Gender & Gender Identity

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A Sociocultural theory - Social Learning Theory states Gender Development happens via OBSERVATION of a childs PARENTS by:

- Parents Tend to use "essentialist" statements about gender - Parents Tend to assign household chores according to gender - Parents Tend to buy gender appropriate toys and encourage gender appropriate play - Parents Especially fathers with their sons - Parents Household egalitarianism negatively related to children's endorsement of gender stereotypes But true egalitarianism very rare

Define Transgender

-A chosen gender identity that is different then their anatomical/structural sex. -A transWOMAN was born male anatomically with male genitals but identifies as being a woman. Transwomen have the most chosen sex reassignment surgeries later in life. -A transMAN was born female. With female genitals but identifies as being male.

Define Cisgender

-A gender identity that matches the persons anatomical sex. - Cisgender is the most common sexual orientation

Define Gender/Gender Identity

-A persons chosen GENDER is their sense or experience of maleness or femaleness -A persons chosen GENDER IDENTITY is their sense or experience of maleness or femaleness

Ovotestis is a category of a humans specific sex, what does it mean?

-Possess both ovarian and testicular tissue -Usually assume gender identity and gender role assigned at birth

McClintock, (2015) found THREE PREDICTORS in females for heterosexual identity

1. Education level ( lower = more same sex activity) 2. Physical attractiveness ( higher = less same sex activity) 3. Children (age of female when she had children) The study included men and McClintock could not correlate the 3 predictors to men.

Define Specificity of sexual arousal

= -Specificity of sexual arousal is different for men and women because

Define Nonbinary Gender

A person who does not identify as either male or female - This CANNOT be confused with asexual. Gender is different than sexual attraction. I am female and attracted to males, so, they are entirely different concepts. -also known as Genderqueer

Define Genderqueer

A person who does not identify as either male or female -also known as Nonbinary Gender

Define Multigender

A person who experiences More than two gender identities simultaneously -also known as Bi-gender

Define Bi-gender

A person who experiences two gender identities simultaneously. -Intersex people could identify as bi-gender being both male and female. -An example of this is 'two spirit' Miss Chief Share Eagle Tistickle --also known as Multigender

What does Intersex mean?

A person who possesses the gonads of one sex and external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other sex

Define Gender Fluid

A person whose gender varies over time

Define Two Spirit

An indigenous individual who manifest both the male and female gender or spirit -An example of this is 'two spirit' Miss Chief Share Eagle Tistickle

What did the Machismo vs. Maiden theory prove about the frequency of new sexual partners?

An online survey (anonymous) with people mainly aged 40 years old proved Men have 2-4 times MORE sexual partners than women Men = 32 partners in lifetime Women = 8 partners in lifetime

A Sociocultural Theory of Gender Development is the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY describe it

Argues that gender, gender roles, and sexual behaviour differences derive from what is learned in 3 ways: 1st Observation (parents, peers, schools, toys, media) 2nd imitation - acting the way they see 3rd then understanding reinforcement for "appropriate" vs. "inappropriate" behaviours of their gender

How does Gender affect our Sense of Self and Sexuality? Which sexual aspects, change in frequency or likelihood, for male or females? (There are 3 main pieces of evidence)

Evidence #1 that shows our gender (male or female) affects -> 4 specific aspects of Male sexuality: Gender Similarity Hypothesis (Hyde, 2005) Males and females are similar for all variables, EXCEPT FOUR certain aspects of sexuality Men report greater: - men have increased Frequency of masturbation - men have increased Pornography use - men have increasedNumber of sexual partners - men have increased Willingness to engage in casual sex behaviour

How does Gender affect our Sense of Self and Sexuality? Mainly - How does identifying as a female or male change sexual orientation? (There are 3 main pieces of evidence)

Evidence #2 that shows our gender (male or female) affects -> Female sexual orientation FEMALES sexual orientation shown to: - Females have more of a fluid sexual identity relative to males - Females are More likely to identify as bisexual - Females are More likely to change sexual identity over lifespan Proven by = McClintock, (2015) 5,018 females & 4,191 males age 16-28

How does Gender affect our Sense of Self and Sexuality? Mainly - How do men and women differ in response to sexual stimuli? (There are 3 main pieces of evidence)

Evidence #3 that shows our gender (male or female) affects -> men and women *respond to sexual stimuli* differently, in TWO specific ways 1st difference is = Specificity of sexual arousal 2nd difference is = Sexual concordance being the Relationship between genital response and self-reported sexual arousal

How is intersex different from ovotestis?

INTERSEX people have the gonands of one sex (female i.e. uterus) but the external genitals of the other sex (male i.e. penis). They will often have reassignment surgery. Where as OVOTESTIS people have both ovarian and testicular tissue and there sex is assigned at birth and they later in life will typically agree with the assigned sex to have the matching gender identity & gender role.

Define Sexual concordance

Is the relationship between genital response and self-reported sexual arousal. -Sexual concordance is different for men and women because women do not want to report sexual arousal as much as men do.

Choose which of the following guidelines Alberta's School system has implemented for children gender differences

May pick your own pronoun and name He, she, ze, zir, hir, they, them, etc. Play for the boys or the girls team Use male or female washrooms or neither Pick the change room you prefer Establish Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) Answer = All are TRUE

A Sociocultural theory - Social Learning Theory states Gender Development happens via OBSERVATION of a childs PEERS by:

Observation/ imitation of PEERS - Play differs by gender group Observation of PEERS - Peers tend to be critical of violations of traditional gender norms Observation of PEERS -Gender "atypical" children at risk for bullying, increased distress, and loneliness

Define what a persons Sex is

One's anatomical structure that is associated with maleness or femaleness

Who created the gender book.com?

STORM. Has been documented since the age of 4 MONTHS OLD.

Define Gender Roles

Societal norms dictating the types of behaviours generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their sex or gender

What is an evolutionary theory (biological) of gender/sexual behaviour?

The theory has two purposes with specific sex differences 1. A persons sex has evolved to have best odds of offspring survival 2. Sexual behaviour has evolved to increase reproductive fitness and success Males being = More sexually liberal, Greater sex drive, Greater interest in casual sex Females being = More sexually conservative, Lower sex drive, Fewer casual partners

True or False - A 4 - year- old -Boy, in Medicine Hat, was ordered *twice by a judge to not wear girls clothing

This is TRUE - the third judge over ruled the two before and allowed the little 4 year old boy to wear what he wanted

What caused an uproar because of a U of Toronto Professor ?

U of Toronto Professor refused to address a student by the specific pronoun that the student requested.

What essentialist statement could a childs parent say that reinforces social learning theory of gender?

What are little girls made of? Sugar and spice and all things nice, That's what little girls are made of.


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