Genetics & Medicine Exam

What does the Sanger sequencing method take advantage of? A) nucleotides missing a hydroxyl on the 3' end B) nucleotides missing a sugar phosphate backbone C) nucleotides missing a phosphate on the 5' end D) nucleotides missing a base

A) nucleotides missing a hydroxyl on the 3' end

A small RNA that serves as a "gopher" to bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during translation is called gRNA. A) True B) False

B) False

A mouse that has the genotype AaMMzz will have the same phenotype as a mouse with the genotype: A) aammzz B) AAmmzz C) AAMmzz D) AaMmZz

C) AAMmzz

In the Supreme Court Case Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics it was found that: A) Human genes are patentable if they are in certain regions of the genome B) Human genes are patentable when mutated for cancer research C) Human genes are unpatentable unless they are isolated D) Human genes are found in nature and unpatentable

D) Human genes are found in nature and unpatentable

What are SNPs? A) Similar Nucleotide Positions B) Synthesized Non-coding Proteins C) Enzymes that have the ability to cut or SNiP DNA D) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

D) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes: A) essential to controlled cell division B) that if mutated will cause cancer C) all of the answers are correct D) normally expressed only in female cells E) all of the answers are false

E) all of the answers are false

A gene that is altered on the 14th chromosome is found in 50% of the offspring after an affected father and an unaffected mother successfully breed. This type of inheritance can be described as: A) Autosomal, dominant B) Autosomal, recessive C) X-linked, recessive D) X-linked, dominant

A) Autosomal, dominant

In automated DNA sequencing based on the Sanger method which is/are True? A) DNA polymerase is needed for elongation B) all of the answers are true C) the reaction is terminated when dNTPs run out D) every reaction tube includes all four dideoxyNTPs (ddNTPS)

A) DNA polymerase is needed for elongation

If one strand of DNA is CGGATC, the corresponding DNA strand would be: A) GCCTAG B) GCCATG C) GCCAUG D) CGGATC E) TAACGT

A) GCCTAG

A disabled form of H.I.V. re-engineered to carry cancer fighting genes and mixed with a patients T-cells is a type of: A) Immunotherapy B) Chemotherapy C) Signal transduction inhibitor therapy D) Hormone therapy

A) Immunotherapy

"RNAi" is a mechanism for combating virus infections in plants. A) True B) False

A) True

An epigenetic change in gene expression can be an inherited change that does not involve any change in the nucleotide sequence of the gene. A) True B) False

A) True

Biomarker discovery can lead to prognostic tools for doctors. A) True B) False

A) True

Cancers derive from single cells A) True B) False

A) True

DNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. A) True B) False

A) True

Which statement about viruses is TRUE? A) all viruses are surrounded by a capsid B) only RNA viruses that are single stranded cause disease C) DNA viruses have higher rates of mutation than RNA viruses D) DNA viruses are always double stranded

A) all viruses are surrounded by a capsid

Induced Pluripotent Stem cells: A) can be derived from adult skin cells by switching on just a few genes B) are a major step forward in the quest to use stem cells in fighting or curing a range of human diseases, but still require in vitro embryonic cells from different tissues C) can only be derived from bone marrow D) can cause cancer and were quickly abandoned after their discovery E) were ultimately discovered to develop into only two or three different human cell types

A) can be derived from adult skin cells by switching on just a few genes

Which of the following is FALSE about cancer: A) cancer genes function through one or two signaling pathways B) cancer can be treated using a variety of different chemotherapies C) most cancers are caused by 2-8 sequential alterations over a number of years D) more than 30 genes are known whose mutations drive cance

A) cancer genes function through one or two signaling pathways

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) hox genes control the normal development of an animal B) hox genes found in different animals are very different from each other C) mutations do not occur in hox genes D) hox genes can help control small pox

A) hox genes control the normal development of an animal

Breast Cancer: A) is often associated with specific mutations in genes B) accounts for over 90% of cancer diagnoses C) has the highest incidence in women under 40 D) all of the answers are true

