GEG 111 Exam 3
The average elevation of the depth of the oceans is
-3800 m (-12,470 ft.)
What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here?
Continental plate-continental plate collision
Africa is dominated by which topographic region?
Hills and low tablelands
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding mean sea level?
It is calculated based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years
Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by
Major events in Earth's history, such as major extinctions.
What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here?
Oceanic plate-continental plate collision
What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here?
Oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision
Which of the following is NOT a process than can cause metamorphism?
Solidification of magma
These rounded granite outcrops are the result of which weathering process?
Spheroidal weathering
________________________ grow downward from the roof of a limestone cave
Stalactities
Which of the following is NOT exogenic in nature?
Tectonic uplift
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the geologic time scale?
The bulk of Earth's history has occurred during the Precambrian eon.
This landform results when water exists a constricted channel and loses velocity.
alluvial fan
________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water.
alluvium
The feature labeled "A" below is _______________________.
an oxbow lake
Particles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore form
beach drift
When coral expel their own nutrient-supplying algae, a phenomena called ________ often follows.
bleaching
A depression created by deflation is known as a
blowout
The San Andreas system in California is an example of a
both a strike-slip and transform fault.
When the height of a wave exceeds its vertical stability, the wave is called a
breaker
These features create zones of still water near coastlines.
breakwaters
Karst topography is formed primarily by
carbonation and solution
Hydrolysis, hydration, oxidation, and carbonation are all examples of ________ weathering processes.
chemical
A __________________ is a small, cone-shaped hill usually less than 450 m (1500 ft) formed from material that accumulates from moderately explosive volcanoes.
cinder cone
An atoll is approximately ________ in shape because it forms ________.
circular; around submerged volcanic islands
A wave-cut platform is the erosional remnant of a
cliff
A drainage divide that separates drainage basins that empty into different bodies of water surrounding a continent are known as
continental divides
The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a
continental shield, or craton
Areas of crustal collision and subduction occur along
convergent boundaries
Circular surface depressions usually found at or near the summit of a volcano are known as
craters
The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to
decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge
The treelike drainage pattern shown below from Yemen is known as _______________________.
dendritic
All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term
denudation
The sediment load that travels in solution is
dissolved load
Areas of upwelling material from the mantle to form new seafloor occur along
divergent boundaries
An extensive area of sand and sand dunes is known as a(n)
erg desert, or sand sea.
The term eolian refers to
erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind
Sedimentary rocks are more a product of the ________ system whereas metamorphic and igneous rocks are more a product of the ________ system.
exogenic; endogenic
The relatively flat ground, bounded by bluffs, on either side of the meandering river illustrated below is known as a __________________________. The flat ground is labeled "B".
floodplain
The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is
geomorphology
The subfield of geography and geology concerned with the study of the origins, evolutions, form, and spatial distribution of Earth's landforms is
geomorphology
Continental crust is basically ________, whereas oceanic crust is basically ________.
granite; basalt
Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of
higher rainfall and temperatures
Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with
hot spots
________ are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries.
hot spots
The science of water and its global circulation, distribution, and properties is known as
hydrology
________ streams have some groundwater input, but only flow for certain periods during a year.
intermittent
The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because
its wavelength shortens
These features block material from blocking harbor entrances
jetties
A shallow saltwater body cut off from the ocean by a bay barrier is known as a
lagoon
The photograph shows an example of which mass movement process?
landslide
The destruction of a mangrove swamp might lead to
loss of species and coastal erosion
Molten rock beneath Earth's surface is known as ________, whereas molten rock on Earth's surface is called ________.
magma; lava
An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic, natural compound is called a
mineral
The magnitude of earthquakes is measured by the ________________ scale
moment magnitude
When the Sun and Moon are neither in conjunction or opposition, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides.
neap; lowest
Drainage basins are ________ systems
open
This drainage pattern is associated with steep slopes
parallel
________ streams flow year-round, fed by snowmelt, rainfall, groundwater, or a combination thereof.
perennial
Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes.
physical
Frost wedging is an example of ________ weathering processes.
physical
A large region identifiable by several topographic or geological traits is known as a
physiographic province.
A topographic region that is characterized by local relief of less than 100 m (325 ft.) is considered a
plain
A coral is a type of ________ that secretes ________ to form a hard external skeleton.
polyp; calcium carbonate
The drainage pattern that flows of the Bazman volcano in Iran is known as ______________. An image of the Bazman volcano is shown below
radial
Metamorphism that occurs over broad areas when the pressure and associated heat of of overlaying rocks or other tectonic forces cause the rocks to undergo deformation is known as
regional metamorphism
In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called
regolith
Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as
relief
Within the deep cold zone, average temperature and salinity
remain fairly constant with depth
Overland flow can concentrate in small grooves called ________, which can enlarge to form ________.
rills; gullies
An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a
rock
Factors influencing the weathering process include
rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation
A niche in sandstone, such as that in Arizona's Canyon de Chelly, is indicative of which weathering process?
salt crystal growth
The ultimate base level is
sea level
The three basic rock types are
sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.
Stream transport involves all of the following EXCEPT
sheet flow
The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as
sinkholes
A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called
soil creep
The bent trees, leaning utility posts, and fences in this diagram indicate which type of mass movement?
soil creep
When the Sun and Moon are on the same side Earth or on opposite sides of earth, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides.
spring; greatest
When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, the resulting fault is called a
strike-slip fault
Desert pavement refers to
surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels
The photograph is an example of a
talus slope
Normal faults are associated with
tensional forces
Uniformitarianism assumes that
the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time
a zone of compression and folding.
the sharp release of energy in Earth's crust that creates seismic waves
If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that
there is a 1% chance you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year.
Areas where plates slide past one another, usually ar right angles to a seafloor spreading are
transform boundaries
This drainage pattern is characteristic of dipping or folded topography
trellis
Which of the following is an endogenic process?
volcanism
The process that breaks down rock at Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as
weathering
Which of the following is an exogenic process?
weathering
Within the United States, which area has the highest earthquake hazards?
west coast
Cones and cockpit karst develop in
wet tropical areas
In 1912, the theory of continental drift was proposed by _______________________________.
Alfred Wegener
Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?
Amazon River
Which of the following is NOT a criteria to be classified as a mineral?
Anthropogenic
A major difference between a barrier island and a barrier spit is
a barrier spit is connected to the mainland, whereas a barrier island is not
Orogenesis refers to
a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust.
The Zagros mountains of Iran is an example of
a zone of compression and folding.