Generation Me Final

What is the "bathroom battle grounds" debate? What are basic arguments made on both sides of the debate? How did gendered restrooms begin in the first place?

"Bathroom battle grounds" is on gender neutral bathrooms. Those against these bathrooms are concerned for the safety of women and children. Those for gender neutral bathrooms don't see a problem. Gendered restrooms began because bosses were concerned that women's uteruses would fall out if they didn't have a place to rest, thus beginning women's restrooms.

Define key features of the agricultural revolution.

Key features of the agricultural revolution- innovations in irrigation, crop rotation methods, animal husbandry, and domestication.

Define: Sex and Gender. What is the difference between the two terms?

Sex- an individual's membership in one of two categories (male or female) based on biological factors; Gender- they physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers more normal for its male and female members; Sex is based on biology, where gender is based on where you feel you fit in best

What is the erotic marketplace?

The Erotic Marketplace- the ways in which people are organized and ordered according to their perceived sexual desirability.

Define: The Second Shift and the Time Bind.

The Second Shift- the term referring to women's responsibilities for housework, child care, and home management that women must do in addition to their labor in the workforce (Economy changed so that dual-earner families is almost always a must, Patterns at home not so clear-cut, Mothers feel more responsible for juggling.); Time Bind- women are on the Second Shift, and then feel the need to stay at work longer because they know what's waiting for them at home.

Define: The Social Construction of Race. How is race/ethnicity socially constructed throughout history?

The Social Construction of Race- understanding race as a social rather than a biological category. Look for appearances (skin, hair, etc.) at many times these characteristics cannot be determined by appearance. Attached to cultural representations and history.

What is unique about the American Dream today? What are Gen Z's expectations for the future?

The dream is to be able to afford a house and be happy Gen Z's expectations are to get a job they don't hate and have work/life balance

Define key features of the industrial revolution. What is mass production? Scientific Management?

The key features of the industrial revolution are the use of machinery and mass production. Mass Production- large scale, standardized manufacturing of identical commodities on an assembly line ("Fordism"). Scientific Management- reduce physical movements of workers to improve productivity ("Taylorism").

Consider who people tend to marry? Which men are least marriageable? Which women are least marriageable? Who do men tend to marry (characteristics)? Who do women tend to marry (characteristics)?

Women tend to marry up in age, men tend to marry down in age. A high value is placed on men's accomplishments and women's appearances; Women tend to marry men who are: bigger, stronger, older, have advanced degrees and well-paying jobs. The least marriageable men are ones who are poor, younger, short, have low education and have low intelligence; Men tend to marry women who are: younger, smaller, and have an equal or lower job/ education. The least marriageable women are very intelligent, have high education, are older, tal, and of the highest social class.

Define: World Systems Theory. Define: Core, Periphery, and Semi-periphery.

World Systems Theory- Pioneered by Immanuel Wallerstein, this theory emphasized the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of a capitalist world economy. The world is one large economic system. High incomes benefit, middle/lower levels are exploited. Core- The most advanced countries which take the lion's share of the profits in the world economic system. Periphery- Countries that have a marginal role in the economy and are dependent on the core producing societies for their trade. Semi-Periphery- Supply sources of labor and raw materials to core countries and world economy but are not themselves fully industrialized.

In class, you discovered that the iPhone in produced in several countries around the world. Why is this significant?

a. All of the parts from the iPhone come from different countries and are produced in a different country, but the core country (US) is the country that mainly benefits from the profits of the iPhone.

Define: Social Class. What are the different levels of social classes in the United States? What are some defining characteristics of these social classes (i.e. types of occupations, education levels, etc.)?

1. Social Class- a person's economic position in society associated with differences in income, wealth, and occupation. 2. The different levels of class are: Upper (capitalist) class, 1% of the population, More than $250,000 income, Investors, heirs, executives, media/sports personalities, Some prestigious university degrees Upper Middle class-14% of the population, $89,000 to more than $150,000 income, Professionals and managers, College and university degrees, some graduate degrees Middle class- 30% of the population, $55,000 to $88,000 income, Semi-professionals, lower-level managers, white collar and highly-skilled blue-collar jobs, 2- and 4- year college degrees Working (Lower Middle) class-30% of the population, $23,000 to $54,000 income, Semi-skilled labor, service, manual and clerical jobs, High school degrees Working Poor- 20% of the population, Less than $10,500 to $22,000 income, Low and unskilled workers, lower-paid manual and service jobs, seasonal work, Some high school Underclass- 5% of the population, Less than $7,500 income, Seldom or unemployed, part-time labor, many rely on public or private assistance, Some high school

Define: Social Mobility. How does it relate to stratification and inequality?

