General Psychology Final
George is traveling to visit his friend Ryan in a neighboring town but has to take a detour due to road construction. At first George feels lost, but then he notices a sign for Madison Street and immediately knows where he is and how to navigate to Ryan's house. In this situation, George has reached Ryan's by using ________.
A cognitive map
If a researcher wants to be able to generalize about a population using data pulled from a sample, it is best to use
A random sample
When Kate's grandma leans over the crib with a toy in her hand, 8-month-old Kate grasps it and pulls on it. When Kate's mom hangs a set of animals across the crib, Kate reaches up, grabs them, and pulls them down. Kate seems to be working on ______ for grasping and pulling.
A schema
A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is
Acetylcholine
Mary and Eric are outside playing one day when Eric looks up and asks, "What's that big bright ball in the sky?" Mary replies that it is the sun. That night, Eric looks out his bedroom window and sees a big, bright ball in the sky. "Look, Mary, it's the sun!" He exclaims. This example shows that Eric has used ______ for his new knowledge .
Assimilation
Rays has been knitting for many years. Jade just started learning how to knit yesterday. For Raya, knitting is most likely an ________ process and for Jade, knitting is most likely a _________ process.
Automatic; controlled
The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the
Blind spot
According to this model of conceptual processing, the recognition of patterns occurs because data are relayed from a lower level to a higher level of processing in the brain.
Bottom-up processing
The brain and the spinal cord makeup the _________ nervous system
Central
The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system
Central
Derek pretends to be a baker while playing in the sand. He forms five sand cookie balls, and then he forms a sixth but flattens it into a pancake. "Wow! This cookie is way bigger than the others!" He exclaims. The example best illustrates Derek's _______ development.
Cognitive
Angie had brain surgery. Although she can function quite normally, she is unable to verbally report the name is an object that is shown to her left visual field. However, when the same object is shown to her right visual field, she can verbally name the object. Based on this information, Angie's brain surgery. Likely involved severing the
Corpus callosum
The variable that a researcher measures in an experiment is called the
Dependent variable
Binocular disparity is about
Different views
Susie wants to use operant conditioning to teach her cat to sit up for a treat. A psychologist who has conducted research that would be useful to her in this situation is
Edward Thorndike
Structuralism is a school of psychology introduced by
Edward Titchener
Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of a behavior. Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist ______.
Edward Tolman
If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called
Extinction
Peggy's parents are amazed at how much their daughter has changed. Over the past year, she became interested in doing chemistry experiments. Peggy predicts what will happen when she combines two chemicals together and then observes the results to see whether her hypothesis was correct. Peggy is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
Formal operational
The cognitive revolution was launched by
George Miller
Serotonin levels increase higher during
Giving
Juan believes that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for consciousness. Pierre disagrees, saying that no single area of the brain is responsible for consciousness, and that instead specific areas process certain types of information. Pierre most likely believes in the _______ model of consciousness.
Global workspace
Billy hates it when his upstairs neighbor wakes up early to take a shower. He is typically abruptly awakened when the water starts, but then he gets used to the noise and goes back to sleep. In this example, Billy is showing learning through _______.
Habituation
As you sleep through the night, REM sleep
Increases relative to the other stages
The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the
Independent variable
Aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem even after sitting at his desk for an hour. He gets up and goes for a walk. Suddenly, even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while, the answer comes to him. Aldo has most likely solved the problem based on
Insight learning
With regard to sensation, signal detection theory accounts for a person's
Judgements
REM sleep is characterized by all of the following except
K-complexes
In a person with a normally functioning brain, the part of the brain that typically controls speech is the
Left hemisphere
Sienna is giving a verbal presentation in her political science class. During her presentation it is most likely that the ________ is more active than the ______ hemisphere.
Left hemisphere; right
The part of the brain that is known as the interpreter is the _______ hemisphere because it
Left; tries to construct a world that makes sense
The idea that the activity of neurons in the brain produces consciousness is called
Materialism
Thayer is holding her infant cousin and she smiles at the baby. The baby observes Thayer smiling and imitates the smile by smiling back. The baby most likely learned to smile in this situation based on _____.
Modeling
Our body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, which are called
Neurons
The the nervous system, ten cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information are the
Neurons
The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in behavior associated with
Reactivity
The philosopher who promoted dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem was
René Descartes
This is a thin inner surface behind the eyeball and it contains sensory receptors
Retina
According to trichromatic color theory, there is no cone specialized to respond to yellow light. When we see yellow, it is because the light is stimulating the
S cones very little and the L and M cones equally
Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The light reflects off the words on the page and falls on the sensory receptors in her retina, which results in _________. Then her brain interprets the stimuli as particular words, which is called _________.
Sensation; perception
The sense organs' detection of external physical stimuli is called _________' whereas further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called ________.
Sensation; perception
Daryl thinks that playing peek-a-boo is hilarious! He does not know where his mom goes during the game, but it excites him when he sees her face again. Daryl is most likely in Piaget's ____ stage of development.
Sensorimotor
When Petra jumps into a cold lake, she feels as though she is freezing. After a few minutes, she no longer notices the cold and feels comfortable in the water. This change is best explained by
Sensory adaptation
Suppose you begin feeling extremely depressed and want a prescription drug to alleviate your depression. The drug you should take should effect the neurotransmitter
Serotonin
Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment to resolve unconscious conflicts that cause mental disorders. This treatment was developed by
Sigmund Freud
Sleeping people who show theta waves on their EEGs are most likely in ________ sleep.
Stage 1
At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?
Stage 2
A cat has been classically conditioned to purr when it hears Theodore open to the refrigerator where it's food is kept. But the at does not purr when it hears the sound of the pantry door opening, where none of its food is kept. The fact that the cat shows the conditioned response, purring, only for the sound associated with the conditioned stimulus is most likely the result of
Stimulus discrimination
Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says, "Sit." But now, anything that jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting. This is most likely the result of
Stimulus generalization
The process of encoding low frequencies of sound is called
Temporal coding
The parts of the neuron that act like mailboxes because they receive information from other places are called the
Terminal buttons
A split-client is shown a frog inner right visual field. This information is processed by
The left side of her occipital lobe
An explanation of how an observable phenomenon works is provided by a
Theory
Sally is playing ball with her friend Anne. When Anne leaves the ball on the couch and goes to the bathroom, Sally hides the ball behind the TV. Sally expects Anne to look for the ball on the couch when she comes back because Anne does not know the ball was moved while she was in the bathroom. Sally's demonstrating that she understands Anne has her own thoughts and intentions that are different from Sally's. Sally has developed
Theory of mind
When serotonin levels increase the person feels happier
True
Rayvonte, a recent college graduate, is impressed when his cousin puts his résumé on their university's job board and then receives many job interviews. Rayvonte decides to post his résumé in hopes of finding his first professional job. He most likely posted his résumé on the job board as a result of _________.
Vicarious conditioning
Which of the following is a potential drawback of using automatic processing?
We are less likely to remember relevant details
Who would be most discouraged to hear that modern psychology places a lot of emphasis on the study of mental processes?
Wilhelm Wundt
The psychologist most closely associated with the school of functionalism is
William James
Consciousness is best defined as
Your subjective experiences of the external world