Gender Exam 2
from "normalizing sexual violence" name one of the ways in which the women in the study normalized harassment and abuse?
"boys will be boys", sexualized bartering
tokenism:
"femaleness" is a devalued trait in the workplace, relate to women workers based on sex rather than individual qualifications and performance
what is the feminization of poverty in the u.s.?
"the new poor" are increasingly women and their dependent children
Hirschi said all 4 controls must operate effectively to curtail deviance, but relative to women, men:
-DO NOT interline conventional norms of society as strongly -have LOWER levels of attachment to others -have less involvements in conventional activities (religious and family activities)
___% attempted or completed rape and sexual assault in the workplace
1
_____% of mild harassment in the workplace (suggestive remarks, pressure for dates)
12
during the 19th century how long did these women work in factories and for how much?
14-18 hours and 10-18 cents a day
a women is beaten in the U.S. every?
18 seconds
nationally, ____% of girls are sexually abused by age 18 and _____ of boys (what are the numbers in KY?)
19% of girls, 9% of boys (25% of girls in KY, 12.5% in KY)
what was the first year of comparable income data for men and women?
1979
between ________ and ________ women in the U.S. are killed by husbands and lovers each year
2,000-4,000
______ million women are abused each year by their partners
2-6?
____% of severe harassment in the workplace (touching, pressure for sexual favors, unwanted letters and phone calls)
29
Most studies prove that women spend at least _____ as much time doing housework than their husbands
2x (some days 5x)
around ___ out of ____ female workers have been victims of sexual harassment
3 out of 5
Strauss and Geller estimate that between ____ and _____ children are abused by parents each year
6.9 and 7 million; 1.5 seriously assaulted, 1/3 of cases go unreported
in 1979 women earned ___ cents for every dollar that men earned
63
between _____ and _______ instances of elder abuse occur each year in the U.S.
700,000 and 1 million
as of 2017 it remains that women earn ___ cents for every dollar that men earn
82
what has been the closest women have gotten to earning what men earn?
83 cents
women with some college or an associates degree make ____ than men with a high school diploma and no college
LESS (97 dollars less)
The word family derives from?
Latin word "famulus" which means household servant or slavery
Martial and family relations are _____ relations
Power
The ability to influence others so they do what we want them to do?
Power
considerate domination:
a boss deciding what a married woman can and cannot do
what did Talcott Parsons say about the isolated nuclear family, and what does it consist of?
a husband, wife, and dependent children; live apart from other relatives, economically independent from relatives, and isolated from social institutions
what happened in the 19th century??
a shift in the U.s. from an agricultural economy to an industrial one (farms to factories)
benevolent exploitation:
a women is given all of the detail work on a job and then a man takes all of the credit for the overall product
Even though technology plays a role in housework, people still spend?
about as much time doing housework as they did in 1780
things people say to avoid being labeled?
accounts (Lyman and Scott)
during the 19th century it was mostly white women working manufacturing jobs, so minority women did what?
agricultural work, domestic work, and laundry work
excuses for deviance (deny responsibility):
appeal to accident, appeal to defeasibility, appeal to biological condition, and scapegoating
which race makes the highest overall median weekly income?
asian, white, african american, latino
subjective objectification:
being grouped with "all women"
friendly harassment:
being made fun of because of being visibly pregnant or dressed for a special occasion
what has men and women's participation in the work force been shaped by?
changes in nature and production, demographic changes, prevailing gender ideologies,
women may be subjected to ______ ________ which creates extra pressure and stress
closer scrutiny
judith lobber discusses the work of benokratis and fagin who came up with 9 ways that men subtly undercut women in the work place. name one.
condescending chivalry (boss protects a female employer from what could be useful criticism)
women are the kinds of people who do things that the control theory suggests produces?
conformity, while men produce deviance
Barry Glassner's 3 ways of labeling?
contextual, categorical, and potential
which occupations have the closest earnings for men and women?
counselors, social workers, teachers (because of women's job to nurture) (officers are kind of the outlier)
justifications for deviance (take full responsibility)
denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties
theory of statistical discrimination says?
employers want to maximize profits bc they hold traditional stereotypical beliefs about stability and productivity (so they select male workers for higher paying jobs w/ good advancement opportunities)
girls and boys are ______ susceptible to child abuse, BUT?
equally; but girls are significantly more likely to be victims of child sexual abuse
Deborah Tannen
genderlects
semantic derogation
how certain words get devalued (ex: placing female term last in a pair, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, etc.)
