General Psychology Quiz 1 Ch 1-3
Darwin first conceived the idea of evolution by natural selection while he was
reading a book by Malthus entitled Population
What directs the synthesis of protein molecules that regulate the biological and physical development of the body and its organs?
Different sequences of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Darwin had impact on what school?
Harvard
Who was an important advocate of "mental phenomena could be explained by physiological processes"?
Helmhotz
Which approach to psychology stresses positive growth and self realization?
Humanistic
Hamilton's breakthrough in explaining altruism from a biological perspective
rested on his taking into account the viewpoint of the genotype rather than that of the organism
A graph that contains data points for two variables and is constructed for the purpose of assessing the degree of relation between the variables is called a
scatterplot
The gene for hemophilia, a serious blood-clotting disorder, is an example of a __________ gene. a
sex-linked
What is a form of natural selection based on traits that are characteristics of a sex, such as body size?
sexual selection
The correlation coefficient is a more convenient way of communicating results than
showing scatterplots of the scores
Dr. Burkhart involves attitude formation and change. Which are of research?
social
If you wanted to calculate how much the numbers in a set of numbers differed from each other you would calculate the
standard deviation
Pierre Flourens developed the method of experimental ablation to
study the functions of different parts of the brain
Mental images are?
subjective
When culture is used as an independent variable in research, the research is not truly experimental because
subjects are not randomly assigned to a cultural group.
The major purpose of descriptive statistics is to
summarize and organize data
The determination of whether the results of a study are statistically significant occurs during which step of the scientific method?
the evaluation of the hypothesis through examination of the data collected
In cross-cultural research, culture is considered a(n) __________ variable, which is similar to a(n) __________ variable.
treatment; independent
According to Descartes, to understand the world, one must use observation and reason in order to do what?
understand how it is constructed
Michael is 48 years old and is dying. His mental and physical abilities have gradually deteriorated over the past 12 years. He no longer can control his motor abilities. What genetic disorder is Michael likely to have?
Huntington's chorea
Descartes observations of moving statues he formulated a _______ model?
Hydraulic
The doctrine of specific nerve energies is most closely associated with whom?
Muller
What is a highly common type of reproductive strategy among humans?
Polygyny
Debriefing occurs
after participation in the study has ended and no forseable harm to participant
Huntington's chorea is
age 30 or 40
Competition may occur
among members of the same or different species
Dr. Peters manipulates temperature in order to observe its effects on aggression. Which type of research design is Dr. Peters conducting?
an experiment
Thorndike law of effect, studied
animals
Why did humanistic psychology emerge?
because of behaviorism
When "bright" and "dull" strains of rats were reared in enriched environments designed to stimulate learning, __________ in terms of navigating a maze.
both performed equally well
Whats the ultimate goal of psychology?
discovering the cause of behavior
A study in which the experimenter AND the participant DO NOT know the value of the independent variable is called a(n) __________ study.
double blind
Suppose that the concordance values for a certain trait are very high for both MZ and DZ twins. This trait is likely due to a(n)
environmental variable
Structuralism is to ________ as Functionalism is to ________.
introspection, biological
Confounding of variables in an experiment renders the collected data
invalid
Direct laboratory manipulation of genetic material in order to identify the function of a gene is achieved through
knockout mutations
Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that make reciprocal altruism likely?
low benefits for recipient
Which area of psychological research is most closely associated with differences in temperament and patterns of behavior?
personalities
To investigate the effects of __________ on behavior we would most likely use a correlational study.
personality
Dr. Thraill's research is focused on addition and how drugs affect brain and nervous system. What would her area of research most likely be?
physiological (fisiological)
What does humanistic psychology stress?
positive growth and self-realizatio
Genotypic variation, phenotypic variation, and competition
produce evolutionary change
Anytime an experimenter thinks his or her study will involve some degree of subjectivity in measuring the dependent variable, he or she should take steps to
produce high interrater reliability
Kremsa has just finished completing a class project in which she investigated the relationship between hours spent studying for an examination and performance on the exam. She simply asked students how many hours they studied for their last psychology exam and what scores they earned. She calculated a correlation coefficient and found that the fewer hours students studied for their exams, the lower their scores were. Which of the correlation coefficients below best represents Kremsa's findings?
