Genetics Final Exam

When DNA elongation occurs, it is always in the ___ direction on the new strand being made.

5' to 3'

When DNA compacts, so it can be involved in the process of nuclear division, the degree of compaction is approximately ___ times.

5,000 to 10,000

With exactly the same wording as above, for the parents in the cystic fibrosis and red-green color vision deficit question, considering only the daughters, the percentage of daughters with red-green color vision deficit is ___.

50%

With the exact wording as stated above in the cystic fibrosis and red-green color vision deficit question, the percentage of children, regardless of sex, with red-green color vision deficit will be ___.

50%

One reason Franklin did not win the Noble Prize for the discovery of the structure of DNA, with Watson and Crick, is because she had died prior to the presentation of this award.

TRUE

The potential pathway of a substance which is made in the RER until it exists the cell would be entrance into the lumen of the RER for some processing, packaging into a vesicle, transport through the cytosol to the Golgi apparatus for further processing, packaging into another vesicle, and exocytosis from the cell.

TRUE, if it stated that the material was made at the ribosome or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The lack of a specific strong enzyme in a lysosome will cause the medical condition of ___, which is more prevalent in Eastern European populations.

Tay-Sachs

The ___, an organelle in a cell, are unique because they exhibit a maternal form of genetic inheritance.

mitochondria

The area of genetics which deals with the activation of genes and the protein products which can be constructed is ___

molecular genetics

Breast Cancer

**1/8 women inherit breast cancer: lots of fat in body or eating lots of fat in diet predispose people to BC. 1.) BRCA 1: a. large gene, 1,863 a.a. in chain, more errors. b. inherited error involved in 5% of cases; most are environmentally induced. c. 72% with gene develop BRCA and 44% of females develop ovarian cancer. d. closely linked to prostate and breast cancer in males. e. caused by DNA repair gene error at G1/synthesis transition. 2.) BRCA 2 a. less frequent than BCRA1. b. caused by defective DNA repair gene at G1/synthesis transition. **BCRA 1 and 2 together = 6-10% inheritance chance.

Immunoglobulins

- Antibodies/proteins that come from immune system. - four categories: 1.) IgG 2.) IgA 3.) IgM 4.) IgE

Properties of Cancer

- Neoplasia: new, abnormal cellular growth. 1.) can be benign/non-malignant, such as warts, callouses, neurofibromas. 2.) can be cancerous: A. contain genetic mutations: 1.) abnormal cs structure (duplications, deletions, inversions) and cs number errors, leading to genomic instability. 2.) mutations, which take time to accumulate, lead to more genetic errors. a. older tumors have more mutations, some have dozens to 100 errors; loss of DNA repair mechanisms b. loss of DNA repair mechanisms, inclusion of protein growth and transcriptional factors from within cells, including hormones to stimulate growth, or signaling molecules from outside cells. B. cancer cells do NOT differentiate. C. lack contact inhibition so cells infiltrate nearby tissues. D. have uncontrolled growth, so cellular division is continuous, more frequent, and faster than normal. E. lack cellular adhesion molecules (CAM's): - cells become invasive. - move to other locations = metastasize, forming secondary tumors.

Apoptosis

- Some cells are pre-programmed for apoptosis, cellular death, due to gene action. - If making an aberrant protein, we want to get rid of this before it forms aberrant cells = cancer. 1.) may destroy cells containing mutations. 2.) may help to prevent the creation of cancer cells. 3.) Examples of apoptosis: - finger and toe webbing: for swimming in womb. - Lobster Claw: 4 fingers are fused together; congenital birth defect. - blistering: good skin underneath blistering layer that sloughs off, cells are committing suicide.

Frameshift Mutation

- Takes reading codons and alters by 1 or 2 bases, which causes the rest of the reading codons to be altered. 1.) addition or deletion of bases accounts for 5-10% of all mutations. 2.) can change all of the reading codons downstream. 3.) one form of familial hypercholesterolemia, caused by an insertion in the LDLR (low density lipoprotein's receptor).

