general psychology final

_____ is the defense mechanism used when the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.

. Displacement

_____ thinking occurs during brainstorming.

. Divergent

Which of the following best defines teratogen?

. It is any agent that causes a birth defect.

Which of the following is true of observational learning

. It often takes less time than operant conditioning.

Which of the following psychologists would be most interested in examining the impact of amygdala damage on personality?

. Jeffrey Gray

The theory of social comparison was proposed by _____.

. Leon Festinger

Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?

. Piaget

Roger witnesses a burglary. On being questioned by the police, Roger provides a vague description of the burglar, mentioning his approximate build and height, but he is unable to recall specific details. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Roger has engaged in while encoding information about the burglar?

. Shallow

. In the context of memory storage, which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual retrieves information from memory?

. The right frontal lobe

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?

Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles.

Which of the following is true of social cognition in social psychology?

All of these

At the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on:

punishments or rewards.

The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives is known as _____.

self-regulation

The process of receiving stimulus energy from the environment and transforming it into neural energy is called _____.

sensation

The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK):

signals a person to stop eating.

In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as:

spontaneous recovery.

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are:

stimulants.

William James described the human mind as a:

stream of consciousness

When a person's blood sugar level falls too low, he feels:

hungry.

In the context of the organization of the brain, one of its pleasure centers is found in the _____.

hypothalamus

According to the _____ theory, people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference

A(n) _____ assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period.

longitudinal study

. The process by which individuals think about thinking is referred to as:

metacognition.

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus's scientific research on forgetting, _____.

most forgetting takes place soon after an individual learns something

After watching an episode of Dr. Alfred's TV show, Shane wonders why anyone would want their dirty laundry to be aired in front of 70 million viewers. Shane is most likely wondering about the _____ of Dr. Alfred's guests.

motivation

Jack sees a sleek object with four wheels and four doors on the street and recognizes that it is a car. This process of interpreting what he sees as a car is called _____.

perception

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the strongest human needs are:

physiological needs.

In the context of characteristics of the nervous system, the brain's special physical capacity for change is referred to as its _____.

plasticity

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual in the _____ level of moral development recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code.

postconventional

Encoding failure occurs when _____.

the information never entered the long-term memory

Which of the following is a characteristic of good problem solvers?

Humility

Whenever a dog falls into a puddle of water, it shakes itself to dry its wet fur. Which of the following best describes the dog's pattern of behavior?

Instinct

Which of the following concepts best explains the need for a shoal of salmon to return one to four years after being at sea to the fresh waters where they were hatched?

Instinct

Which of the following terms refers to a limited mental capacity that affects functioning in conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills?

Intellectual disability

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?

Intolerance

Which of the following is a trait of creative thinkers?

Intrinsic motivation

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the trichromatic theory of color vision?

It cannot adequately explain afterimages.

In the context of the chemical senses, which of the following is true of the neural pathway of smell?

It first goes to the olfactory areas in the temporal lobe.

Which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

It occurs after a time delay.

Which of the following is NOT involved in the complex process of pursuing one's goals?

Procrastination

Which of the following is true of the term "levels of processing" in memory?

It refers to a continuum of memory processing.

The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test is the _____.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

_____ is the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do, resulting in behavior that is energized, directed, and sustained.

Motivation

5. The small town of Adasia experienced its first horrific crime when a family of six was murdered in broad daylight. The perpetrator committed the crime and then killed himself. Instead of hating the murderer, the people of Adasia focused on forgiving him for his sins. They set up a fund for his family. Which of the following approaches to psychology would be best able to rationalize the people's behavior?

a. Positive psychology

12. In the context of psychology's scientific method, variables are elements of research that:

a. can change.

Hillary is recalling details from her most recent trip to an amusement park. In the context of the brain structures involved in long-term memory, which lobe of Hillary's brain is most active in this instance?

. The right frontal lobe

. When cognitive psychologists use the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____.

. hardware

The body's electrochemical communication circuitry is known as the _____ system.

. nervous

In the context of the processes involved in memory, storage refers to the process of _____ information.

