general Psychology chapter 4 consciousness

what are the barriers to the scientific study of consciousness

1) it is subjective only to the individual who experiences it 2)it is constantly changing

what does a typical night of sleep look like?

4-5 stages each lasting 90 minutes. each cycle includes at least 1rem and 1 non-rem stage,

latent content

Freuds second level of dream content contains the hidden meaning of a dream often concealed by the manifest content of the dream. unconscious conflicts and desires.

automatic processing in regards to involuntary cognitive activity

ability to behave with our focusing. driving a car along a familiar route

what changes effect selective attention

abrupt changes in the environment. don't notice the chair you are sitting on until it is pulled out from underneath you.

Alcohols effect on GABA receptors

alcohol activates at the same receptors increasing GABAs activity. when alcohol increases inhibitory signal excitatory and inhibitory are out of balance. increased relaxation hear rate and breathing decrease.

stage 3&4 of sleep

also a non-rem sleep. slow sleep waves (delta waves) greatest release of growth hormone at this time.

stage 2 of sleep

also non-rem slightly deeper sleep harder to waken. theta waves

hypnosis

an altered state of consciousness allowing for changes in perceptions and behaviors which result from suggestions made by hypnotist.

while studying for an exam you sensory system absorb an inordinate amount of information from your surroundings, most of which you are not aware of Because of________ you don't get overwhelmed with incoming sensory data

automatic processing

first 90min of sleep

awake NREM1 NREM2 NREM3 NREM4

alcohol and barbiturates on GABA receptors

barbiturate bint to and activate gabs receptor too creating MORE related inhibition together both alcohol and barbiturates further imbalance the excretory and inhibitory signals. suppressing heart rate and impulse to breath.

alpha waves

brain waves at a relaxed or drowsy state

beta waves

brain waves that indicate an alert awake states.

theta waves

brain wavs that indicate the early stage of sleep. less than alpha and beta waves

the most common psychoactive drug in the united states

caffeine followed by nicotine

withdrawal

constant use of some psychoactive drugs a condition in which the dose becomes dependent then reacts when the drug is withheld.

psychological dependents

constant use of the same drug strong desire or need to continue using g substance without evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms

the superachiasmatic nucleus obtains its information about

day and night from retinal ganglion cells

REM sleep behavior disorders characteristics

dreamers vocalize and act out dreams violent and active dreams are common upon awakening the dream is remembered risk of injury to self and sleeping partners.

normal gaba activity

gaba activation calms nervous system activity is essential for proper functioning of the central nervous system. without GABA nerve cells fire to quickly. when functioning normally Gabs perfectly balance excitatory and inhibitory cells in the CNS. regular breathing and heart rate

characteristics of REM

quick eye movements beneath lids pulse and breathing fluctuate blood flow to genitals increases with is why people frequently wake up in a state of sexual arousal.

long term effects of marijuanna

reduced motivation respiratory problem impaired lung functioning and suppression of the immune system.

automatic processing

refers to the processing of information with little or no conscious effort, detection, encoding, and sometimes storage of information without awareness. with out this process we would be overwhelmed with data heart rate and breathing fall in this category

hypnagogic hallucinations

seeing strange images realistic visions of people or places.

obstructive sleep apnea

serious disturbance characterized by a complete absence of air flow or reduced air flow

when researchers try to study participants conscious experiences one barrier they face is that consciousness is ______ pertaining only to the individual who experiences it.

subjective

define consciousness

subjective state of being currently aware of something either within themselves of outside of themselves

marijuanna short term effects

temporary dip in sperm production and greater proportion of abnormal sperm.

sleep paralyisis

temporary paralysis that strikes just before sleeping or awakening

selective attention

the ability to focus awareness on a small segment of information that is available through our sensory systems.

inattention blindness is the tendency to look without seeing. researchers have determined that most people do not notice a variety of events. given what you know about selective attention what advice would you give someone about defending against looking without seeing?

the ability to focus awareness on one think is selective awareness. looking without seeing can have serious consequences as we fail to see important occurrences in our surroundings when distracted.

cataplexy

total loss of muscle tone

cocktail party effect

tune out others in a noisy room and focus on your conversation.

obstructive sleep apnea characteristics

upper throat muscles go limp airway closes breathing stops for 10 seconds or longer sleeper awakens gasping for air

tolerance

with constant use of some psychoactive drugs a condition in with the body requires more and more of the drug t create the original side effect.

physiological dependence

with the content use of some psychoactive drugs the body no longer functions normally without it. withdrawal symptoms present.DTs and tolerance

delirium tremens

withdraw symptom that can occur when a heavy drinker suddenly stops or significantly cuts down on consumption can include sweating restlessness hallucinations tremors and seizures

pineal gland

produces melatonin located behind the thalamus, structure small pea size gland functions- receives messages about light from the scn

3rd 90 min of sleep (4.5)

REM NREM! NREM2 NREM3

hours 4.5-8 of sleep

REM NREM1 NREM2 around 8 hours awake

second 90 min of sleep

REM NREM2 NREM3 NREM4

Rapid eye movement

REM the stage of sleep associated with dreaming sleep characterized by bursts of eye movements with brain activity similar to that of a waking state but with a lack of muscle tone.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

SCN is the bodies internal master clock. location-within the hypothalamus behind the optic chiasm structure- two tiny bundles of neurons function- sends message about light to the rest of the hypothalamus and the reticular formation and regulates the pineal glands production of melatonin.

reticular formation

in the medulla is responsible for regulating alertness and sleepiness.

insomnia

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

rem rebound

increased amount of sleep in Rem stage with the 1st sleep session following deprivation

narcolepsy defining characteristics

irrepressible need to sleep daytime napping cataplexy sleep paralysis hypnagogic hallucinations.

manifest content

level one of frauds dream content. the apparent meaning of the dream the actual story line of the dream itself. what you remember when you wake up.

inn attentional blindness

looking without seeing our attention is elsewhere. text and driving

the most common illegal psychoactive drug in the United States

marijuanna

REM sleep behavior disorders

mechanism responsible for paralysis during REM not functioning resulting in acting out of dreams

in which of the following stages of sleep do we spend most time at night

most time at night spent in stage 2

narcolepsy

neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness which includes lapses into sleep and napping

Stage 1 of sleep

non rem 1- muscles go limp and body temp falls. this is where you may feel like you are falling and jerked awake. theta waves seen here.

non rapid wye movement (non-rem)

nondreamkng sleep that occurs during stage 1-4 of sleep

retinal ganglion cells structure and function

nonvisual pathways in the eye that are specialized light sensing cells that communicates with the SCN

another name of Rem sleep

paradoxical sleep because the person appears to be resting but the brain is full of electrical activity

circadian rhythm

patterns roughly following the 24 hour cycle of daylight and darkness

characteristics of insomnia

poor sleep quality or quantity tendency to wake up too early or can't fall back asleep not feel refreshed after a nights sleep.