

Chinese mestizos

• Any person born of a Chinese father and Indio mother • A Spanish mestiza who married a Chinese mestizo • A child of a Spanish mestiza and a Chinese mestizo • A Chinese mestiza and an Indio were listed as Indios.

Baron de Montesquieu

• Believed having 3 branches in government would prevent tyranny • Executive (enforces laws) • Legislative (makes the laws) • Judicial (interprets laws) • Having a separation of powers would prevent any one branch from gaining too much power over the other two

Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Believed that people were naturally good, but were corrupted by society • Stressed the importance of the general will—the will of the people as a whole • Believed the good of the community should be placed above individual interests—the common good

Voltaire

• Fought for civil liberties- rights/freedoms of citizens • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Religion • Separation of Church and State

The leadership of Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre

• Gave Rizal, the reformists, and the Filipinos a foretaste of democratic rule • Media censorship became relaxed • Limited secularization of education began • Gave amnesty to rebels including Casimiro Camerino, the leader of the bandits in Cavite • Establishment of Guardia Civil

The leadership of Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo

• Indios should not be given the same rights and freedom enjoyed by the Spaniards in the Philippines • Imposition of harsh policies and laws • Removal of the long-standing personal benefits of the workers under the encomienda system and forced labor exemptions among soldiers

Significant events in the 19th century that contributed to the formation of The Propagandists' consciousness

• Opening of the Suez Canal • The democratic leadership of Governor General Dela Torre • Governor General Izquierdo's replacement of Dela Torre • Cavite Mutiny

Opening of the Suez Canal

• Paved the way for the importation of books, magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America • Instrumental to the political awakening of Rizal, shaping his nationalist sensibilities

John Locke

• People are basically moral and reasonable. • Free & equal natural rightslife, liberty, and property. • People may change or replace the government

Cavite Mutiny

• Resulting in disarmed, imprisoned, and dead Filipino soldiers • Arrestant of the suspected people involved in the mutiny • Used by the Spanish authorities and the friars to implicate the three secular priests—Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, known as "Gomburza"—and proclaimed that they instigated the said mutiny which was resulted in their execution by garote at Bagumbayan on February 15, 1872

contribution of the Chinese mestizos to the development of the Philippines as a nation

• The formation of the middle class • Call for reforms • 1898 revolution • Formation of Filipino nationalism