1. Social Mobility: upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time. Awareness of difference between parent's outlooks and opportunities when they were the same age. Awareness of effects of economic recession (failing businesses, struggle to find well-paying jobs, student loan debt). Awareness of ease of downward mobility and difficulty of upward mobility. Awareness of barriers that can prevent success! 2. Your social class defines where you lie in the hierarchy. While you can be mobile in the hierarchy, it is rare that you will move up a class because of the unequal distribution of the wealth

What are some statistics on contemporary marriage?

27% of adults live alone; Decline of interest in being married- there are acceptable alternatives such as cohabitation and common law marriage; Economic circumstances influence the decisions on whether or not to get married; Marriage market has shifted; With the decline of marriage, divorce rates have leveled off (but U.S. still has one of the highest divorce rates in the world.)

Define: Cisgender

Cisgender- term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth.

Define: Color-blind racism.

Color-blind Racism- an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment; Claims of color-blindness makes more subtle forms of racism difficult to acknowledge; Denies that individuals have had different experiences; Denies that even subtle forms of racism can shape a person's world.

What is the difference between cultural appropriation and cultural appreciation? Why is it sometimes so difficult to distinguish between the two?

Cultural Appropriation- refers to the adoption of traditional practices, objects, or images by a person or group that is not part of the origination culture.; Cultural appreciation- "it's a beautiful part of the culture and I want to celebrate it."; It can be hard to distinguish between the two because they are so close together. The context in which something is being approached also has a big influence on how it's distinguished.

What does it mean to "do gender"? How is gender socially constructed? How is gender a performance similar to Goffman's dramaturgy?

Doing Gender- emphasizes how we are constantly doing gender in an interactional level, as a site where gender is invoked, performed, and reinforced; Gender is socially constructed; Gender is a performance similar to Goffman's dramaturgy

Define: Economy, goods, and services

Economy- the social institution that organized ways in which society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services. Goods- objects that have an economic value to others (basic needs or wants) Services- economically produced activities, not a direct physical product.

Who is Emile Durkheim and what is "functionalism"? There are 3 facts that support Durkheim's connection between religion, society, and suicide. What are they?

Emile Durkheim- believes society is functional and made up of puzzle pieces; Functionalism- a paradigm that begins with the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures; Connection between religion, society, and suicide: 1. Society holds people together, 2. People need society to survive, 3. feeling like you belong to the group makes you happy... and a good citizen; What is the difference between an organic and mechanical society? An organic society is based on the type of social bonds present in modern societies based on difference, interdependence and individual rights. A mechanical society is based on the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies in which shared tradition create social cohesion; What is anomie? How might it lead to suicide? Anomie is "normlessness," a term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that results from weak social bonds.It may lead to suicide because by feeling like you don't belong can lead to depressive thoughts and actions; How might religion help keep a society together and prevent suicide? Social Solidarity- the degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group, and by feeling like you're part of a group, you don't feel isolated and like society is better off without you.

What is the difference between "essentialist" views on gender and "constructionists" views on gender?

Essentialist- those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed; Constructionist- those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous binary system is just one possibility among many. (Gendered performance is a construction; Biological sex does play a part in who we are- Problem with that is that we tend to conflate biological sex with genders. We make a whole lot of excuses for why men "should" be one way and women "should" be another.)

How does Gen Z feel about racial equality? How is this different than previous generations? How does the Ted Talk on "racial literacy" illustrate Gen Z's stance?

Everyone should be treated equally, no matter what their race is. This is different because previous generations was very much segregated and still don't necessarily believe in racial equality.

Define: Family Wage, nuclear family, and breadwinner/housewife marriage. How are these key terms tied to a "traditional family" structure? Why are these ideas problematic today?

Family Wage- (middle class)- an income paid to one male earner that was large enough to support a home, a wife, and children; Nuclear Family- parents living with biological children, apart from other kin, in an independent household; Breadwinner/Housewife Marriage- a model of marriage that did not legally subordinate wives to husbands, but continued to define the rights and responsibilities of husbands and wives differently; women owed men domestic services and men were required to support their wives financially.

Define: family. How is this definition different that a traditional/nuclear family?

Family- a group of people who identify themselves as being related to one another, usually by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who share intimate relationships and dependency; Different from a traditional or nuclear family because this can include same-sex parents, foster children, or a group of friends that considers themselves family.

What are some possible explanations for a less religious Gen Z?

Gen Z and Millennials are young, unsettled, childless, and have not experienced sickness or death; Gen Z wasn't raised in religious households; Parent's give teens more freedom with religious option to choose.

What is one of the major explanations for why Gen Z is putting off serious relationships?

Gen Z is putting off serious relationships because they're working themselves first and feeling complete individually before they begin getting into serious relationship others.

What does Gen Z want out of a job? How is this different from Millennials?

