gender and tobacco use

past year cigarette initiates among persons aged 12+

-6,500 new cigarette smokers every day -most are under 18 years old

tobacco use remains the single largest preventable cause of death and disease in the US

-cigarette smoking kills more than 480,000 americans each year, with estimated 41,000 of these deaths from exposure to secondhand smoke -in addition, smoking related illness in the US costs $170 billion in medical costs and $156 billion in lost productivity each year

rates of past month cigarette use among 12-17 year olds is _______

-declining -no real gender difference

depression vulnerability predicts cigarette smoking among college students:

-gender and negative reinforcement expectancies as contributing factors

women smokers at _______ risk for dying of lung cancer than previously thought

-greater

when attempting to quit, younger women report:

-higher craving than young men when trying to quit smoking

tobacco use

-in 2014, an estimated 16.8% (40 mil) US adults were current cigarette smokers -> of these, 76.8% (30.7 mil) smoked every day, and 23.2% (9.3 mil) smoked some days

lung cancer is:

-leading cause of cancer death for both men (56.2 per 100,000) and women (36.4 per 100,000) -> breast cancer 21.3 per 100,000

current use of tobacco products person aged 18-25

-males (36.6%) -females (27.1%)

nicotine dependence: women

-may take less time to become dependent (telescoping) -make fewer quit attempts -stay abstinent for shorter periods -rate of relapse is higher in females than males

for women, expectancies:

-mediated association between depression vulnerability and smoking -> linked to past (history)

men are ____ likely to use tobacco

-more -some evidence of convergence (fewer women quitting)

for men, there was:

-no association between depression vulnerability and smoking or expectancies

nicotine ____ weight gain in female rats, but not in males

-reduces

individuals who smoke are more likely:

-to be depressed or have anhedonia -only an association, not causation

summary

-use of cigarettes among young people is declining -fewer women than men quit smoking -young women report higher levels of craving than young men when trying to quit -nicotine's effect on weight gain differs by gender -negative affect reduction expectancies influence smoking status -> in women, expectancies mediate association between history of depression and smoking status -> in other words, women w/ a history of depression think that smoking will reduce their bad feelings, so they are more likely to be smokers

brand preferences differ

-women prefer lower tar, filtered cigarettes

smoking style

-women smoke fewer cigarettes -women inhale less deeply

highest percentage of cigarette use among persons aged 12+

26-29 at 36.8%