Genetics of Immunity

- body recognizes "foreign", an unknown protein, versus "self". - Immune response to "foreign": 1.) T cells: made in bone marrow and mature in thymus; involved in cell-mediated immunity; attack foreign or marked cells directly. 2.) B cells: involved in antibody-mediated immunity; marks cells for death. a. Y-shaped proteins, composed of 4 a.a. chains, processed at the 4th level. b. has variable regions at tip, where a.a. are different. c. has constant regions, all are same on antibodies. *Example: getting a sliver/wood; leads to nonspecific reaction; increase in blood flow, heat is put off/swelling, increase in WBC's to one particular area = puss. *Clonal Selection: find right copy for an antigen and begin to make lots of copies = go into overdrive and antibodies are marked and T cells come in and destroy.

Mutation Rate

- caused by many factors, determined by the number of allele changes that occur in each generation. 1.) Size of the gene, especially large genes, are likely to experience a change in nucleotides. 2.) trinucleotide repeats, like CAG in Huntington's and CGG in Fragile-X, can predispose positional mutations. 3.) Palindromes (read the same from front to back), such as several regions on the Y chromosome, GAATTC to CTTAAG, destabalize DNA during replication due to loop formation. **Palindromes lead to cutting DNA and instability.

IgE

- causes allergic reactions. - caused by hypersensitive reaction to generally non-harmful proteins. - this can cause life-threatening anaphylaxis (swelling of tissues, especially throat)... a. medications b. shellfish c. peanuts d. bee stings e. other organism interactions Example: pine pollen causes swelling, itching, eye watering, all due to proteins in the pollen. **epinephrine (epi-pen): reverses anaphylaxis.

IgG

- found in blood plasma. - antibodies are small enough to cross the placenta, entering a developing organism's blood stream. - Rh factor incompatibility: causes hemolytic disease of newborns; organism's RBC's lyse. a. anemia develops from lack of adequate RBC's, which can affect organ development. b. bilirubin build-up leads to jaundice and neuron death. Example: - Father contributes Rh+ & Mother is Rh- - first baby is Rh+, pregnancy is fine. - subsequent pregnancies with Rh+ blood would get into mom's Rh- and she would make antibodies to attack fetus' RBC's. - solution: blood transfusions or RhoGAM shot.

IgM

- found in blood plasma. - large enough so they cannot cross the maternal placenta during pregnancy. - incompatibility of ABO RBC surface proteins can lead to complications if blood and organs for donations do NOT appropriately match the recipient; if it does not match, bilirubin buildup releases neural toxins that affect brain development. - Type O: can only receive type O blood.

IgA

- found in body secretions that protect natural body openings. - Tears, nasal discharge, ear wax, saliva all have IgA. Ex: get a cut on finger = no IgA, can get infected.

FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis)

- homozygous recessive state = no polyps. - polyps = benign tumors, first step of colon cancer; looks like a golf ball with stem. - polyps form adenoma, a mutated neoplasic state; they irritate colon lining and cancer cells grow in lining. - defective gene in 1% of colon cancer cases. - normal gene is a tumor suppressor. **eat fruits/veggies to get rid of waste regularly. **waste sits in colon and can infect and irritate tissues, which leads to colon cancer. **get a colonoscopy in 50/60's, to look for muted cells in waste.

HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer)

- normal gene is dominant repair gene. - 10% of colon cancers are caused when this gene is lost by deletion; cannot control growth between G1 and synthesis phase; growth needs to be removed. - possible links with these cancers... a. endometrium (uterine): endometriosis. b. stomach c. pancreatic: die within 5-10 years of getting it; lethal. d. urinary tract

Nucleotide Substitution

- on DNA or RNA in the newly forming sequence. 1.) Transition: a purine is substituted for a purine, or a pyrimidine is substituted for a pyrimidine. Ex: T on DNA would bring in G, A would bring in C. 2.) Transversion: a purine is substituted for a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine is substituted for a purine. Ex: T on DNA would bring in C, A would bring in G. ***Purines: A and G ***Pyrimidines: T and C

Change in RNA processing

- post-transcriptional level - cut outs introns, leave exons. - a form of neurofibromatosis is caused by error in pre-mRNA's splicing. - Aberrant Processing: wrong introns cut out and wrong exons left in. - Big genes: more chances for error to exist.