Gen Z isn't as concerned about interacting at work, less interested in a rewarding job and more interested in having a job they won't hate, wants a work/life balance (and are more realistic about work demands) Millennials wanted jobs that were interesting where you could learn new things and see the results of what you do, wanted more vacation time, little supervision and flexible work from home hours, less willing to work

How does Gen Z tend to view sex, love and relationships?

Gen Z tends to view sex as something that can wait. With sexting, naked Snapchatting, and other forms of digital flirting, you don't have to have sex. They also view love as something that can only happen once you love yourself, and that relationships need to wait until you're complete on your own.

Define: Gender Binary System. What is problematic about the gender binary? What assumptions does it make?

Gender Binary System- gender is socially constructed on a spectrum that is polarized between two ideals- femininity and masculinity- presented as binary; Problem's with the gender binary is that most of us say things like "I'm a woman but..." or "I'm a guy, but..." (I do this one thing differently); It makes assumptions that we fit the ideal or "perfect binary" when gender is fluid and is more of a performance than anything else.

Define: Gender Identity and Gender Expression.

Gender Identity- an individual's self-definition or sense of gender; Gender Expression- an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender.

Define: Gender Role. How have perceptions on "who does what" in the household changed over various generations? How does Gen Z feel about gender equality in the home and in the workplace?

Gender Role- the social expectation that we will participate in gendered behaviors (they are socially developed and externally prescribed by the specific culture in which we live.); Gender roles have changed. Silent Generation to Gen X typically viewed women as homemakers and men as breadwinners. But now, Millennials and Gen Z see that it is an equal division of work in the home and in the workplace. Both husband and wife have to help around the house, bring in money, etc. Gender equality needs to be addressed because women and men are both capable of the same things and need to be held to the same standard.

What are gender inclusive schools? How does this approach "teach" gender to children?

Gender inclusive schools are schools in which it is okay to identify as any gender you want and that there is acknowledgement of that gender identity. This approach teaches gender to kids by saying it doesn't matter how you act or what you wear. What defines you is the type of person you are.

How does Gen Z feel about marriage? How does Gen Z feel about family?

Generation Z is open to marriage and wants to be married, but they are going to wait longer to get married and have kids. While family is important, it's not as important as having financial stability or helping those who need it.

Define: Global Inequality.

Global Inequality- the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries

What is the difference between High Income, Middle Income, and Low-Income Countries? Be able to distinguish key features of these different types of countries.

High Income Countries- these countries were industrialized first (250 years ago). They make up 14.2% of the world's population with 66% of the world's total income. They offer decent housing, adequate food, drinkable water, and good standards of living. Medium Income Countries- primarily in East and Southeast Asia, middle East, North Africa, Central America, and some countries with political economies (e.g. Russia). They were industrialized later (the 20th century). They have 71.7% of the population with 31% of the wealth. Low Income Countries- mostly agricultural economies that are just beginning to industrialize. They have 12% of the world's population with 7% of the wealth. These countries grow 2.6 times as fast as high-income countries. They struggle with poverty, malnutrition, and starvation; the inhabitants live in rural areas or densely populated areas with dilapidated housing.

We often get into arguments that may be religious and political in nature. What advice does Megan's TedTalk give to help people speak and listen to one another?

If you listen to the points other people have to make and ask questions regarding the beliefs, we don't have to argue over it, we can talk rationally about the views.

Define: Implicit Bias. Why is this term relevant to today's society?

Implicit Bias- thought processes that hold judgements you may not even know about; It's relevant to today's society because people may not even realize that they have these biases but they still come out and are very noticable.

In class, you were asked to look at the World Health Organization's top 10 causes of death in high income, middle income, and low-income countries. What was most significant about these types of deaths? How does global inequality play a factor?

In low income countries, the most common cause of death is disease in the water that they can't filter out. In high-income countries, it's mostly cancer or heart-related death causes. Global inequality plays a factor because lower income countries don't have the finances to filter their water to make it drinkable.

How did dating changes from the 1920s, to the 1950s, to today?

In the 20's opposite-sex mingling started because young adults had more freedom to socialize. In the 50s, women were afraid they wouldn't marry. Now, we have 'hookup' culture; What is "treating"? What did this mean for men? Women?- Treating- a practice in which a man funds a woman's night out on the town.It became the male's responsibility to fund date (because working women had little money to spare) and men were resentful of women who would go out with multiple guys, calling her a "tramp", "slut", or "gold digger". Women tried to make themselves "worth it"- being an attractive and pleasing companion; Why did women in the late 1940s and 1950s fear that they would not get married? Why was it so important for them to get married? How did this fear lead to more committed relationships at an earlier age? Teenage pregnancies? Women in the late 40s and 50s feared that they wouldn't get married because soldiers wouldn't come home or they would marry foreign women. It was important to them to get married because male's believed in the "why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free" level of intimacy. So teens would get married earlier. This also increased the rates of teen pregnancy.

Define: Income.