A) is often associated with specific mutations in genes

A major discovery concerning the human genome announced by the ENCODE Project was: A) most of the DNA bases in the human genome do not code for proteins but instead code for thousands of small RNA molecules that regulate gene activity B) DNA variants linked to major human diseases all lie within the 20,000 or so human genes that code for proteins C) epigenetic changes in DNA structure and function have little to do with the regulation of cell function and development D) the human genome is actually made of 30,000 not 20,000 protein coding genes

A) most of the DNA bases in the human genome do not code for proteins but instead code for thousands of small RNA molecules that regulate gene activity

Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because: A) the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome B) fathers pass the allele for colorblindness to their sons only C) the allele for colorblindness is located on the Y chromosome D) males who are colorblind have two copies of the allele for colorblindness

A) the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome

Which of the following is false regarding the lac operon in E. coli? A) the operon is switched off in the presence of lactose in the growth medium B) the enzyme β-galactosidase is produced in large quantities when the lac repressor is not bound to the operator C) the lac operon messenger RNA carries information for synthesis of several proteins D) the operator is the binding site for the lac repressor

A) the operon is switched off in the presence of lactose in the growth medium

A person with a disorder resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21 has: A) 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes B) 45 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes C) 43 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome D) 45 autosomes and 1 sex chromosomes

B) 45 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

Emerging infectious diseases are no longer a growing health concern due to vaccines and advanced medical technologies. A) True B) False

B) False

Introns can serve as export signals of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where introns are then spliced out before the mRNA is translated. A) True B) False

B) False

Proto-oncogenes can be "transformed" into oncogenes by elimination of their start signals for translation. A) True B) False

B) False

The 3-D conformation of DNA and RNA is quite similar because they both are composed of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base. A) True B) False

B) False

The Cancer Genome Atlas project lead to the realization that there is one type of cancer per type of tumor. A) True B) False

B) False

The angiogenesis inhibitor helps reduce the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of oncogenes. A) True B) False

B) False

The field of Synthetic Biology focuses on genetic engineering with a less refined approach A) True B) False

B) False

When a somatic cell divides into two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes we call this process meiosis. A) True B) False

B) False

'RNAi' stands for which of the following? A) RNA inducer B) RNA interference C) RNA insertion D) RNA intron

B) RNA interference

The term "pluripotent" is defined as cells that: A) contain both oncogenes and tumor suppressing genes B) can develop into almost any tissue type C) can undergo meiosis but not mitosis D) can develop a variety of different cancers

B) can develop into almost any tissue type

Pseudogenes are: A) genes that lacks introns B) inactivated, nonfunctional gene copies C) genes that code for a variety of proteins in the bacterium Pseudomonas D) activated, functional gene copies

B) inactivated, nonfunctional gene copies

Which statement about stem cells is false? A) they can differentiate into multiple cell types B) they need to be derived from embryos C) they are capable of dividing to renew themselves D) all of the answers are true

B) they need to be derived from embryos

Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by: A) recessive allele disorders B) x-linked disorders C) dominant allele disorders D) all of the answers are true

B) x-linked disorders

Vitamin D-resistant rickets is an X-linked dominant bone disorder. A man with this form of rickets marries a normal woman. What is the percent likelihood that the couple's son is expected to have vitamin D-resistant rickets? A) 75% B) 50% C) 0% D) 100% E) 25%

C) 0%

Jimmy Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Jimmy has an inherited allele for deafness and has an impaired hearing. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with an abnormal allele d. The allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing is D. Jimmy's parents could have which of the following genotypes? A) dd and dd B) Dd and DD C) Dd and Dd D) DD and dd

C) Dd and Dd

Does nondisjunction during meiosis result in the production of gametes with normal chromosome numbers? A) Yes, all gametes will still have normal chromosome numbers B) Yes, but only if nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I C) None of the answers are true D) No, all gametes will have abnormal chromosome numbers