Vaccines

- small amount of foreign protein that mimics the viral coat of the virus, which is not alive. - the viral coat is a sequence of amino acids; makes antibodies ahead of time in case we get exposed to actual Live Virus, and body will already have Memory cells to mount a quick response. - generally create a form of active immunity. - passive immunity develops through interaction of previously made antibodies. Example: HBig; snake venom antidote; covid-19. **some vaccines are boosters, where you have to keep getting a shot every so often.

Teratogenic Agents

-DES: causes birth defects, taken off the market. -Thalidomide: lack of long bone growth. -Rubella and German Measles: cause sensory defects. -Herpes Simplex: cold soars. -Toxoplasma gondii: protozoa in cat feces, causes birth defects. -Folic acid deficiency: neural tube defects. -Iron deficiency: anemia. -PFAS: affects first trimester. -Radiation/Radon: breaks chromosomes.

Two individuals need to follow a restricted diet which is very low in galactose, since each of them only produces about 25% of the required enzyme to digest galactose. The man is known to be homozygous dominant for Tay-Sachs, while his wife is known to be a carrier of Tay-Sachs. Statistically, based upon the phenotypes of this couple's children with regards to Tay-Sachs, what percentage of these children will have Tay-Sachs as they enter elementary school?

0%

Colon/Rectal Cancer

1.) FAP: familial adenomatous polyposis 2.) HNPCC: hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

Resultant Change on Amino Acid Chain

1.) Missense: wrong a.a. is inserted; codon is erred by transition/transversion error and brings in wrong a.a. Ex: sickle cell anemia (val is changed to glu); achondroplasic dwarfism in FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) gene, where gly is changed to arg. 2.) Sense: Stop codon is changed to a.a. reading codon (a codon which "codes" for an a.a. in the chain), which makes a.a. length Longer (ex: thalassemias). 3.) Nonsense: a.a. reading codon is changed to a Stop codon, which makes a.a. length Shorter (ex: thalassemias, and Marfan Syndrome in fibrillin-1 gene). 4.) Silent: same a.a. is brought into chain by a different codon; codon has wobble/synonymous pairing. NO change in the a.a. chain.

Mutations can Cause Changes...

1.) a cell to become Dormant, inactive, or age differently, which is called Senescence (protein isn't being put out properly). 2.) Apoptosis can result when the cell's control systems are erred and the cell is tagged for suicide. 3.) loss of normal cell controls can lead to cancer when aberrant/changed genes gain gene function.

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

1.) dominant tumor suppressor p53 gene, on cs 17, is deleted in an entire organism. 2.) normal p53's protein helps to regulate cyclin's activity and controls cell cycle rate, including how frequently mitosis occurs. **Hit the cyclin threshold = activates MPF which starts mitosis activities/prophase.

Dimer

1.) involves bond, between N-containing portion of the base; formation between 2 adjacent bases, generally pyrimidines, especially 2 thymines. **draws nucleotide bases closer = read as single Thymine. 2.) pulls 2 nucleotides closely together so they are read as only one nucleotide rather than two. **deleted base = frameshift mutation, which is very detrimental.

If a DNA segment has 50 adenines out of 300 nucleotides , the number of cytosines would be:

100

A man, who is an achondroplasic dwarf, does not have either neurofibromatosis or phenylketonuria, but he is a carrier of this latter trait, marries an achondroplasic dwarf, who does not have neurofibromatosis, but who does have phenylketonuria, what is the statistical probably that this couple will have a child of average height? List the answer as a number out of the total, such a X out of Y. Do not reduce the numbers, since reduction is generally not done in genetics.

2 out of 8

Using exactly the same information as stated above for the baldness question, as a ratio, using whole numbers, the ratio of baldness to nonbaldness (in this same order), in this couple's sons, is

3:1

With the exact wording as stated for the cystic fibrosis and red-green color vision deficit question above, the percentage of sons who are not affected by either cystic fibrosis or red-green color vision deficit is ___.

50%

Two individuals need to follow a restricted diet which is very low in galactose, since each of them only produces about 25% of the required enzyme to digest galactose. The man is known to be homozygous dominant for Tay-Sachs, while his wife is known to be a carrier of Tay-Sachs. What are the phenotypes for the percentage of enzyme produced as this couple's children enter elementary school? Use the percentage of enzyme for the galactosemia trait expression.

