General Psychology: Chapters 6-11

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages:sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.

low self-efficacy

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

A person's ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.

metabolic

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

motivation

_______ is wants or needs tat direct behavior toward some goal.

motivation

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects. A. biological

motor

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is ________.

obese

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

What is the Flynn effect?

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks,overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

persona

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

physiological

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

reudian slip

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

rorschach

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

sexual

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

teratogen

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

What is the main difference between SigmundFreud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. Sigmund Freud did not.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Psychosocial

What did Harry Harlow's monkey experiments demonstrate about attachment?

Research shows that the monkeys preferred the soft, cuddly cloth monkey to the wire monkey, even though she did not provide any nourishment. The baby monkeys spent their time clinging to the cloth monkey and only went to the wire monkey when they needed to be fed. Prior to this study, the medical and scientific communities generally thought that babies become attached to the people who provide their nourishment. However, Harry Harlow concluded that there was more to the mother-child bond than nourishment. Feelings of comfort and security are critical components to maternal-infant bonding, which leads to healthy psychosocial Development.

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

Teratogens

What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a questionnaire that determines a person's degree of introversion versus extroversion, thinking versus feeling, intuition versus sensation, and judging versus perceiving. Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the MBTI.

List the components of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

The components are self-actualization, esteem, social, security, and Physiological.

Name the seven universal emotions.

The seven universal emotions are happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust,contempt, and anger

What is an IQ?

The term IQ stands for intelligence quotient and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence.

What does current research suggest about the efficacy of conversion therapy?

There is no credible scientific evidence to suggest that individuals can change their sexual orientation.

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?

We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.

How might you express anger through body language?

When I am angry I may cross my arms across my chest, glare, and tighten my mouth.

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

a habit

Provide a real world example of negative punishment.

a two-year-old child hits his mother, so his mother takes away his favorite toy. Taking away the toy is the negative punishment.

________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.

anorexia nervosa

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can controltheir actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suclking

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.

biological; social

________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.

bisexual

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

homeostasis

SigmundFreud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.

instinct

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

intrinsic

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

introvert

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

The concept conservation refers to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

What is indicated by an IQ below 70?

A score of 70 or below indicates significant cognitive delays, major deficits in adaptive functioning, and difficulty meeting the standards for personal independence and for social responsibility accepting within a community, in comparison to same-aged peers.

How do the id, ego, and superego combine to form personality?

According to Sigmund Freud, our personality develops from a conflict betweentwo forces: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus our internal (socialized) control over these drives. Our personality is the result of our efforts to balance these two competing forces. Freud suggested that we can understand this by imagining three interacting systems within our minds. He called them the id, ego, and superego. The job of the ego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.

What does the term adolescence describe?

Adolescence is a socially constructed concept. In pre-industrial society, children were considered adults when they reached physical maturity, but today we have an extended time between childhood and adulthood called adolescence. Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood. In the United States, adolescence is seen as a time to develop independence from parents while remaining connected to them. The typical age range of adolescence is from 12 to 18 years old

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?

Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.

Explain the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia involves loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma, and retrograde amnesia is a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma.

Explain arousal theory and provide a real life example.

Arousal theory states that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories. For example, I have strong memories of the day I graduated from high school because that was a day filled with strong, positive emotions. I do not have many clear memories of the week before graduation because nothing particularly exciting happened during that time.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

How can you apply the chunking technique to remember the multiplication table you learnedas a child?

Chunking is dividing information into more manageable pieces so that it is easier to remember. Divide the multiplication table into more manageable chunks so that you only need to remember one line of the table at a time. For example, first memorize the results of every number multiplied by one; next, attempt to memorize the result of every number multiplied by two, and so on.

Dogs do not speak a language. Using specific examples, describe how they communicate.

Dogs communicate with posture, movement, and vocalizations. They growl when they are angry or defensive, they wag their tails when they are happy, they lower their noses or roll over when they are submissive, and bark when they want our attention

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

Describe and exemplify extrinsic motivation.

Extrinsically motivated behaviors are performed in order to receive something from others. For example, I work at my job in order to get paid.

Provide a real world example of how a video game can have prosocial and antisocial effects.

If a video game shows characters engaging in violent behavior, the viewer/player may model this behavior and behave aggressively after watching the game. If a video game emphasizes and rewards cooperative problem solving, the viewer/player may likewise model cooperative problem solving in real life.

Describe and give an example of intrinsic motivation.

Intrinsically motivated behaviors are performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring. For example, I work hard in my psychology classes because I enjoy learning about psychology.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research?

Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa.

bulimia

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

Body dysmorphia is a ________.

distorted body image

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does too. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion; memory

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.

extrinsic

________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.

extrinsic

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.

extrovert

Which of the following are examples of the social level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

family and friendship

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine