General Sociology midterm
Punishing crime by incarcerating individuals in prisons became common in the __________ century. eighteenth twentieth nineteenth twenty-first
nineteenth
Durkheim discussed how in industrial societies individuals' lives are impacted daily by strangers who provide necessary services such as electricity, water, and food. Which term did he use to describe this interdependence? class consciousness mechanical solidarity organic solidarity pragmatism
organic solidarity
A young doctor fresh out of medical school is looking for a position where they can work about twenty hours a week, even though they will make much less money than other doctors. They are likely part of the simplicity movement. lazy and selfish about helping people in need. not very skilled. experiencing structural mobility.
part of the simplicity movement.
According to Sigmund Freud, the personality passes through four distinct ________ stages of development. preparatory psychosexual social construction dramaturgical
psychosexual
__________ association theory argues that we learn to be deviant from peers who are deviant. Deviance Deterrence Differential In-group
Differential
There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. What strategy are gay rights activists using when they chant the slogan "We're here, we're queer, get used to it"? passing assimilation bureaucratic mediation in-group orientation
in-group orientation
Why is it beneficial for us, as sociologists, to experience culture shock? It requires us to travel, which helps us grow as human beings. It makes us unable to function even in simple, everyday ways. It shows us that people in foreign cultures have a way of life that seems strange to us. It makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings so we can perceive what is right in front of us.
It makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings so we can perceive what is right in front of us.
________ is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit. Technocracy Democracy Meritocracy Oligarchy
Meritocracy
What do the several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest? Most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction. Human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity. The effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time. The effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old.
Most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.
The Welfare Reform Act ended the concept of entitlements by requiring recipients of welfare to find work within two years of receiving assistance. How has this changed the lives of the poor? Moving from welfare to work increased both the self-esteem of the poor and their incomes. Moving from welfare to work helped single people much more than it did families or single mothers. Moving from welfare to work did not substantially increase income levels; it simply shifted the poor from welfare to low-paying jobs. Moving from welfare to work caused many former welfare recipients to plunge into homelessness.
Moving from welfare to work did not substantially increase income levels; it simply shifted the poor from welfare to low-paying jobs.
Which statement captures a major point Sherry Turkle makes about communication in her book Reclaiming Conversation? Online interactions allow us to contain and reduce risks . There are major generational divides in social media use. The saturated self is influenced by fewer and fewer sources in the digital age. Online communication reduces our ability to conduct meaningful face-to-face communication.
Online communication reduces our ability to conduct meaningful face-to-face communication.
Greg J. Duncan and a team of researchers analyzed the effect of parental income on the academic achievement of children. What do you think Duncan found given what you have read about socioeconomic status and life chances? Children from working-class families had a better work ethic and, therefore, were more likely to attend and graduate from college. Parental income was strongly correlated with academic achievement, especially in low-income families. Class status helped to predict grades among high schoolers but had no relationship to later academic success. There was no correlation between class status and educational achievement.
Parental income was strongly correlated with academic achievement, especially in low-income families.
How is prejudice different from discrimination? Prejudice only occurs within minority groups, but discrimination can happen anywhere. Prejudices can only be negative; discrimination can be either negative or positive. Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action. Prejudice requires the negatively affected group to be a minority group whereas discrimination does not.
Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action.
________ are where much of our socialization occurs. Primary groups Out-groups Aggregates Secondary groups
Primary groups
What is a key difference between psychology and sociology? 1 Psychology focuses on social forces whereas sociology focuses on the individual. 2 Psychology is concerned with on-the-ground interaction among people, whereas sociology is only about hard numbers and data. 3 Psychology is focused on historical societies, whereas sociology is focused on present-day societies. 4 Psychology specializes in internal states of mind while sociology looks at the individual in relationship to external social forces.
Psychology specializes in internal states of mind while sociology looks at the individual in relationship to external social forces.
_________ is a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another. Assimilation Racism Discrimination Prejudice
Racism
________ are evidence that the definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Digital Age. Websites Reddit subgroups Self-help groups Civic groups
Reddit subgroups
What did Sigmund Freud suggest in his book The Interpretation of Dreams? Thoughts must originate in both the id and the superego. The conscious level of awareness is the tip of the iceberg, and just below the surface are the subconscious and the unconscious. Dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be "worked through" for analysis to succeed. People are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another.
The conscious level of awareness is the tip of the iceberg, and just below the surface are the subconscious and the unconscious.
A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. Erving Goffman would identify this as a personal front. impression management. an expression of behavior. part of the backstage.
an expression of behavior.
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of an individual's personal front. a setting or region. expressions given. the superego.
an individual's personal front.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, signs with crudely painted skeletons holding cell phones were placed near some roadways, usually facing freeway ramps. These signs indicated disapproval of using cell phones while driving, a practice some states have since made illegal. As a result of this social movement, almost no one violates the norm of not talking on a cell phone while driving. talking on a cell phone while driving is taboo. there are no formal sanctions that can be used to enforce the norm of not talking on a cell phone while driving. an informal norm has become a law.
an informal norm has become a law.
Émile Durkheim's study on suicide found that not only did suicide rates increase when the economy slumped, they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates? anomie alienation mechanical solidarity organic solidarity
anomie
Which of the following is an example of a culture war? one Democrat and two Republicans serving together as county commissioners anti-abortion advocates demonstrating in front of a family planning clinic Christians celebrating Easter, Jews celebrating Passover, and Muslims celebrating Ramadan the existence of both a football team and a debate team in many high schools
anti-abortion advocates demonstrating in front of a family planning clinic
An example of __________ is Asian American students being more likely to be placed in Advanced Placement classes, earn higher grades, and be treated well by teachers. a stereotype promise a self-fulfilling prophecy tertiary deviance a stereotype threat
a stereotype promise
Although she made contributions to sociology, Jane Addams is perhaps best remembered for her embrace of praxis, which means that she embraced conflict theory. applied dialectics to her understanding of history. was a pragmatist acted on her intellectual convictions and applied theory to practical action in the hopes of improving society.
acted on her intellectual convictions and applied theory to practical action in the hopes of improving society.
Most Americans claim they are middle class. are upper class. do not feel they have a class status or they are unaware of it. are lower class.
are middle class.
Expressions given off are usually verbal. are always intended by the person expressing them. often happen so quickly that the brain cannot process them. are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.
are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.
According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who do not believe they should have to change or conceal their identities to make "normal" people more comfortable have secondary deviance. in-group orientation. self-esteem. deviance avowal.
in-group orientation.
The original GI Bill of Rights, signed by President Roosevelt in 1944, provided funds for home loans and college tuition for veterans of World War II. Though it was written to help all veterans regardless of race, African Americans were typically excluded from homeownership. This is an example of individual discrimination. institutional discrimination. assimilation. passing.
institutional discrimination.
Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. What are the children of immigrants experiencing if they assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents? structural mobility intergenerational mobility intragenerational mobility immigrant mobility
intergenerational mobility
What is conflict theory and one theorist who believed in it?
is the belief that society is in a state of conflict due to the competition of limited resources. (material values and status quo instead of intellectual or cultural values) Karl Marx,
Almost any __________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness. departure from the norm social control secondary deviance conformity
departure from the norm
The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called cultural leveling. symbolic culture. dominant culture. minority culture.
dominant culture.
A dishonest judge must pretend to be an honest judge, but even an honest judge must play the role of "honest judge" for an audience in order to interact and work with others effectively. This performance is an example of what theoretical perspective? ethnomethodology conflict theory structural functionalism dramaturgy
dramaturgy
According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter most in a capitalist system are nationalistic bonds. family and kin. economic relations. community bonds.
economic relations.
According to Sigmund Freud, the ________ is the realistic and practical part of the mind that works to balance our instinctive and biological drives and the internalized demands of society. id ego superego unconscious
ego
Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse and that the ________ was like a rider astride the horse struggling to keep it under control. id ego superego libido
ego
Going away to college is often the first time young adults make friends with people of substantially different class statuses. This sometimes leads to tension when the wealthier member of a friendship is oblivious to their friend's class status and suggests activities that are beyond the friend's means. This tension results from a lack of status inconsistency. everyday class consciousness. prestige or power. historical materialism.
everyday class consciousness.
What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society? expressive rational family proscriptive
expressive
People in society who have the most privilege usually recognize that their advantages are unearned. True False
false
In 2003, a major armed conflict began in the Darfur region of Sudan. The government carried out a deliberate and systemic extermination of Darfur's non-Arab population, resulting in several hundred thousand casualties and refugees. What best describes the actions taken by the government of Sudan against Darfur's non-Arab population? assimilation internal colonialism segregation genocide
genocide
The 1994 treatment of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda was an example of population transfer. segregation. genocide. internal colonialism.
genocide
What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus? group solidarity laissez-faire decision making groupthink expressive leadership
groupthink
Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring lifelong impact on the individual? he family peers the media school
he family
Of the following options, which was probably Harriet Martineau's most important contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline? her work on an early theory of symbolic interactionism her struggle for women's rights her translation of the work of Auguste Comte into English her theory of alienation
her translation of the work of Auguste Comte into English
Newlyweds were asked about how they met. The newlyweds explained that they were friends as children because their families attended the same church, but they did not start dating until much later when they ended up at the same university. This couple is an example of homogamy. a closed system. an open system. heterogamy.
homogamy.
Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis. which stigmas are fair and which are unjustly applied. how stigma always leads to positive life outcomes. how stigma leads to increased self-esteem.
how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis.
Although "like usually marries like," ________ is more common for heterosexual women, whereas ________ is more common for heterosexual men when class boundaries are crossed in marriage. an open system; a closed system hypogamy; hypergamy a closed system; an open system hypergamy; hypogamy
hypergamy; hypogamy
A nightclub has several types of employees and each has a specialized task. Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check identification, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Bouncers can get their friends in for free, unlike the other employees. The club is a bureaucracy in many ways, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it? specialization hierarchy formal written communication impersonality
impersonality
Ade and his parents immigrated to the United States from Nigeria when he was a young child. Growing up, he found himself behaving and talking differently at school than at home because he felt it would help him fit in and be treated like everyone else. Which sociological concept best explains Ade's behavior and interactions with others? the looking-glass self impression management the dual nature of the self the Thomas theorem
impression management
Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process? impression management definition of the situation cooling the mark out expressions of behavior
impression management
One of the functions of symbolic culture is that it provides a history of physical objects. it enables people to communicate. it facilitates the distribution of Western products. it aids the proliferation of Western media.
it enables people to communicate.
Incarceration, a frown, and monetary fines are all examples of sanctions. mores. material culture. technology.
mores
The upper class makes up just 1 percent of the total U.S. population, but its total net worth is greater than that of the bottom ________ percent of the population combined. 90 99 10 53
90
Robert Merton's structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory? Merton's analysis fails because it does not understand that some people will reject both mainstream cultural goals and the institutionalized means to achieve them. Merton's analysis was correct in that background factors are almost always the most effective way to predict who will commit deviant acts. A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual. Merton needs to look at a broader range of background factors, including age and sexuality.
A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual.
Given Jack Katz's theory of crime, what do you think would be the best subtitle for his book The Seductions of Crime? The World of the New Urban Poor Social Structure and Anomie Attractions of "Doing" Deviance The Careers of Persistent Thieves
Attractions of "Doing" Deviance
________ is an example of something that would be part of an individual's or society's symbolic culture. Navajo jewelry Imported French wine A Rembrandt painting Belonging to a political party
Belonging to a political party
Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule? It is important to attend antiwar demonstrations. Boys don't cry. Cleanliness is next to godliness. It is important to fast for religious purposes.
Boys don't cry.
Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves. Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins by putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins. The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins to which they were related or with which they were associated, but they ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. What does this research suggest about dolphins if it is accurate? Dolphins go through stages of socialization. Significant others are as important to dolphins as they are to us. In Goffman's terminology, the ocean may be like a frontstage area. Dolphins have a sense of self similar to that of humans.
Dolphins have a sense of self similar to that of humans.
________ is taboo in American society. Dancing Premarital sex Eating human flesh Drug use
Eating human flesh
Microaggressions consist of overt or obvious verbal, but not nonverbal, communications that are meant to denigrate or dismiss members of particular groups. t f
F
A working-class straight Black man will experience discrimination in the same way a wealthy gay Black man will because they are of the same race. True False
False
According to Jack Katz, what do muggers gain from their crimes, aside from material objects? He argues that they are often trying to return to prison, where they feel more secure. He argues that they seek power and control over their victims. He argues that they mug for a sense of satisfaction and excitement. He argues that they mug for a steady living that allows them to move up in social status.
He argues that they mug for a sense of satisfaction and excitement.
________ occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society. Hegemony Cultural diffusion Cultural relativism Cultural leveling
Hegemony
Which of the following theorists is credited with coining the phrase "the survival of the fittest"? Émile Durkheim Karl Marx Herbert Spencer Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer
Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd? Individuals associated with a group don't share any common attributes. Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations. Individuals associated with a group don't have ongoing social relations. Individuals associated with a crowd remain in contact.
Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations.
Why is it beneficial for everyone, even people who will never take a sociology class, to develop a sociological imagination? It will help create more jobs for sociologists. It will encourage growth in the field of microsociology. It can help people become aware of the connections between their own lives and the larger course of history. The sociological perspective is innately understood by nearly everyone, but we rarely acknowledge it.
It can help people become aware of the connections between their own lives and the larger course of history.
The Asch experiment yielded different results when other researchers tried to replicate it decades later, but a recent replication of Milgram's experiment had virtually the same results. What important implications does Milgram's research have for contemporary society? It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience. It demonstrates how people can avoid social influence that would lead to criminal actions. It challenges the notion that authoritative figures have any real power over personal decisions. It demonstrates that people who cave to social pressure have major character flaws, which helps employers avoid poor employees.
It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience.
There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from office when his constituents express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve? It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. The public outcry helps rehabilitate the offender so he won't cheat in the future. It helps protect the family members of the politician from scrutiny and media coverage.
It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong.
Critical race theory emerged out of legal scholarship in the 1970s and '80s. Why is this theory viewed as an offshoot of conflict theory? It discusses the intended function of race within American institutions. It is a focused on the imbalance of power related to race that is embedded in American institutions. It is controversial and about conflict. It focuses on the division of labor in society.
It is a focused on the imbalance of power related to race that is embedded in American institutions.
Critical race theory emerged out of legal scholarship in the 1970s and '80s. Why is this theory viewed as an offshoot of conflict theory? It is controversial and about conflict. It is a focused on the imbalance of power related to race that is embedded in American institutions. It focuses on the division of labor in society. It discusses the intended function of race within American institutions.
It is a focused on the imbalance of power related to race that is embedded in American institutions.
What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty? Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances. It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality. The poor often move into the middle class. The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism.
It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality.
Which theorist stated that industrial capitalism is the primary tool for the oppression of the lower social classes? Karl Marx Émile Durkheim Max Weber August Comte
Karl Marx
Which of the following is a latent function of the U.S. educational system? keeping children out of trouble while parents are at work teaching new immigrants about American history preparing a modern workforce to use smartphones teaching children to read and write
Keeping children out of trouble while parents are at work
Which of the following companies did George Ritzer view as emblematic of the spread of bureaucratic rationalization? Dunkin Donuts Taco Bell Costco McDonald's
McDonald's
One of the baristas at José's local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José's relationship with the barista? She is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups. She fits perfectly into what would be considered a primary group. She fits perfectly into what would be considered a secondary group. She is a member of the bourgeoisie.
She is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.
A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was entering the social world of the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher? she exclusively uses quantitative methods. She worries about ethical issues in her research. She cannot use interviews as a methodology. She is a qualitative researcher.
She is a qualitative researcher.
________ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies. Social caste Gender Slavery Social class
Social class
Which of the following is accurate about the process of socialization? It eventually stops, generally around adulthood. Society shapes the individual, and the individual shapes society. It stays consistent over time. It stays consistent in most social settings.
Society shapes the individual, and the individual shapes society.
What are the three main theoretical perspectives of macrosociology
Structural Functionalism Symbolic interactionism Conflict theory
What is structural functionalism, and one theorist who believed in it?
Structural Functionalism is the belief that the contributions of separate structures create a unified functioning society. Émile Durkheim
What is symbolic interactionalism, and one theorist who believed in it?
Symbolic interactionism is the subjective meanings attached to certain elements. This is created and changes through social interaction involving symbolic communication. George Herbert Mead developed theories of Symbolic interactionism
White nationalism is the belief that a nation should be based on white identity, which would be found in religion, politics, economics, and culture. True False
T
What is the relationship between the American Dream and the social class system by which the United States is stratified? The American Dream promises that one day social stratification will be overcome. People who believe in the American Dream can usually overcome the class system. The American Dream legitimizes inequality by reinforcing the idea that everyone has the same chance to get ahead. The American Dream is a nice idea, but everyone really knows that it is just an inconsequential daydream.
The American Dream legitimizes inequality by reinforcing the idea that everyone has the same chance to get ahead.
What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States, according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton? There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies. American society is very lax in enforcing laws. The media sensationalizes deviant behavior, which is why it becomes increasingly attractive to young people. The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.
The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.
What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction? The process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners. The program demonstrates globalization, as it has branches in most prisons in the United States. Quinn's program was founded on Freudian principles including the id, ego, and superego. Quinn's program was based on the work of George Herbert Mead, who laid the groundwork for research on the self and interaction.
The process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners.
What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class Black man is sentenced to jail for committing? Different levels of punishment are functional, as they keep the most productive members of society out of jail. Criminals from the lower class should be more harshly punished, as they are more likely to re-offend. The two criminals probably had very different motives for committing their crimes, and this explains the difference in punishment. The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others.
The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others.
Why might Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim be placed far apart on sociology's family tree? Durkheim was more of a psychologist than a sociologist. Marx's work is no longer considered very important. The theoretical approaches they founded are very different. Durkheim was French, whereas Marx was German.
The theoretical approaches they founded are very different.
Feminist theory is an offshoot of conflict theory. What do these two theories have in common? They both seek to not only understand inequality but also to remedy it. They both developed at about the same time. They both see the economy as central to the functioning of society. They both see gender as the most important aspect of social identity.
They both seek to not only understand inequality but also to remedy it.
How have social networking websites affected social groups? They diminish the importance of primary groups but not secondary groups. They expand primary groups to include many more members than before. They minimize the importance of secondary groups, especially those associated with shared interests. They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups.
They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups.
According to Twine (2011), what changes occur in the lives of white women who have families with Black men? They elevate their social status by proving they are not racist. They lose some racial privilege through their relationships with their husbands. They are less likely to divorce because of deeper intimacies with their husbands. They are less likely to become mothers because of their fears for their children.
They lose some racial privilege through their relationships with their husbands.
The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead? Offenders are flogged or put in stocks to be publicly humiliated for a short period of time. Monetary fines are used for most norm violations. They use meidung, or shunning, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time. The offender is mandated to provide physical labor for the community.
They use meidung, or shunning, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time.
A person who is not prejudiced may still participate in discrimination. True False
True
Antiracist allies are primarily whites who work toward ending racial injustice. True False
True
In devising the concept of double-consciousness, Du Bois considered the question of whether one could be Black and, at the same time, claim one's rights as an American. True False
True
Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation? Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off. Expressions given are almost never intentional. Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional.
We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.
Which theory discusses rationalization, or the application of economic logic to all human activity? class consciousness Weberian theory critical race theory social Darwinism
Weberian theory
How does your textbook debunk the idea that white people can be victims of "reverse racism"? White people do not face any challenges in society. White people do not suffer from the widespread cumulative disadvantages in almost every sphere of social life that are perpetuated within a historically and pervasively racist society. In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, who were frequently Protestant, did not consider recent Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. White people are the numerical majority in the United States.
White people do not suffer from the widespread cumulative disadvantages in almost every sphere of social life that are perpetuated within a historically and pervasively racist society.
Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to tattoo most of her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant? No, powerful people are often allowed to do things that others find strange. Yes, face tattooing is always a deviant act. No, there are several cultures in which face tattoos are common. Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.
Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.
What is a society called if social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules like those of a caste system? an open system capitalism a closed system a system of achieved status
a closed system
If a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don't seem excited enough for her, what might sociologists argue family members are violating? their role as socializers the primary task of impression management a feeling rule the social contract
a feeling rule
Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink? a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions a strict meritocracy in which only the best and brightest are hired strict control over the flow of information into and out of an organization a strong leader who controls every aspect of the decision-making process
a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions
What are people a part of if they associate with each other on a regular basis because they enjoy spending time together? a primary group a secondary group a reference group a social network
a primary group
What metaphor best describes cultures that have embraced pluralism or multiculturalism? a fondue pot a melting pot a reservation a salad bowl
a salad bowl
Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether a teen will engage in a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who are also involved in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting in ways that are closely connected to the family. in cooperation with schools and the media. as the most powerful, long-term force in their friends' lives. as agents of socialization.
as agents of socialization.
What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group? internal colonialism population transfer segregation assimilation
assimilation
Bernard McGrane suggested that individuals adopt a(n) ________ to unlearn what we already know and better understand the social world. expert's mind beginner's mind sociological perspective reciped, or practical knowledge
beginner's mind
An example of prejudice is giving African Americans higher mortgage interest rates. believing that Asians are better at math. only searching people of certain ethnicities at the airport. not hiring someone because of their ethnicity.
believing that Asians are better at math.
If a researcher allows their own values and opinions to affect their analysis, they are guilty of theoretical incoherence. sampling bias. bias. failing to obtain informed consent.
bias.
Poverty can be defined in either relative or absolute terms. How is poverty defined according to relative deprivation? by comparing the poor with more affluent members of society by comparing the standard of living among the poor to the basic necessities of life by determining if the poor have minimal food and shelter by comparing the poor with people with low socioeconomic status in other countries
by comparing the poor with more affluent members of society
Which system of social stratification is apartheid an example of? caste class oligarchy slavery
caste
All green-eyed people in the United States would be classified as a(n) category. crowd. aggregate. group.
category
Jennifer's soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams, and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and has the most ties with individuals throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer's situation? centrality popularity tie strength contagion
centrality
The 2000 Census was the first time that Americans were allowed to __________ when identifying their race. select a different box than their fathers check more than one box indicate they had none provide genetic proof
check more than one box
For change to happen in society in order to end oppression, Karl Marx believed that the lower classes must develop class consciousness. a stronger sense of verstehen. false consciousness. a critical theory of gender.
class consciousness.
Samantha believes that corporations are not punished enough for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices, while, at the same time, homeless people are punished too much for crimes such as stealing food. She believes we should all have access to basic needs like food regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a __________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society. structural functionalist symbolic interactionist conflict theory retreatist
conflict theory
Which theoretical perspective would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization? structural functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism feminist theory
conflict theory
Which theory suggests that crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power? differential association theory conflict theory principled deviance functionalist theory
conflict theory
What did Karl Marx feel would inevitably lead to a struggle between classes? an understanding of empirical evidence societal dysfunctions connection to the means of production level of education
connection to the means of production
What did Karl Marx feel would inevitably lead to a struggle between classes? societal dysfunctions connection to the means of production level of education an understanding of empirical evidence
connection to the means of production
A ________ is an example of a total institution. yoga class cult sports club university
cult
The term ________ refers to the entire way of life of a group of people. hegemony technology folkways culture
culture
A reality television show called Home Sweet Home has families swap homes and lives for several days. During the swap, the families are exposed to daily routines very different from the ones they're used to. Although the show is meant to be entertaining, it also demonstrates the sociological principle of quantitative methods. the sociological imagination. culture shock. globalization.
culture shock.
According to labeling theory, none of the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" were discovered because they all were mentally ill, at least to some extent. they were too "clean-cut" to be considered mentally ill. they were well-coached in the symptoms real patients would experience. it is difficult for anyone to see past the label once a person has been labeled "mentally ill."
it is difficult for anyone to see past the label once a person has been labeled "mentally ill."
Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior from ________ to ________. economics; political science large-scale institutions; individual interactions individual interactions; small groups practical knowledge; scientific knowledge
large-scale institutions; individual interactions
An example of an aggregate is a college sports team. line of people waiting to buy movie tickets. school's parent-teacher association. book club.
line of people waiting to buy movie tickets.
Folkways are loosely enforced norms involving common customs, practices, or procedures. formally codified to provide an explicit statement about what is permissible or forbidden. norms that carry great moral significance. ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or worthy in a particular group.
loosely enforced norms involving common customs, practices, or procedures.
Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures are the most important factors in shaping people's lives. This assumption is an example of rationalization. macrosociology. symbolic interactionism. microsociology.
macrosociology
Researcher Christine Williams studied patterns of occupational sex segregation by examining the ways large-scale social structures create the constraints within which individuals live their lives. Which type of analysis would this research fall under? microsociology quantitative macrosociology midrange
macrosociology
It is often said that you can always tell a millionaire by her shoes. She may dress like a slob in every other respect, but someone from the upper class is bound to have expensive, custom-made footwear. Whether this is true or not, it helps demonstrate the way we surrender to the impersonal forces of the market. make split-second judgments about who people are and what social statuses they occupy based on their appearances. allow relative levels of prestige to determine our class status. try to "better ourselves" by increasing the amount of cultural capital we possess.
make split-second judgments about who people are and what social statuses they occupy based on their appearances.
What is one of the weaknesses of being an everyday actor when it comes to understanding everyday life? struggling to grasp even simple, common occurrences making assumptions and failing to investigate or verify those assumptions only seeing things from a historical perspective being forced to see everything from the perspective of a stranger
making assumptions and failing to investigate or verify those assumptions
Corporal punishments like branding or amputation, commonly used in colonial America, were designed to encourage deviance but not crime. mark the offender. make the offender impossible to marry. promote differential association theory.
mark the offender.
Examples of ________ are the furniture and artwork in a building. values material culture gestures cultural universals
material culture
Museum curators have recently experienced problems with the preservation of plastic objects, almost all of which disintegrate over time. The Smithsonian collection contains the first-ever plastic toothbrush, which one day will be nothing more than a pile of plastic particles. This problem is leading many historians to worry that we will lose the history of our symbolic culture. signs and gestures. linguistic relativity. material culture.
material culture.
Research shows that Americans are changing in their opinions about people living in poverty. About 71 percent of Americans think that circumstances beyond one's control are to blame if a person is impoverished, while about a quarter say poverty was created by social welfare programs. there are no people living in poverty in the United States. people living in poverty do not try hard enough. poverty can only be fixed by turning toward oligarchy.
people living in poverty do not try hard enough.
The conclusions of Mark Granovetter's findings in "The Strength of Weak Ties" were that people with high SES are likely to have direct ties to people with low SES. people tend to form heterogeneous social networks. weak ties are almost always long-lasting and durable. people tend to form homogeneous social networks.
people tend to form homogeneous social networks.
Color blindness contributes to racial inequalities because it serves to maintain high levels of acceptable discriminatory practices in the workplace. perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address. leads to overt discriminatory lending in home mortgages resulting in unequal accumulation of wealth by racial minorities. encourages moderate prejudice and discrimination in the system of education.
perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address.
A woman is hired at a restaurant. She is given strict instructions on her first day to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's backstage. looking-glass self. status. personal front.
personal front.
Steph sometimes takes printer paper, ink, and other stationery supplies from the store where they work. However, when they heard that someone had been stealing cash from the safe, they were appalled. Steph may not steal money, but what they do is somewhat similar, and it is called stigmatizing. pilfering. passing. cybercrime.
pilfering.
Some conservative groups have organized to campaign for crackdowns on illegal immigration and limits on legal immigration because they are concerned about how the United States will be changed by nonwhite immigrants. This means that they are against embodied identities. pluralism. passing. discrimination.
pluralism.
In a six-to-three vote, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an Indiana law that required residents to present photo identification before voting. Advocates of the law believe that it will help to prevent voter fraud. Opponents believe that the law contributes to ________ by targeting the poor, who are less likely to have photo identification. political disenfranchisement status inconsistency the ideology of the American Dream meritocracy
political disenfranchisement
In the nineteenth century, those American Indians who survived clashes with the U.S. Army were forcibly removed to reservations. This is an example of pluralism. population transfer. genocide. assimilation.
population transfer.
If a sociologist is critical of what they call "grand narratives," which theoretical perspective do they most likely believe in? feminist theory conflict theory structural functionalism postmodernism
postmodernism
If a sociologist is critical of what they call "grand narratives," which theoretical perspective do they most likely believe in? structural functionalism conflict theory postmodernism feminist theory
postmodernism
Van got in a fight with another kid on the first day of school. From that day on, he had the reputation of being a troublemaker. He got into more and more trouble over the school year as he began to think of himself as a troublemaker and acted accordingly. For Van, the first fight he got into is an example of a stigma. primary deviance. a self-fulfilling prophecy. tertiary deviation.
primary deviance.
According to Marx, an individual who makes money exclusively by selling their own labor must be a member of what social group? bureaucrats capitalists proletariat bourgeoisie
proletariat
An example of discrimination is believing that the Irish drink too much. refusing to sell someone a house because of their race. believing that Asians are good at math. thinking that African Americans are better dancers than white people.
refusing to sell someone a house because of their race.
What sort of measure of poverty are we using when we compare the salaries of the lowest-paid members of a corporation with the salary of the CEO? cultural poverty absolute deprivation horizontal poverty relative deprivation
relative deprivation
In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? the unconscious role conflict a dual self role strain
role conflict
After studying the indigenous peoples of Australia, Émile Durkheim concluded that any form of religion is united in its definition of what is/are ________ and ________. anomie; sacred positivism; anomie manifest functions; latent functions sacred; profane
sacred; profane
After the American Civil War, most southern states passed laws that barred Black people and white people from sharing most kinds of public facilities. This is an example of segregation. internal colonialism. ethnic cleansing. racial assimilation.
segregation
Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion? shared values unique traits apathy toward the group differing goals
shared values
A young person from Southern California has four German grandparents. She lived in Los Angeles all her life before accepting a job in Milwaukee. She has never really thought about her German heritage. In Milwaukee, she discovers many other people with similar ancestries and begins using her ethnicity as a way to develop social and professional relationships. Of what is this an example? passing symbolic ethnicity situational ethnicity the disparities in racial consequences
situational ethnicity
In 2021, the richest 1 percent of the American population owned 32.1 percent of the country's wealth, and the bottom 50 percent of the population owned 2.5 percent. Karl Marx would call this bourgeoisie. organic solidarity. alienation. social inequality.
social inequality.
In 2021, the richest 1 percent of the American population owned 32.1 percent of the country's wealth, and the bottom 50 percent of the population owned 2.5 percent. Karl Marx would call this organic solidarity. bourgeoisie. alienation. social inequality.
social inequality.
The story of Christopher Knight is an example of which sociological concept? social isolation feral children looking-glass self dual nature of the self
social isolation
The folk-pop singer Jewel is famous for having lived in her van when she first moved to San Diego and started performing in a coffee shop. Soon after Atlantic Records signed her, her advance allowed her to rent a house and buy a new car. Of what class-based phenomenon is this an example? social mobility apartheid the culture of poverty socioeconomic status and life chances
social mobility
Why is sociology exceptional among the social sciences? Sociologists are trained to be everyday actors. Sociology's integrative approach makes it more comprehensive than other social sciences because it covers a wider intellectual territory. Society is always changing. There is no disagreement among sociologists about how to define the discipline.
sociology's integrative approach makes it more comprehensive than other social sciences because it covers a wider intellectual territory.
In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate? impersonality specialization rules and regulations hierarchy
specialization
The term "master status" is defined as a set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position. status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses. set of expectations that are attached to a specific role. perspective that allows a person to understand many other people's points of view.
status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses.
Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced? stereotype promise stereotype threat tertiary deviance differential association
stereotype threat
Right before Carly took a standardized mathematics exam, she was reminded that many people believe women are inherently less capable of mathematical reasoning than men. She began to worry that she would not do well on the exam and thereby confirm these beliefs about women. The stress and anxiety this caused diminished her performance and she scored poorly on the exam. Which concept does this story exemplify? stereotype promise differential association tertiary deviance stereotype threat
stereotype threat
The social analyst must take the perspective of a(n) ________ to verify what the everyday actor might just accept or assume to be true. native social worker insider stranger
stranger
The divorce rate has steadily increased over time, and now more than a quarter of all marriages end within the first four years. What sort of factors would C. Wright Mills suggest investigating to explain this increase? personal structural religious psychological
structural
If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of structural mobility. relative deprivation. horizontal social mobility. a closed system.
structural mobility.
Which sociological theory focuses on micro-level interactions? symbolic interactionism pragmatism structural functionalism conflict theory
symbolic interactionism
A ________ is a kind of norm so deeply ingrained in that the very thought of violating it evokes feelings of disgust or horror. federal law taboo folkway more
taboo
Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a folkway. crime. taboo. sanction.
taboo
Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a folkway. crime. taboo. sanction.
taboo.
Symbolic interactionism was established by structural functionalists. queer theorists. the Chicago School of sociology. French positivists.
the Chicago School of sociology.
In the movie Mean Girls, students identify each other using categories like "jocks," "cheerleaders," "skaters," and "nerds." These classifications of different groups represent what aspect of culture? cultural relativism subculture the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis cultural imperialism
the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Julian is a child who consistently earns mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. Charles Cooley would say this development is part of the backstage. the preparatory stage. the looking-glass self. impression management.
the looking-glass self.
What is the sociological imagination? a characteristic of society that ensures people remain ignorant of the connections between their lives and social change the sociological approach that assumes individual decisions and interactions are independent of larger social institutions a particular way of understanding the criminal mind, such as that of a serial killer the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces
the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces
What does the nature vs. nurture debate help us understand? the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning why biology has nothing to do with human potential how biology determines physical characteristics, whereas social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits
the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
You have just begun studying unemployment rates in a city with fifty million people, of which fifteen million are unemployed. If you are using your sociological imagination, what is your first consideration? how much the people who are unemployed want to work the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs the work ethic of the average citizen the economic and political structures of the society
the economic and political structures of the society
Robert Putnam's research can be exemplified by his description of a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns about anomie are overblown? the increasing number of hours people spend with electronic media the decline of movie theaters and the subsequent rise of services like Netflix the sharp spike in suicide rates in Eastern Europe over the past two decades the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and find emotional support
the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and find emotional support
Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be most fully developed? the psychosexual side the id the ego the superego
the id
According to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective, the parts of the mind are the looking-glass self and the dual nature of the self. the dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other. the significant other and the generalized other. the id, ego, and superego.
the id, ego, and superego.
Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. What might a sociologist consider if they wanted to determine whether the team was a primary group or a secondary group? the age of the players the interactions of team members off the field the shared hobbies of the players the innate skill of the players
the interactions of team members off the field
What historical event is sometimes referred to as the "forgotten genocide"? attacks on ethnic minorities in the Darfur region of Sudan the death of 6 million Jews in Europe during World War II the massacre of 1.5 million Armenians by the Turkish government after World War I the slaughter of the Tutsis in Rwanda
the massacre of 1.5 million Armenians by the Turkish government after World War I
What is the movement called that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles? the simplicity movement the just-world movement cultural capital class consciousness
the simplicity movement
W. I. Thomas famously argued that "if men define situations as real, others will label them as deviant." it will lead to tertiary deviance." they will be forced to provide evidence." they are real in their consequences."
they are real in their consequences."
Why might a sociologist not classify people who drive Mazda Miatas as a group? They do not have high levels of cooperation and belonging. They do not share any attributes. They only have one thing in common. they do not have ongoing social relations.
they do not have ongoing social relations.
According to Karl Marx, class consciousness is developed through a religious awakening. through achieving perfect industrial production so that most workers are unemployed. through the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power. by an aristocratic party, leading a violent revolution.
through the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power.
Many American colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist? to demonstrate the value of multiculturalism and to reduce ethnocentrism to prepare students who will eventually work in other countries to offer international exchange students studying in America classes they will like to offer students fascinated by exotic cultures classes they will like
to demonstrate the value of multiculturalism and to reduce ethnocentrism
Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter a(n) total institution. orientation course. open institution. partial institution.
total institution.
Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance? actions that are harmful to society violations of social norms criminal activities immoral or unethical behaviors
violations of social norms
According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that there is both a conscious nature and an unconscious nature of the self. we have both a public self and a private self. we experience the self as both subject and object. there is both a social side and an instinctual side to the self.
we experience the self as both subject and object.