50% enzyme, 25% enzyme, 0% enzyme

Two individuals need to follow a restricted diet which is very low in galactose, since each of them only produces about 25% of the required enzyme to digest galactose. The man is known to be homozygous dominant for Tay-Sachs, while his wife is known to be a carrier of Tay-Sachs. Statistically, how many of this couple's potential children would need to either totally restrict their intake of galactose or monitor how much galactose is consumed due to low enzyme production? State your answer as a number out of the total, such as X out of Y.

6 out of 8

If a person's genotype is AAbbCcDdEEFfgg, the number of different gametes , for these seven listed traits, that a person could make is ___.

8

Types of Cancer

A. 3 general locations for cancers to initially develop: 1.) carcinoma: estimated to be 70-90% of all cancers; grows on skin/ectoderm, splits to endoderm. 2.) leukemia (of blood) & Lymphoma (of lymph system, glands/nodes). 3.) sarcoma: of mesoderm (muscles, fat, bone). B. many cancers spread to other locations; breast cancer tends to metastasize to bone and brain.

Types of Mutations

A. Nucleotide Substitution B. Change in amino acid chain C. Frameshift Mutation

Repair Mechanisms pt. 1

A. Over 175 Genes can Repair DNA errors: fixing rate needs to be faster than the error rate. 1.) Excision repair: removes up to 30 bases. a. numerous proteins remove dimer and adjacent bases. b. base excision repair replaces 1 to 5 nucleotides at a time. 2.) Some genetic conditions are the result of DNA repair errors, such as... a. xeroderma pigmentosum: early child life, small cancerous lesions due to exposure of UV light. b. Fanconi anemia: anemia and then bone marrow cells are insufficient, leads to death.

Immune Diseases

A. SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency): gene on the X chromosome. 1.) no B cells: cannot make antibodies. 2.) no T cells: cannot attack bacteria or viruses 2.) neither cells are produced by patient's bone marrow, so no immune system exists. B. XLA (agammaglobulinemia): 1.) defective or no B cells produced, so no antibodies can be made to mark for apoptosis. 2.) cannot build up memory cells for future infection. 3.) T cells work effectively, so foreign organisms can still be attacked directly. C. HIV infection (not a disease itself): 1.) caused by a retrovirus, which attaches to CD4 receptor on cells. 2.) destroys helper T4 cells, which are the heart of the human immune system.

A man, who is an achondroplasic dwarf, does not have either neurofibromatosis or phenylketonuria, but he is a carrier of this latter trait, marries an achondroplasic dwarf, who does not have neurofibromatosis, but who does have phenylketonuria. What are the genotypes of these two individuals? State the male's genotype first, place a comma, a space, and then the female's genotype, by using the alleles of A/a for achondroplasia, N/n for neurofibromatosis, and P/p for phenylketonuria.

AannPp, Aannpp

Based upon the genotype of AAbbCcDdEEFfgg, as stated in the question above, list one of the possible gametes which this person could make.

AbCDEFg

Mutation

A. any change in the DNA sequence which can lead to a change in the RNA sequence, or in am amino acid chain. 1.) change is not good or bad. 2.) change may make or may not make an amino acid chain or protein. B. can be caused by mutagenic agents: chemicals, radiation, some organisms, which alter DNA in gamete (all cells affected) or organism (some cells affected). Ex: flu virus, German measles, zika, protozoa. C. a change in gene function: 1.) Loss of Function is a reduction in the amount of protein made or a total loss of that protein, while a Gain in Function is the ability to make a protein when one was not previously made. 2.) Allelic diseases result in different phenotypes when there are changes in one particular gene. Ex: when the protein lamin A is altered, this can result in progeria (rapid aging disease, max 15y/o), muscular dystrophy, and or various heart diseases. D. Teratogenic agents: 1.) 97% of babies are normal at birth. 2.) chemicals or other agents that do not harm pregnant female but harm organism by causing birth defects, like drugs, chemicals (DES, thalidomide), viruses (HIV, measles, rubella, herpes simplex, HBV), protozoans (toxoplasma gondii), social activities (alcohol, smoking), lack of nutrients (folic acid, iron), occupational hazards (radiation, radon, PFAS). 3.) some stages of development are prone to errors, especially during the 1st trimester (weeks 3-8).

