Genetics smart Book 11

A cancer cell is a cell that ______. Multiple choice question. -has accumulated genetic changes that allow it to grow uncontrollably -no longer divides because most of its genes have been silenced -no longer divides because it receives fewer signals to initiate cell division -divides more frequently than other cells, even though both types of cells have similar genetic compositions

has accumulated genetic changes that allow it to grow uncontrollably

A benign tumor is a(n) ______.

localized growth with a precancerous genetic change

Fill in the blank question. A(n) is a mutant gene that is overexpressed and contributes to cancerous growth.

oncogene

Cancerous growths are clonal in origin because cancer cells ______. Multiple choice question. -can migrate to other areas of the body and form secondary tumors at the new sites -can form a tumor that is localized only at one site -can invade healthy tissues -originate from a single cell that has accumulated genetic changes during cell division

originate from a single cell that has accumulated genetic changes during cell division

An oncogene is formed by mutation that increases the expression of a normal gene called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. apoptosis-promoting gene tumor-suppressor gene cancer inhibitor gene proto-oncogene

proto-oncogene

A growth factor is a ______. Multiple choice question. protein on the surface of the cell that receives signals to increase the cell division rate molecule that can inhibit cell division signaling molecule that can stimulate cells throughout the organism's body to divide molecule that promotes programmed cell death through apoptosis

signaling molecule that can stimulate cells throughout the organism's body to divide

When a defect in a single gene causes a human disease, the mutant gene often follows ______.

simple Mendelian inheritance patterns

Which best describes a haplotype? Multiple choice question. -Phenotypic variation that is observed, on average, in half of the offspring -Genetic variation in which someone has half the normal number of molecular markers -A recombinant chromosome carrying half of the molecular markers from one parent and half from the other parent -A haploid genotype showing linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a single chromosome

A haploid genotype showing linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a single chromosome

To stimulate the growth of epidermal cells, such as skin cells, which event would occur first? Multiple choice question. -An epidermal growth factor, EGF, binds to a receptor on the surface of a skin cell. -MAPK activates transcription factors for genes promoting cell division. -A multi-step signal transduction pathway leads to the activation of a protein kinase called MAPK.

An epidermal growth factor, EGF, binds to a receptor on the surface of a skin cell.

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that occurs with equal frequency in both sexes and will be inherited, on average, by 50% of the offspring of an affected individual who had only one affected parent? Multiple choice question. Autosomal dominant X-linked dominant Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive

Autosomal dominant

What is the inheritance pattern when the trait occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and two unaffected heterozygotes have, on average, 25% affected children? Multiple choice question. Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive X-linked dominant

Autosomal recessive

Most cancer cells are descendants of an original cell that acquired genetic changes. Therefore, cancerous growths are considered to be ______ in origin.

Clonal

Researchers studying disease-causing genes can use information found in a catalog of common human genetic variants called the Multiple choice question. Hap Map project. Human Genome project. Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer. Gen Bank Database.

Hap Map project.

Fill in the blank question. promote cancer by increasing transcription of genes that regulate cell division.

Oncogenes

A normal, nonmutated gene that has the potential to become an oncogene is called a

Proto - oncogene

Fill in the blank question. When a human disease is caused by a mutation in a single gene, the pattern of inheritance is called Mendelian inheritance.

Simple

Cancer cells may carry gain-of-function mutations that increase the activity of an oncogene. In which of the following ways could the expression of the protein encoded by the oncogene be altered by this type of mutation? Multiple select question.

The structure of the protein is altered so that it is overly active. The protein is expressed in a cell type where it is not normally found. The amount of protein produced from the oncogene is significantly increased.

Approximately how many human diseases have a genetic basis? Multiple choice question. Thousands Millions Hundreds Hundred Thousands

Thousands

True or false: Genetic diseases often show a specific age of onset.

True

True or false: Genetic diseases often show a specific age of onset. True false question. True False

True

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that more commonly affects males than females and can often be observed in brothers or fathers of a woman who has affected sons? Multiple choice question. X-linked dominant Reason: An X-linked dominant trait would be passed to both sons and daughters of an affected mother Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive Autosomal dominant

X-linked recessive

Uncontrolled cell division may result from ______. Multiple choice question. regulated expression of tumor suppressor genes an increase in the expression of tumor suppressor genes a decrease in the expression of tumor suppressor genes

a decrease in the expression of tumor suppressor genes

During the initial stage of cancer development, cells with a precancerous genetic change form a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. invasive growth benign growth metastatic tumor malignant tumor

benign growth

The purpose of the HapMap project is to ______. Multiple choice question. -find genes associated with specific diseases Reason: The Hap Map project documents variation, allowing other researchers to search for links to disease-causing alleles. -collect and organize information about human genetic variation -find genes associated with observable human phenotypes

collect and organize information about human genetic variation

An oncogenic allele typically shows a pattern of inheritance due to a gain-of-function mutation in a proto-oncogene.