categorical labeling:
how we define certain groups of people as deviant regardless of what they are
contextual labeling:
how we define certain social situations and the people there as deviant
3 theoretical explanations for gender inequality in the economy:
human capital theory, theory of compensating differentials, and theory of statistical discrimination
women who work outside the home are in a double bind where?
if they pay too much attention to family, it's hard to move up, if they devote too much attention to job they are criticized for neglecting their family
there is a _____of marital power
imbalance
women speak a language of?
intimacy and connection
liberated sexism:
inviting a women for an after work drink and not letting her pay for a round
Howard Becker says?
labeling theory, says the "deviant" label becomes the master status
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
language does not merely describe a world that's already there, but it creates and shapes that world
collegial exclusion:
male bosses scheduling meetings or conferences at times inconvenient for women with family responsibilities
during the 19th century what did the work force look like?
men entered in much larger numbers than women, it reflected the dominant, middle class ideology today (true women stayed home to take care of children)
what was one of the main findings in the article on the implications of marriage structure for men's workplace attitudes and beliefs?
men in traditional marriages disfavor women in the workplace and more likely to make decisions that prevent advancement of qualified women
in mixed sex interactions?
men talk more than women, men make most of the interruptions, men work at keeping the conversation on topics they introduce, and women give more back channels than men
domestic violence is?
more widespread and done by "normal" people
What are the problems in single parent families where women are the heads of households?
numbers are increasing cuz of no-fault divorce laws and non enforcement of child support
which women were apart of the work force in the early 19th century?
poor, working class, single parents, minority women, or white immigrant women (ex: factory workers)
what are the 2 primary functions of the isolated nuclear family?
primary socialization of children and stabilization of adult personalities
3 strategies people use to keep from being labeled as deviant:
secrecy, passing, covering
The labeling of deviance most often occurs in the settings of?
social institutions
the labeling of deviance most often occurs in the setting of?
social institutions
men speak a language of?
status and independence
why did women work these low-paying jobs with long hours in the 19th century?
stereotypes of passivity, jobs were boring, and they should only work outside of home until marriage so their work career didn't last long enough to warrant more pay
human capital theory says?
that men choose to invest more time and energy/resources into their jobs and careers than women (but not really bc men are freer to do so, assumes free choice, but women have house and childcare)
radiant devaluation:
the "dancing dog" effect, praising women for what is considered routine when men do it
In an article, how did women's participation in "slut shaming" differ by social class?
the higher status women used it to assert class advantage (aka trashy vs. classy), and the lower status women used it to express class resentment (the higher class as bitchy)
Lakoff says that women's language became?
the language of subordination
baby worry
the natural worrying that comes with being a mother, worrying about the baby's diet,
the matthew effect:
the opposite of the SP, where male workers have unequal access to the personnel, workspace, and money necessary for job advancement bc they are considered better and more competent
potential labeling:
the strategies people use to keep form being labeled as deviant (secrecy, passing, covering)
what was the topic of the article by veronica tichenor?
the use of power in marriage under the conventional marriage contract
women 75 years of age and older are most susceptible to elder abuse because?
there are more older women than men bc they live longer, and inability to resist abuse
quid pro quo sexual harassment:
this for that (i will fire you if you don't sleep with me)
5 problems of sexism and discrimination in the workplace:
tokenism, closer scrutiny, boundary heightening, sexual harassment, and subtle undermining
social control theory
travis hirschi, says that people commit deviant acts based on the amounts of internal and external controls in their lives; belief, attachment, commitment, involvement
Robin Lakoff says men and women speak?
two very different versions of English
hostile work environment sexual harassment:
unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating a hostile or intimidating work environment
Why is housework not considered real work?
unspecialized, repetitive, no formal end to the day, privatized, unpaid labor
linguistic sexism
ways in which a language devalues members of one sex (usually women)
boundary heightening
when women are excluded from informal networks of activities and information in the workplace because they're not one of the "good ole boys" (ex bars and golf)
secondary deviance
when you do something deviant and people find out about it, and the labeling experience changes their self-image
primary deviance
when you do something deviant but nobody finds out about it
condescending chivalry
where the boss protects female worker from useful criticism
What did blood and Wolfe find in their study of 900 wives and family decisions?
whoever brought the most resources to the marriage had the most power
Blumstein and Schwartz replicated the same study with 12,000 couples in U.S. and found?
whoever generated the most money had the most power in the relationship
theory of compensating differentials says?
women choose jobs that have desirable qualities other than high pay and advancement opportunities (women are just less likely to want more pay for worse working conditions)
supportive discouragement:
women is not encouraged to compete for better position because she might not make it
the salieri phenomenon:
women may be undermined by male bosses and coworkers without even knowing it