Geo 100 Wagendorp
Crustal plates are on the order of ___ Km thick
100
Crustal plates are on the order of ________ kilometer(s) thick.
100
Oceans are being created and removed from the Earth in a cycle of about
100 million years
Within 5%, the typical angle of repose is ________.
35
About _____ percent of the world's land ice resides in places other than Greenland and Antartica.
4
Which of the following numbers is CLOSEST to the number of active volcanoes on Earth's land surface?
550
The world system of interconnected ocean bottom ridges comes to a total of about ________ kilometers
60,000
sedimentary rocks are ____ of the surface
75%
The earth has been deglaciating for the last _____ years
9,000
The Alaskan earthquake of 1964 was extraordinarily violent and has been assigned a moment magnitude of ________.
9.2
Seeds germinate mainly in the ____ Horizon
A
A dense layer, often forming in the B horizon under calcification is
A hardpan
A result of soil creep might be ________.
A tilted fence post
Bornhardts are
A type of inselberg
Mass wasting is associated with which speed of movement?
A wide variety
The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by ______
Abrasion
_____ tends to smooth the surface over which a glacier moves.
Abrasion
Water penetrating into soil promotes chemical weathering by acting as a weak ________.
Acid
The Great Rift Valley is on the continent of ________.
Africa
Of the states below, which has the greatest number of volcanoes (active or inactive)?
Alaska
Mollisols and ---- are the two most agriculturally productive soil orders
Alfisols
_____ is composed of stratified (layered) drift.
An Esker
Gelisols are
Associated with Cytotubation
In arid lands, intricately rifled and barren terrain is called
Badlands
Alluvial fans which have expanded and join over time form a landscape feature known as ___
Bajadas
An imaginary surface extending beneath the continents which limits how deep streams may cut is ________.
Base Level
The ________ is an igneous intrusion which has a surface area of at least 100 square kilometers.
Batholith
Which of the following is a beach area not usually covered by water
Berm
An interfluve can be found ________.
Between Valleys
Where can one find a glacier's equilibrium line?
Between the accumulation and ablation zones
a shallow depression from which an abundance of fine material has been deflated is know is a deflating hollow or ___
Blowout
Badlands are closely associated with badlands national park in south dakota and ___
Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah
the Unconsolidated parent material beneath the level of roots is called the ____ horizon of soil
C
which pedogenic regime is most closely associated with the drier parries of North America?
Calcification
in semiarid climates, grass roots transport much ___ from the b horizon to the a
Calcium
-- is the location of the highest tides in the world
Canada
Salt wedging is most closely associated with ________.
Capillary Action
From a chemical standpoint, the three reacting agents of greatest importance to weathering are ________.
Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and water
The movement of a glacier is normally measured in _____ per day.
Centimeters
The nature of a volcanic eruption is determined largely by the ________ of the magma.
Chemistry
One sub-surface material which intensifies the process of earthquakes and mass movement is ________.
Clay
____ is a facilitator of mass waisting
Clay
the major end product of chemical weathering is
Clay
the main pedogenic regimes do not include
Colonization
Flood basalts cover much of the ocean floor, India, and in North America, the ________.
Columbia Plateau
Solution and hydrolysis combine to create ________ in streams.
Corrosion
Which of the following is the same thing as an arroyo or gulley
Coulee
The La Conchita landslides are most closely associated with ________.
Cracks under neith the cliff house
Which of the following is NOT a landscape caused by faulting?
Crater Lake, Oregon
The slowest form of mass waisting is
Creep
A mudflow including numerous larger blocks of material is a(n) ________.
Debris Flow
All but one of the following would cause an increase in the erosive effectiveness of stream flow: ________.
Decrease of turbulence
The general term signifying the overall lowering of the rock material on the Earth's crust is ________.
Denudation
Weathering and mass wasting can be classified as ________ processes.
Denudational
_ is an internal process
Diastrophism
main types of erosion of not include
Diastrophism
Which of the following doesn't belong with the others?
Dike
Radial walls extending outward from a volcano are ________.
Dikes
A stream's ________ is (are) chemically altered and transported.
Disolved load
Which of the following is the major concept which all the others are part of?
Drainage basin
Eluvial Materials are deposited in the soils ____ Horizon
E
which of the following is the least important in the weathering process?
Earthquake
____ is the soil order covering the greatest surface area on earth
Entisols
the upper layer in a diagnostic horizon is called the
Epipedon
A desert consisting of a large sad dune is a
Erg
Mesa and scarp topography is most closely associated with
Erosion
earth worms are
Escreate casts
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
Eskers
A braided stream is one which has become adjusted so that its flow is just able to carry its sediment load. (t/f)
False
A common maximum speed for landslides is about 500 kilometers per hour. (t/f)
False
A mudflow is a slope collapse with a backward rotation. (T/f)
False
Aggradation occurs on geologically uplifted parts of Earth's crust. (t/f)
False
All natural deltas are in a triangular shape. (t/f)
False
An esker is formed by stagnant meltwater in a glacial crevasse.
False
An example of a large syncline is the Sierra Nevada. (t/f)
False
Continental crust is recycled "quickly" while oceanic crust tends to be conserved for much greater times. (t/f)
False
Deltas are built as sediments erode from near the mouth of a stream. (t/f)
False
Glacial erosion invariably produces smooth valley slopes.
False
Glacial processes are still the most important erosional forces at work in the world today.
