General Psychology Quiz 1 Ch 1-3

Darwin first conceived the idea of evolution by natural selection while he was

reading a book by Malthus entitled Population

What directs the synthesis of protein molecules that regulate the biological and physical development of the body and its organs?

Different sequences of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

Darwin had impact on what school?

Harvard

Who was an important advocate of "mental phenomena could be explained by physiological processes"?

Helmhotz

Which approach to psychology stresses positive growth and self realization?

Humanistic

Hamilton's breakthrough in explaining altruism from a biological perspective

rested on his taking into account the viewpoint of the genotype rather than that of the organism

A graph that contains data points for two variables and is constructed for the purpose of assessing the degree of relation between the variables is called a

scatterplot

The gene for hemophilia, a serious blood-clotting disorder, is an example of a __________ gene. a

sex-linked

What is a form of natural selection based on traits that are characteristics of a sex, such as body size?

sexual selection

The correlation coefficient is a more convenient way of communicating results than

showing scatterplots of the scores

Dr. Burkhart involves attitude formation and change. Which are of research?

social

If you wanted to calculate how much the numbers in a set of numbers differed from each other you would calculate the

standard deviation

Pierre Flourens developed the method of experimental ablation to

study the functions of different parts of the brain

Mental images are?

subjective

When culture is used as an independent variable in research, the research is not truly experimental because

subjects are not randomly assigned to a cultural group.

The major purpose of descriptive statistics is to

summarize and organize data

The determination of whether the results of a study are statistically significant occurs during which step of the scientific method?

the evaluation of the hypothesis through examination of the data collected

In cross-cultural research, culture is considered a(n) __________ variable, which is similar to a(n) __________ variable.

treatment; independent

According to Descartes, to understand the world, one must use observation and reason in order to do what?

understand how it is constructed

Michael is 48 years old and is dying. His mental and physical abilities have gradually deteriorated over the past 12 years. He no longer can control his motor abilities. What genetic disorder is Michael likely to have?

Huntington's chorea

Descartes observations of moving statues he formulated a _______ model?

Hydraulic

The doctrine of specific nerve energies is most closely associated with whom?

Muller

What is a highly common type of reproductive strategy among humans?

Polygyny

Debriefing occurs

after participation in the study has ended and no forseable harm to participant

Huntington's chorea is

age 30 or 40

Competition may occur

among members of the same or different species

Dr. Peters manipulates temperature in order to observe its effects on aggression. Which type of research design is Dr. Peters conducting?

an experiment

Thorndike law of effect, studied

animals

Why did humanistic psychology emerge?

because of behaviorism

When "bright" and "dull" strains of rats were reared in enriched environments designed to stimulate learning, __________ in terms of navigating a maze.

both performed equally well

Whats the ultimate goal of psychology?

discovering the cause of behavior

A study in which the experimenter AND the participant DO NOT know the value of the independent variable is called a(n) __________ study.

double blind

Suppose that the concordance values for a certain trait are very high for both MZ and DZ twins. This trait is likely due to a(n)

environmental variable

Structuralism is to ________ as Functionalism is to ________.

introspection, biological

Confounding of variables in an experiment renders the collected data

invalid

Direct laboratory manipulation of genetic material in order to identify the function of a gene is achieved through

knockout mutations

Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that make reciprocal altruism likely?

low benefits for recipient

Which area of psychological research is most closely associated with differences in temperament and patterns of behavior?

personalities

To investigate the effects of __________ on behavior we would most likely use a correlational study.

personality

Dr. Thraill's research is focused on addition and how drugs affect brain and nervous system. What would her area of research most likely be?

physiological (fisiological)

What does humanistic psychology stress?

positive growth and self-realizatio

Genotypic variation, phenotypic variation, and competition

produce evolutionary change

Anytime an experimenter thinks his or her study will involve some degree of subjectivity in measuring the dependent variable, he or she should take steps to

produce high interrater reliability

Kremsa has just finished completing a class project in which she investigated the relationship between hours spent studying for an examination and performance on the exam. She simply asked students how many hours they studied for their last psychology exam and what scores they earned. She calculated a correlation coefficient and found that the fewer hours students studied for their exams, the lower their scores were. Which of the correlation coefficients below best represents Kremsa's findings?