dominant

The linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a single chromosome is called a ______. Multiple choice question. phenotype haplotype diplotype genetic variation

haplotype

When a cancer cell grows into surrounding healthy tissue nearby, it is described as

invasive

Simple Mendelian inheritance is a pattern observed when a human disorder is caused by ______. Multiple choice question. mutation in a single gene inheritance of a recessive allele interaction between two or more genes inheritance of a dominant allele

mutation in a single gene

An oncogene is formed when a proto-oncogene gains a ______. Multiple choice question. deletion that causes it to produce an inactive protein mutation that reduces its expression by 50% mutation that causes its expression to be abnormally active promoter mutation that prevents transcription of the coding region

mutation that causes its expression to be abnormally active

When a defect in a single gene causes a human disease, the mutant gene often follows ______. Multiple choice question. complex inheritance patterns that cannot be easily studied epigenetic inheritance patterns simple Mendelian inheritance patterns

simple Mendelian inheritance patterns

Proto-oncogenes that can mutate into oncogenes fall into which of the following categories? Multiple select question. genes encoding DNA repair enzymes transcription factors replication factors growth factors growth factor receptors intracellular signaling proteins

transcription factors growth factors growth factor receptors intracellular signaling proteins

Fill in the blank question. A loss-of-function mutation in a - gene can allow cancerous growth to occur.

tumor suppressor

An examination of the genomes of many different individuals to determine if a specific genetic variant is associated with a human disease is called a genome-wide .

Association Study

The first individual who carried a disease called allele is called a ______. Multiple choice question. founder haplotype linker

Founder

A signaling molecule that can promote division of cells throughout the body of a multicellular organism is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. growth factor enzyme receptor tumor suppressor apoptosis factor

Growth factor

Which type of growth has cells that can invade other tissues and migrate to other areas of the body to form secondary tumors? Multiple choice question. Malignant growth Precancerous growth Benign growth Controlled growth

Malignant growth

Most carcinogens, such as UV light and specific chemicals in cigarette smoke, are that promote genetic changes in somatic cells.

Mutagens

True or false: Comparing someone with a genetic disease to another person in the general population, the person with the disease is more likely to have a family member with the same disease. True False

True

Uncontrolled cell division may result from ______. Multiple choice question. an increase in the expression of tumor suppressor genes regulated expression of tumor suppressor genes a decrease in the expression of tumor suppressor genes

a decrease in the expression of tumor suppressor genes

The accompanying pedigree shows the inheritance of Huntington disease with filled symbols and also indicates which combination of four possible forms (A, B C, D) of a molecular marker called G8 that the person has inherited. What is the one possible phenotype and marker combination that is missing among the children of the couple surrounded by the circle? Multiple choice question. BB with Huntington disease BC with Huntington disease AB without Huntington disease AA without Huntington disease

BB with Huntington disease

Fill in the blank question. A cancer cell can migrate to another part of the body and cause secondary tumors.

metastatic

Which is the correct order of events in the normal pathway by which growth factors stimulate cell division (start at the top)?

- A growth factor binds - A signal transduction - Genes coding

A carcinogen is a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. -pollutant that interferes with cellular metabolism -environmental agent that causes cancer -toxic chemical that leads to cell death -signal that causes an increase in cell division rate

- environmental agent that causes cancer

Fill in the blank question. Four types of genetic changes that can convert a proto-oncogene to an oncogene are missense , gene , chromosomal and integration.

-Blank 1: mutations or mutation -Blank 2: amplification -Blank 3: translocations or translocation -Blank 4: viral

What is the inheritance pattern when a trait occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and an affected offspring can have two unaffected parents? Multiple choice question. X-linked dominant Autosomal dominant X-linked recessive Autosomal recessive

Autosomal recessive

Which disease is characterized by genetic changes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth? Multiple choice question. Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Hemophilia Huntington disease Sickle cell anemia Cancer

Cancer

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that more commonly affects males than females and which will occur in about 50% of the sons born to the unaffected daughter of an affected male? Multiple choice question. Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X-linked dominant X-linked recessive

X-linked recessive

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that more commonly affects males than females and which will occur in about 50% of the sons born to the unaffected daughter of an affected male? Multiple choice question. Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive Autosomal dominant X-linked dominant