. retaining

The most commonly used method of measuring personality characteristics is _____.

. the self-report test

According to Gray, which of the following brain structures serves as a system for affective style?

Amygdala_____ is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to learning that certain behaviors are rewarding.

Which of the following terms refer to the physiological state of being engaged with the environment?

Arousal

_____ is the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.

Behavioral genetics

. In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Classical conditioning

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

Conditioning

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is NOT an essential ingredient of healthy human relations?

Conditions of worth

. _____ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.

Convergent

_____ is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to learning that certain behaviors are rewarding.

Dopamine

_____, in classical conditioning, is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Extinction

Which of the following psychologists coined the word personology?

Henry Murray

_____ was the first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Which of the following perspectives of personality primarily stress a person's cAPAcity for personal growth and positive human qualities?

Humanistic

In the context of the chemical senses, which of the following is true of the tongue?

Taste buds are housed in the tongue.

. In the context of memory storage, which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual encodes new information into memory?

The left frontal lobe

The process by which individuals come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called _____.

attribution

15. Professor Rodman, a social psychologist, studied the relationship between the severity of injuries in automobile accidents and the use of seat belts. He obtained a correlation coefficient of -0.72. In the context of correlational research, which of the following conclusions will the professor most likely arrive at?

b. People who wear seat belts sustain less serious injuries in an accident.

4. Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that emphasizes:

b. human strengths.

7. The method of study used by Wilhelm Wundt and his collaborators to discover the basic elements, or "structures," of mental processes was _____.

c. introspection

1. Psychology is formally defined as

c. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Donny suffered a stroke a few years ago. For many months, he was unable to coordinate his movements making it impossible for him to even stand up. Since then, he has been walking in a jerky, uncoordinated manner. In this scenario, Donny's symptoms after the stroke are most likely due to damage to his _____.

cerebellum

. In the context of the organization of the brain, thinking and planning are mediated by the _____ of the brain.

cerebral cortex

. According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the _____.

collective unconscious

2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychology as a science?

d. It uses speculation to form opinions about behavior.

3. Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychological science?

d. To speculate

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the _____ houses an individual's higher mental functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.

ego

The first step in memory is _____.

encoding

The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will:

experience physiological and emotional reactions simultaneously.

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to:

the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.

Personology refers to:

the study of the whole person

According to Sigmund Freud, _____ mental processes occur without a person being aware of them.

unconscious

_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

Self-concept

14. Saundra says that whenever she drinks coffee in the evenings it interferes with her ability to fall asleep. The more coffee she drinks before sleeping, the less sleep she gets. In the context of correlational research, Saundra is describing a _____ between caffeine intake and sleep.

a. negative correlation

11. The first step of the scientific method in psychology involves:

a. observing some phenomenon in the world.

6. Psychology emerged as a science from the field of:

a. philosophy.

13. Joaquin has been assigned a research project in his psychology class. He must observe student behavior during a learning task and attempt to form a(n) _____, which is a broad idea that describes other ideas and how they may be related.

a. theory

In the context of nervous system pathways, nerves that carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord are known as _____ nerves.

afferent

Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?

Physical and perceptual features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing.

Which of the following regions of the brain is concerned with reasoning and decision making?

Prefrontal cortex

_____ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious.

Psychodynamic

According to developmental psychologists, nature refers to:

an individual's biological inheritance.

According to developmental psychologists, nurture refers to

an individual's environmental and social experiences

. According to Jung's analytic theory, the collective unconscious is expressed through:

archetypes

According to Jung's analytic theory, emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are known as:

archetypes.

. According to Piaget, an individual's ability to incorporate new information into existing knowledge is called _____.

assimilation

9. A psychologist following the humanistic approach to psychology would be most interested in how:

b. people make choices that lead to positive growth.

When the field of cognitive psychology first became prominent, it was considered a revolutionary development because it was a radical departure from _____.

behaviorism

10. Which of the following contemporary approaches to psychology emphasizes a person's positive qualities?

c. The humanistic approach

8. The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the role of _____ as a determinant of behavior.

c. free will

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the _____ evaluates the morality of an individual's behavior.

superego