+ .5

How many chromosomes are in each germ cell?

23

One parent is homozygous for blue eyes and the other parent is heterozygous for brown eyes. Which of the following is a possible outcome for their children?

50% brown 50% blue

In the early 1800s, physicians and educators began to emphasize improving people's lives in response to what incident?

The discovery of Victor, the "Wild Boy of Aveyron"

The law of effect was formulated by whom?

Thorndike

How do identical twins develop?

When a fertilized ovum divides to give two identical fertilized ova

Changes in part of a chromosome or in the total number of chromosomes is known as a

chromosomal abberation

When sailing throughout the world aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin spent most of his time

collecting specimens

Which type of psychologist works within existing social system for changes that will positively affect the members of those systems?

community

Which area of pychologial research is most likely to examine the evolution of adaptive behavior in a given species?

comparitive

Dr. Mabote wants to determine if a group of participants reading under incandescent light will read more pages of text in one hour than a group of participants reading under fluorescent light. She assigns students sitting at the front of the class to be in the "incandescent light" condition and students at the back of the class to be in the "fluorescent light" condition. In this experiment seating location is

confounding variable

Which type of psychologist would you expect to find in a super market or mall studying patterns of shopping behavior?

consumer

What does the first step in explaining behavior involve?

describing it

Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the effects of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. The control group in this study

did not exercise

In the textbook's example of the "predator recognition" experiment, the researcher should have counterbalanced his experiment. That is, he should have presented the models of predators a

different orders to different birds

For any trait, a high MZ and a low DZ concordance value supports the probability that the trait is most likely due to a(n)

genetic variable

Dr. Zukov is studying the effects of alcohol on manual dexterity. Group A is given 250 milliliters of an alcoholic beverage to drink; Group B is given 500 milliliters of the same beverage to drink; Group C is given 750 milliliters of this beverage to drink; and Group D is given 500 milliliters of a non-alcoholic beverage that looks, tastes, and smells like an alcoholic beverage to drink. Which group was given the placebo?

group D

In the human genome, there are about twice as many genes as in the genome of

houseflies

First step of scientific method?

identifying the problem

Suppose that you have just saved the life of a sibling. According to sociobiological theory, you have increased your

inclusive fitness

Which variable is manipulated in an experiment?

independent variable

Informed consent involves

information about the nature of the research, including risks and benefits.

Dr. Mbotu is conducting a study to learn more about the relationship between IQ and success in college. In carrying out this study, Dr. Mbotu carefully assigns his participants to groups so that the values of parental income and year in college are the same. The name for the procedure that Dr. Mbotu is using to control differences among his participants on these variables is

matching

Mill differed from Descartes because Mill suggested ______ while Descartes suggested ________

materialism, rationalism

An operational definition

must remain constant

When genetic material changes, it changes as a result of either

mutation or chromosomal aberration

Which type of selection discriminates against characteristics most harmful to survival?

negative selection

Helmholtz's finding that the nerve impulse traveling through the body is considerably slower than electricity traveling through a wire led to what important realization?

nerve impulses are more complex than simple electrical current

We commit the _______ fallacy when we mistakenly blieve that we have explained an event by simply naming it.

nominal

Dr. Chen is conducting a study at a restaurant on the effects of touch on positive responses. She arranged for servers to touch their customers on the arm 0, 2, or 4 times during the course of a meal. She then measured the amount of tips given to servers by their customers. The control group in this study was

not touched

Psychology depends on the scientific method in order to be what?

objective

Sociobiology has been accused of ignoring the role of cultural practices in shaping human behavior and placing too much emphasis on evolutionary factors in shaping cultural practices. In response, sociobiologists argue that

understanding natural selection helps explain the evolution of cultural practices.

Two sets of numbers can have the same mean and median and still differ with respect to

variablity

In using inferential statistics we should initially assume that in any experiment, the scores obtained from different groups of participants

will be different simply due to chance