Survival Rate is Improving

A. awareness and detection. B. diet and lifestyle changes: eat ruffage and avoid UV light. C. improved treatments... - chemotherapy: drugs to kill dividing cells, which can affect other healthy cells like mesoderm, hair, nails. - radiation: breaks chromosomes. - immunotherapies: alter a person's immune system to attack specific cellular proteins as if the proteins are "foreign" and do not belong in patient's body. - Pharmacogenetics: pushing patients to have doctors prescribe drugs.

Autoimmune Diseases

A. body attacks self protein as if it is "foreign". B. Examples: - insulin-dependent diabetes: pancreas with islets of langerhans. - rheumatoid arthritis: body attacks own joints and wears down material between bones = rubbing. (Osteoarthritis is due to repetitive activity which wears down joint material). - lupus: attacks own body tissue and turns into scar tissue. (HLA's) - multiple sclerosis: myelin sheath around nerves is destroyed and you have movement/thinking problems (HLA's). - scleroderma: affects ectoderm, heat receptor problems, tips of fingers and toes affected. - thyroid problems: gland to control metabolism is affected (HLA's). ***HLA's = interrelated problems.

Statistics of Cancer

A. in America, 1 in 3 will develop cancer and 1 in 4 cancer patients will die of cancer complications. B. 10% of cancers are inherited from mom or dad. 1.) can cause cancer earlier in life, such as Wilms tumor (of the kidney) and retinoblastoma (of retina). 2.) more than 50 forms of cancer are known to be inherited (breast/colon/etc.) 3.) families with high cancer rate may have a familial or inherited form of cancer. C. most cancers are Sporadic; 90% come from things we do. 1.) tend to appear later in life. 2.) mutations are generally 1 dominant and 1 recessive, or 2 recessive changes in the same gene, which can begin the cancer process.

Causes of Cancer

A. retrovirus enters body cell, disrupting DNA sequence; Insertion Mutation, where DNA inserted by RNA is muted and then all Viral DNA is replicated = viral. abnormal proteins. Ex: HIV and Kaposi's sarcoma, HPV and cervical cancer. B. Error in DNA repair genes may allow errors to be expressed and accumulate as nucleotides change, or errors occur in the amino acid chain, lead to protein errors; between Gap 1 and Gap 2, there is an error. C. Proto-oncogene: normal cell division/mitosis regulating gene; may mutate into an oncogene, causing uncontrolled cellular growth. D. Anti-oncogene/tumor supressor gene: slows things down; can mutate or is lost from a cell's genome and cannot help slow down cancer process.

Mechanisms for Cancer's Development

A. two or more step mutation model, involves inherited or sporadic error to start the cancer process. 1.) Inherited: constitutional or familial; genome contains the 1st mutation and subsequent mutations MUST occur. 2.) Sporadic: spontaneous, environmental exposure; original DNA contains NO mutation, a new mutation and then subsequent mutations must occur (80% chance of making the secondary error). B. Cancer cells that form tumors are Clones. C. KNOWN mutations are generally dominant, making a protein, which allows tumors to grow.

The two chromatids of a replicated chromosome are held together at some point along their length by a ___.

Centromere

A research group led by ___ determined that, in DNA, the number of purines is equal to the number of pyrimidines.

Chargaff

Using the blood type information for the woman, who is O+, and the male, who has blood type B-, list TWO of the phenotypes which could occur in this couple's children. List the first phenotype, followed by a common, a space, and then the second phenotype.

B+, O+

Repair Mechanisms pt. 2

B. DNA Polymerase: works when DNA replicates; RNA Polymerase does same thing when transcribing RNA from DNA. 1.) acts as a major proofreader. 2.) attempts to repair all mismatched nucleotide pairs during replication. 3.) prevents many transition and transversion errors.

If a male and female are both in the heterozygous state for baldness, using the alleles B/B', the genotypes of these two individuals, in this order (male and then female), are:

BB', BB'

With exactly the same wording as in the question above, the genotypes for this couple's children are:

BB, BB', B'B'

BCRA1 Mutations

BCRA: Breast Cancer - very big gene, lots of possibility for errors. - can have lots of different mutations on same gene. - Hyperplasia: initial stage in development where enlargement of tissue/organ due to lots of cell production causes irritation. - in Situ: cancer in place, travels through body.