Income: amount of money a person or household earns in a given period of time. It is typically spent on food, clothing, shelter, health care, and other costs of daily living.

What is the difference between individual discrimination and institutional discrimination?

Individual discrimination- discrimination carried out by one person against another Institutional discrimination- discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, education, etc.), that affect all members of a group who came into contact with it.

Why is it difficult to talk about race in our society?

It's difficult to talk about race because there is individual discrimination and institutional discrimination

How do key terms, social inequality, social stratification, and social mobility apply globally?

It's hard for poorer countries to move up the hierarchy that applies globally as well as in the United States.

How did the industrial revolution change the structure of marriage and family life? What is the difference between a property marriage and a traditional marriage?

Industrial revolution changed the structure of family life because children were no longer needed to help run a farm and were expensive to keep in overcrowded cities; Property Marriage- a model of marriage in which a woman was entered into a marriage by her father, who owned her until he "gave her away" at the wedding. (Infertile wives were viewed as damaged goods. Widows were inherited as property to a male relative of the deceased husband and was seen as a burden until married off.); Traditional Marriage- men are no longer heads of households with land (fewer farms which means they work in the city). Middle class male identity is connected to providing financially and women are viewed as delicate. Poorer families are in the workforce because women and children were valuable as cheap labor and women get paid less.

In class, you played the game "Spent"; how does this game illustrate the difference between individual circumstances and larger social forces?

It illustrates how an occupation and small things that happen have an effect on how someone is able to live. It also illustrates how hard it is to move up and down in the class system.

Define: Life Chances. How do they relate to stratification and inequality?

Life Chances: opportunities and obstacles encountered in education, social life, work, and other areas critical to social mobility- influenced by class. They relate because where you lie in the hierarchy of social stratification and the following inequality of wealth tends to define what kind of life chances you'll get.

In what way is Gen Z entrepreneurial? How is this different than millennials?

May be more cautious about business ventures than Millennials. 50% Gen Xers wanted a successful business, 37% Gen Z reported the same. Fear from watching Millennial's businesses crash and burn. More important to have a stable job (less risky than new start-ups or corporations.)

How is meat production and consumption in the United States related to global inequality, the industrial revolution, and the agricultural revolution?

Meat production and consumption in the U.S. is astronomically high. This takes away from the wealth and prosperity of other countries.

Define: Microaggression. How might this term be related to implicit bias and color-blind racism?

Microaggressions- everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups.

Define and distinguish between: Non-binary, gender non-conforming, and gender fluid.

Non-Binary- includes agendered and bigendered; transcends gender; Gender Non-Conforming- term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles; Gender Fluid- gender identity is not fixed along a gender spectrum.

Define: Race Consciousness and Pluralism

Race Consciousness- an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences; Pluralism- a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society.

Define: Race and Ethnicity

Race- a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. Ethnicity- a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor.

Define: Racism, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Racism- a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic groups; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic. Prejudice- an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it. Discrimination- unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice.

Define: Religion, sacred, and profane.

Religion- includes any institutionalized system of shared beliefs (propositions and ideals held on the basis of faith) and rituals (practices based on those beliefs) that identify a relationship between the sacred and profane; Sacred- Holy, divine, or supernatural; Profane- ordinary, mundane, or every day.

Define: Religiosity, intrinsic religiosity, and extrinsic religiosity. What are the key differences between intrinsic and extrinsic? Does Gen Z prefer one over the other?

Religiosity- the consistent and regular practice of religious beliefs (Frequency of attendance and importance of religious beliefs to an individual); Intrinsic Religiosity- a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine; Extrinsic Religiosity- person's public display of commitment; Key differences between the two are they are external and internal; Gen Z prefers intrinsic over extrinsic because they don't have a set religion, so their relationship with the divine is up to them and they don't have to show it.

How might religious affiliation shape the way people feel about premarital sex or same-sex marriage?

Religious affiliation effects how people feel about premarital sex or same-sex marriage based on how involved in the religion they are. If they don't feel very connected to their religion, they may be more open to premarital sex or same-sex marriage.

How has religious identification changed with Millennials and Gen Z? Is Gen Z more religious than spiritual?

Religious identification changed with Millennials who see themselves more as spiritual, but not necessarily religious. Gen Z is said to be neither religious or spiritual- although it does seem as though Gen Z is more spiritual than not.

Define: Social stratification and Social Inequality

Social Stratification: the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy (depends on mobility available to group) Social Inequality: the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society.

What does it mean to be "unchurched"?

Unchurched- cafeteria strategy where one chooses elements of various religions or even elements from popular culture (12-step programs, astrology, witchcraft, etc.)

Define: The American Dream

owning your own home, having a good marriage and great kids, finding a job, being able to afford nice vacations, big screen T.V.s, nice clothes, and season tickets.