+ .5
How many chromosomes are in each germ cell?
23
One parent is homozygous for blue eyes and the other parent is heterozygous for brown eyes. Which of the following is a possible outcome for their children?
50% brown 50% blue
In the early 1800s, physicians and educators began to emphasize improving people's lives in response to what incident?
The discovery of Victor, the "Wild Boy of Aveyron"
The law of effect was formulated by whom?
Thorndike
How do identical twins develop?
When a fertilized ovum divides to give two identical fertilized ova
Changes in part of a chromosome or in the total number of chromosomes is known as a
chromosomal abberation
When sailing throughout the world aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin spent most of his time
collecting specimens
Which type of psychologist works within existing social system for changes that will positively affect the members of those systems?
community
Which area of pychologial research is most likely to examine the evolution of adaptive behavior in a given species?
comparitive
Dr. Mabote wants to determine if a group of participants reading under incandescent light will read more pages of text in one hour than a group of participants reading under fluorescent light. She assigns students sitting at the front of the class to be in the "incandescent light" condition and students at the back of the class to be in the "fluorescent light" condition. In this experiment seating location is
confounding variable
Which type of psychologist would you expect to find in a super market or mall studying patterns of shopping behavior?
consumer
What does the first step in explaining behavior involve?
describing it
Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the effects of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. The control group in this study
did not exercise
In the textbook's example of the "predator recognition" experiment, the researcher should have counterbalanced his experiment. That is, he should have presented the models of predators a
different orders to different birds
For any trait, a high MZ and a low DZ concordance value supports the probability that the trait is most likely due to a(n)
genetic variable
Dr. Zukov is studying the effects of alcohol on manual dexterity. Group A is given 250 milliliters of an alcoholic beverage to drink; Group B is given 500 milliliters of the same beverage to drink; Group C is given 750 milliliters of this beverage to drink; and Group D is given 500 milliliters of a non-alcoholic beverage that looks, tastes, and smells like an alcoholic beverage to drink. Which group was given the placebo?
group D
In the human genome, there are about twice as many genes as in the genome of
houseflies
First step of scientific method?
identifying the problem
Suppose that you have just saved the life of a sibling. According to sociobiological theory, you have increased your
inclusive fitness
Which variable is manipulated in an experiment?
independent variable
Informed consent involves
information about the nature of the research, including risks and benefits.
Dr. Mbotu is conducting a study to learn more about the relationship between IQ and success in college. In carrying out this study, Dr. Mbotu carefully assigns his participants to groups so that the values of parental income and year in college are the same. The name for the procedure that Dr. Mbotu is using to control differences among his participants on these variables is
matching
Mill differed from Descartes because Mill suggested ______ while Descartes suggested ________
materialism, rationalism
An operational definition
must remain constant
When genetic material changes, it changes as a result of either
mutation or chromosomal aberration
Which type of selection discriminates against characteristics most harmful to survival?
negative selection
Helmholtz's finding that the nerve impulse traveling through the body is considerably slower than electricity traveling through a wire led to what important realization?
nerve impulses are more complex than simple electrical current
We commit the _______ fallacy when we mistakenly blieve that we have explained an event by simply naming it.
nominal
Dr. Chen is conducting a study at a restaurant on the effects of touch on positive responses. She arranged for servers to touch their customers on the arm 0, 2, or 4 times during the course of a meal. She then measured the amount of tips given to servers by their customers. The control group in this study was
not touched
Psychology depends on the scientific method in order to be what?
objective
Sociobiology has been accused of ignoring the role of cultural practices in shaping human behavior and placing too much emphasis on evolutionary factors in shaping cultural practices. In response, sociobiologists argue that
understanding natural selection helps explain the evolution of cultural practices.
Two sets of numbers can have the same mean and median and still differ with respect to
variablity
In using inferential statistics we should initially assume that in any experiment, the scores obtained from different groups of participants
will be different simply due to chance