Repair Mechanisms pt. 3

C. p53 Gene: 5,300 amino acids long. 1.) controls whether a cell is repaired and salvaged, or if the cell is tagged for apoptosis. 2.) normal protein plays a role in controlling the entry of cells into the S phase of the cell cycle Interphase. 3.) mutations in p53 gene are found in 1/2 of all human cancers.

If a female carries both the gene for red-green color vision deficit, using the alleles R/r, and the gene for cystic fibrosis, using the alleles C/c, while her red-green color blind husband is known to be homozygous dominant for cystic fibrosis, the genotype of the male is

CCXrY

Warburg Effect

Cancer cells produce abnormal proteins which allow for survival... - Cancer cells prefer fermentation as a source of energy production. - this does NOT require presence of Oxygen. - most cancer cells produce energy primarily by a high rate of glycolysis. - causes lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol.

Angiogenesis

Cancer cells produce abnormal proteins which allow for survival... - Formation of new blood vessels. - controlled by signal transduction, cellular communication in the body's cancer cells.

The DNA strand which requires the placement of numerous primers on a segment of DNA, which is opened by helicase, is termed the leading strand.

FALSE

The phrase bubbles and forks refers to the area of a DNA molecule where telomeres are formed.

FALSE

Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA without the research of others contributing to their knowledge base.

FALSE

When replication is completed, the chromosome will be composed of two identical chromatins.

FALSE

T/F A nucleosome can best be described as a protein ball which is wrapped by eight DNA strands.

FALSE: A nucleosome is formed when eight histones, protein balls, are each wrapped twice by a single strand of DNA. The description stated in the question is entirely wrong.

Factors that may have an influence on a woman's decision to have prenatal testing done during her pregnancy could be her age, diet, environmental exposure, age of previous children, previous prenatal children, and number of children.

FALSE: Generally, prenatal testing is not done due to the age or number of a woman's children. As a result, this would be a false statement.

One of the broad categories of cellular material which help to give structure, shape, or form to a cell are ___.

Microtubules. Microfilaments. Intermediate filaments.

Matching:

Multiple Alleles: more than two forms of a gene exist, with most expressing the ability to make variations in the amino acid chain. Codominant: both alleles of a gene's pair are equally expressed in the heterozygous state. Expressivity: the range of phenotypes that result from a specific genotype under any set of environmental conditions. Phenocopy: an environmentally caused trait that occurs in a specific pattern, mimicking an inherited trait. Epigenetics: any effect, such as methylation, that modifies gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Pharmacogenetics: variations in phenotypes which are the result of the metabolism of certain drugs.

A female with blood type O+, who is heterozygous for the Rh factor, marries a man who is heterozygous for the ABO allele for his blood type B-. In this order, write the genotypes of the woman and then the man. Use the letters A/B/O for the ABO blood alleles, and the symbols +/- with for the Rh factor. Appropriately state these genotypes by writing the woman's blood types and then the males, with the ABO alleles listed first and then the Rh alleles, such as MM++. When writing the two genotypes, write the woman's, then a comma, a space, and then the man's genotype.

OO+-, BO--

The DNA sequences made on the lagging strand are called:

Okazaki fragments

Base this question upon the same information stated in the question above, where a man is heterozygous for porphyria and is an albino, but he does not have Huntington disease and his albino wife does not have porphyria, but does have Huntington. Using the following letters for the traits listed: P/p for the alleles for prophyria, A/a for the alleles for albinism, and H/h for the alleles for Huntington, list the possible genotypes of this couple's children.

PpaaHh, Ppaahh, ppaaHh, ppaahh

A man is heterozygous for porphyria and is an albino, but he does not have Huntington disease. His albino wife does not have porphyria, but does have Huntington. Use the following letters for the traits listed: P/p for the alleles for prophyria, A/a for the alleles for albinism, and H/h for the alleles for Huntington. In this precise configuation, list the genotype of the man and then that of the woman. (List the genotypes with a comma and then one space following the man's genotype and then list the woman's genotype, ie. XXYy, xxYY)

Ppaahh, ppaaHh

The correct enzyme activity is:

Primase builds a sequence of RNA nucleotides complementary to a DNA segment.