C) None of the answers are true

What is 80% of the non-coding DNA transcribed to? A) Proteins B) Epigenomes C) RNA D) Phenotypes

C) RNA

In the context of prokaryotic gene expression, which of the following is the most appropriate definition of an operator? A) a non-coding, regulatory DNA sequence that is bound by RNA polymerase B) a cluster of genes that are regulated by a single promoter C) a non-coding, regulatory DNA sequence that is bound by a repressor protein D) a DNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression

C) a non-coding, regulatory DNA sequence that is bound by a repressor protein

Clinomics aims to: A) develop more clinics for specified diseases B) develop cost effective pills for clinical use C) analyze data to guide health care decisions D) examine genomic data from all eukaryotes

C) analyze data to guide health care decisions

CRISPR / CAS 9 causes a A) single stranded break in the DNA to be edited B) methylation of the DNA being edited C) double stranded break in the DNA to be edited D) break in the RNA to be edited

C) double stranded break in the DNA to be edited

If lactose is passively imported into a bacterial cell this will result in A) prohibiting the expression of the lactose operon B) overall decreasing the expression of genes in the cell related to sugar metabolism C) expression of the lactose operon by inactivating the lac repressor molecule D) a switch in metabolism in the cell from use of sugars to another source

C) expression of the lactose operon by inactivating the lac repressor molecule

X-linked inheritance patterns: A) are only observable in females B) have genes on X and Y chromosomes C) have genes that segregate based on X-chromosome segregation D) all of the answers are true

C) have genes that segregate based on X-chromosome segregation

The field of Pharmacogenomics is used to: A) develop drugs from the genomes of bacteria B) develop effective generic drugs based on the human genome project C) identify how our genes affect the way our bodies respond to medications D) all of the answers are true

C) identify how our genes affect the way our bodies respond to medications

These genes normally function to prevent uncontrolled cell division, but when mutated they lose this regulatory function and can promote cell proliferation that allows tumors to grow: A) epithelial growth factor genes B) Mitosis enhancing genes C) tumor suppressing genes D) Hox cancer genes

C) tumor suppressing genes

Infectious diseases that can be specifically transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans are called: A) re-immerging diseases B) pandemic diseases C) zoonoses D) vector borne diseases

C) zoonoses

CRISPR is capable of: A) editing genes in living cells B) silencing genes in living cells C) acting as a defense system in bacterial cells D) all of the answers are true

D) all of the answers are true

The advances in personalized medicine correlate with advances in technology including: A) bioinformatics and data mining approaches for diagnosis and testing B) ability to engineer stem cell therapies using the body's own cells C) approaches to obtain genome data rapidly and inexpensively D) all of the answers are true

D) all of the answers are true

In eukaryotes, DNA packaging seems to affect gene expression primarily by: A) positioning related genes near each other B) enhancing the recombination of genes C) protecting DNA from mutations D) controlling access to DNA

D) controlling access to DNA

COVID-19 A) all of the answers are true B) requires RNA based vaccines because it is an RNA virus C) is involved in a pathway that causes cells to divide D) has resulted in a pandemic

D) has resulted in a pandemic

The enzyme that binds two segments of DNA together, including binding Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is: A) polymerase B) replicase C) helicase D) ligase

D) ligase

The surprise from the Human Genome Project was that: A) a genome shotgun approach with Sanger sequencing was not effective because of inaccuracies B) protein-encoding genes make up >80% of our genome C) genetic mapping was considered the better approach to use even though it was slow D) protein-encoding genes make up <2% of our genome

D) protein-encoding genes make up <2% of our genome

Prostate cancer is treated with hormone therapy by A) silencing estrogen B) enhancing androgen production C) removing the hormone producing organs D) reducing production of testosterone

D) reducing production of testosterone

Within one chromosome during mitosis, what is the relationship between the sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to another? A) the sequence in one chromatid is complementary to the sequence in the other B) the sequences are unrelated C) the sequences are identical, but uracil replaces thymine in one sister chromatid D) the sequences are identical

D) the sequences are identical