X-linked recessive

Chemicals in the environment that cause cancer are called ______. Multiple choice question. teratogens toxic chemicals carcinogens pollutants

carcinogens

The ERBB2 receptor normally plays a role in promoting cell division. Cells from many breast cancer patients show an increase in the number of ERBB2 receptors available on the plasma membrane. The type of mutation that contributed to cancer development in these cases would be called a ______-of-function mutation in a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. loss; oncogene gain; oncogene loss; tumor-suppressor gene gain; tumor-suppressor gene

gain; oncogene

The goal of a ______ study is to find a relationship between one or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a disease or other human trait. Multiple choice question. HapMap Microarray genome-wide association preimplantation genetic

genome-wide association

A situation where a disease may be caused by mutations in two or more different genes is called ______. Multiple choice question. locus heterozygosity a linkage abnormality locus heterogeneity a pleiotropic effect

locus heterogeneity

When cancer cells migrate to other parts of the body and cause secondary tumors, they are described as ______. Multiple choice question. invasive metastatic aggressive benign

metastatic

A mutant gene that is overexpressed and contributes to cancerous growth is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. tumor-suppressor gene tumor-enhancer gene growth-accelerator gene oncogene

oncogene

Which type of gene normally prevents cancers but can allow cancerous growth when mutated? Multiple choice question. oncogene tumor-prevention gene tumor-enhancer gene tumor-suppressor gene

tumor-suppressor gene

The accompanying pedigree shows the inheritance of Huntington disease with filled symbols and also indicates which combination of four possible forms (A, B C, D) of a molecular marker called G8 that the person has inherited. Although there are some exceptions, the inheritance of Huntington disease is most closely associated with which form of the G8 marker in this pedigree? Multiple choice question. B A D C

C

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and two affected heterozygous individuals have, on average, 25% unaffected offspring? Multiple choice question. Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive X-linked dominant Autosomal dominant

Autosomal dominant

When a proto-oncogene is converted to an oncogene, which pattern of inheritance is usually observed for the mutated allele? Multiple choice question. recessive dominant X-linked mitochondrial

dominant

The majority of carcinogens promote cancer development by increasing the rate of ______ in somatic cells. Multiple choice question. DNA repair histone modification mutation DNA replication

mutation

A malignant tumor ______. Multiple select question. can form secondary tumors after spreading to other locations can invade nearby healthy tissue has cells with cancerous mutations leading to uncontrolled growth has cells that acquired only precancerous mutations remains at its original location

can form secondary tumors after spreading to other locations can invade nearby healthy tissue has cells with cancerous mutations leading to uncontrolled growth

A single individual who first had a disease-causing allele is called a

founder

An invasive cancer cell ______. Multiple choice question. migrates to other parts of the body and causes secondary tumors grows into the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor remains localized in the position where cancer first developed

grows into the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor

Which of the following categories of proto-oncogenes would encode a product that would be released from one cell and would travel to and affect another cell? Multiple choice question. transcription factor intracellular signaling protein growth factor growth factor receptor

growth factor

An association between a disease-causing allele and nearby molecular markers can be established because ______. Multiple choice question. haplotypes do not usually change from generation to generation recombination occurs frequently between chromosomal sites that are close to each other mutation rates are high in the vicinity of disease-causing alleles

haplotypes do not usually change from generation to generation

A situation where a disease may be caused by mutations in two or more different genes is called ______. Multiple choice question. a pleiotropic effect locus heterogeneity a linkage abnormality locus heterozygosity

locus heterogeneity

The disease hemophilia is caused by a deficiency in any one of three blood clotting factors. Two of these factors are encoded by genes on the X chromosome and the other clotting factor gene is located on an autosome. Since mutations in more than one gene can cause hemophilia, this represents ______. Multiple choice question. a linkage abnormality locus heterogeneity pleiotropy locus heterozygosity

locus heterozygosity

The disease hemophilia is caused by a deficiency in any one of three blood clotting factors. Two of these factors are encoded by genes on the X chromosome and the other clotting factor gene is located on an autosome. Since mutations in more than one gene can cause hemophilia, this represents ______. Multiple choice question. -locus heterozygosity -locus heterogeneity -pleiotropy -a linkage abnormality

locus heterogeneity

When a new mutation establishes a disease-causing allele in a family member, the allele's location can be traced through ______. Multiple choice question. -markers in a haplotype that are located nearby -recombination with a normal allele on the opposite homolog -a pedigree showing the descendants of the family member who gained the mutation

markers in a haplotype that are located nearby

Simple Mendelian inheritance is a pattern observed when a human disorder is caused by ______. Multiple choice question. inheritance of a dominant allele inheritance of a recessive allele interaction between two or more genes mutation in a single gene

mutation in a single gene

Select all that apply Which observations are consistent with a disease having a genetic basis? Multiple select question. Nephroblastoma is a cancer of the kidney that typically develops in children and is only rarely found in adults. Someone with a diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa has learned that there are family members in the preceding three generations who had the disease. One family in the neighborhood has one parent and several children with severe hearing loss. No one in any of the other nearby families has deafness. People who have diets high in saturated fats are likely to develop atherosclerosis. People from several different families living in a region with high levels of air pollution develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Nephroblastoma is a cancer of the kidney that typically develops in children and is only rarely found in adults. Someone with a diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa has learned that there are family members in the preceding three generations who had the disease. One family in the neighborhood has one parent and several children with severe hearing loss. No one in any of the other nearby families has deafness.

Fill in the blank question. When a human disease is caused by a mutation in a single gene, the pattern of inheritance is called Mendelian inheritance.

simple