A replicated chromosome will be composed of two molecules of DNA and will have a centromere, submetacentric, that divides the genetic material into arms, with the p arms being slightly shorter than the q arms.

TRUE

DNA replication is termed bidirectional since one side of the DNA molecule will replicate from top toward the bottom of this side, while the other side of the molecule will replicate from the bottom toward the top of that side.

TRUE

The type of structure removed for early embryo testing is the ___

blastomere cell

A nucleotide will contain:

a phosphate group and one sugar.

___ is a form of genetic testing which can not be done until approximately the 16th week of pregnancy, with results being available from this test in a couple of weeks.

amniocentesis

Telomeres:

are found at the ends of each chromosome.

Using the same information, exactly as stated above, for the baldness question, the phenotypes of this couple's daughters is (are)

bald, nonbald

If identical twins have blue-eyes, freckles, and develop the same form of leukemia, they are expressing ___ for these traits

concordance

A human zygote, or fertilized egg, under normal circumstances, will contain the ___ number of chromosomes.

diploid. 2N. 2 sets. 46 (chromosomes)

Bones and the plaque of Alzheimer are similar in that they are both made as the ___ of specific cells.

extracellular matrix

The distance across a DNA molecule is equal because:

each complementary pair has three organic rings.

Matching:

hemizygous: by definition, the inheritance pattern referencing only a male transmitted gene. centimorgan: measurable unit used to determine the distance between genes. carry or be a carrier: only females, but never males, can do this for an X-linked trait. G-6-PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: a condition which can cause red blood cells to lyse or break apart. Becker muscular dystrophy: X-linked trait which causes muscles to degenerate, leading to paralysis and death, with symptoms usually beginning in mid-life. aneuploid: a cell's or organism's chromosomal number which is not equally divisible by 23. Turner syndrome: viable karyotype with only 45 chromosomes. trisomy-21: only viable organism, who can live decades, with erred autosomal chromosome number. Klinefelter; 47 XXY: sterile male due to sex chromosomal error. Jacob; 47 XYY: male with near normal phenotype, even though a sex chromosomal number error exists in the genotype.

The idea that man's development is solely the result of his genetic heritage, and does not involve environmental influence, is ___.

hereditarianism

The ___, a specific cellular structure, contains very strong digestive enzymes that help to breakdown or eliminate cellular debris, such as old or non-functioning mitochondria.

lysosome

The best description of DNA is that it contains:

nucleotide sequences which are nearly identical within all members of a species.

The building blocks of DNA are four different ___.

nucleotides

Generally, the nucleotides used to make a molecule of DNA are found in the cell's ___.

nucleus

If a group of people are treated differently than another group because the former or first group is thought to be more cultured and academically gifted, this social interaction is based upon the social idea of ___.

positive eugenics

The enzyme ___ allows the RNA bases of the primer, in a temporary fashion, to complementarily pair with the sequence of bases on the DNA.

primase

A ___ is the organelle where the first step in protein synthesis occurs.

ribosome

The ___ contains ribosomes on its exterior surface, giving this organelle's surface a unique sandpaper appearance.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

If one strand of a DNA molecule has a phosphate at one end of the strand, the other end of this same strand will have a ___ at the other end.

sugar

The form of ART, where a couple's biological embryo is placed in another woman's uterus, involves the use of the additional female as ___

surrogate

Using the same information stated above, if a man is heterozygous for porphyria and is an albino, but he does not have Huntington disease and his albino wife does not have porphyria, but does have Huntington, list two of the possible phenotypes for this couple's children. State the traits in the same order as above, with porphyria first, albinism second, and Huntington third. If a trait is present, state with and if a trait is absent state without; state one complete phenotype, use a semi-colon and one space, and then state the second phenotype, with each trait in a person being separated by a comma and then one space. Use the following letters for the traits listed: P/p for the alleles for prophyria, A/a for the alleles for albinism, and H/h for the alleles for Huntington.

with porphyria, with albinism, with Huntington; without porphyria, with albinism, with Huntington

With exactly the same wording as above, for the couple in the cystic fibrosis and red-green color vision deficit question, the number of children who will have cystic fibrosis is

zero