False
Humas is an example of inorganic colloids in the soil (t/f)
False
Hutton was the scientist who discovered catastrophism. (t/f)
False
It appears that the numbers of large dams will increase into the future. (t/f)
False
Joints and solution cavities are different names for the same feature. (t/f)
False
Landslides are the most common form of mass wasting (t/f)
False
Landslides are the most common form of mass wasting. (t.f)
False
Mechanical weathering is more effective than chemical weathering in the breakdown of the individual grains of a large rock. (t/f)
False
Perennial streams are closely identified with desert landscapes. (t/f)
False
Podzols are a type of soil which evolve in the worlds arid climate (t/f)
False
Podzols are a type of soil which evolves in the worlds arid climates (t/f)
False
Salt wedding is a form of physical weathering especially prevalent in the humid tropics
False
Salt wedging is a form of physical weathering especially prevalent in the humid tropics. (t/f)
False
Shale regolith produces coarse-textured soil and limits soil development (t/f)
False
Shield volcanoes tend to be the most explosive of all volcanoes. (t/f)
False
Streams flowing into a structural basin form radial drainage patterns.
False
The Lewis Overthrust is a well known feature in the Appalachian Mountains. (t/f)
False
The U.S. Government is developing an Earthquake Early Warning System (EEW) (t/f)
False
The amount of friction per cubic area in streamflow is maximized in wide, deep, smooth-bottomed rivers.(t/f)
False
The geographer William M. Davis was the principal researcher who developed what we now know to be equilibrium theory. (t/f)
False
The geographer William M. Davis was the principal researcher who developed what we now know to be equilibrium theory. (t/f)
False
The lower course of a stream is dominated by landforms created by erosion. (t/f)
False
The lowest point in a basin is a Gibber (t/f)
False
The regolith is found at the top of the soil (t/f)
False
Usually, the number of faults in an area is a much greater number than the number of joints. (t/f)
False
Valley bluffs are remnants of previous knickpoints in a drainage basin. (t/f)
False
Water is the energizing force in mass wasting. (t/f)
False
a dark color is a sure sign of fertility (t/f)
False
a pediment is the same thing as a piedmont slope(t/f)
False
aeolian processes are a subdivision of the internal geomorphic processes (t/f)
False
generally, joints do not exist below one meter from earths surface(t/f)
False
histosols are a solid order most common in world deserts (t/f)
False
in arid regions every large canyon has an alluvial fan that grows down the pediment slope (t/f)
False
in humid regions, grey or white soil indicated a concentration of iron near the surface (t/f)
False
in the desert lack of water causes tick covering or regolith in most locations
False
in the process of illation water picks up fine soil particles and transports them downward (t/f)
False
in the process of illuviation, water picks up fine soil particles and transports them downward (t/f)
False
land slides are the most common form of mass waisting (t/f)
False
mollisols are relative rare soils in the United States
False
the Sahel is the central portion of the sahara (t/f)
False
the Seif is the most common type of sand dune in the North American Desert
False
the largest basins in the US are found in Iowa (t/f)
False
waves of translocation become waves of oscillation, (t/f)
False
A sag pond is caused by collection of water from springs or runoff after movement along ________.
Fault lines
The east face of the Sierra Nevadas presents an excellent example of a(n) ________.
Fault scarp
Which of the following is NOT associated with biological weathering?
Formation of rock joints
________ is(are) the most obvious result of weathering.
Fragmentation of Bedrock
the force of __ in conjunction with the wind,is the cause of most waves
Friction
Granular disintegration is most closely associated with ________.
Frost Wedging
Granular disintegration is mostly associated with
Frost Wedging
granular disintegration is most closely associated with
Frost wedging
Humas has a consistency similar to
Gelatin
permafrost and minimal profile development are more closely associated with which soil order
Gelisols
permafrost and minimal profile development are more closely associated with which soil order?
Gelisols
permafrost and minimal profile development are most closely associated with which soil order?
Gelisols
Globally, the influence of this soil-forming factor fades with time
Geologic
which of the following is most closely associated with Fjords
Glaciers
Where the land is flat, ________ exerts a minimal influence on topographic development.
Gravity
Chemical weathering is speeded because mechanical weathering tends to ________.
Greatly increase the surface area to be weathered
Which of the following has a contemporary ice sheet
Greenland
Which type of erosion involves the most sediment per square meter in the places where it occurs?
Gully
barren surface covered with consolidated material and exposed bedrock
Hamada
Which of the following is most closely associated with a mantle plume?
Hawaii
Equilibrium theory has serious shortcomings in deserts and areas which are ________.
High Latitude
Which of the following covers the least area on the Earths surface?
Histosols
this soil is partly characterized by plentiful partly decayed plant material
Histosols
The time since 10,000 B.P. is most properly known as the ____ epoch.
Holocene
An uplift of a block of land between two parallel faults is a ________.
Horst
Grabens are commonly found in association with ________.
Horsts
which is not a main soil forming factor
Human Activity
Ultisols generally lack
Humas
Weathering may reach as far as ____ below earths surface
Hundreds of meters
Which of the following can occur far below the surface in the tropics?
Hydrolysis
an immature order of soils with faint characteristics not yet prominate enough to produce diagnostics horizons is an
Inceptisol
In the terms of plate tectonics, indian is a part of the ___ plate
Indo-Australian
Which of the following rivers has the largest delta in the world?
Indus
Which of the following DOES NOT describe a stream's capacity?
It is always closely related to a stream's competence.
An earthflow is most conspicuous in ________ where a bulging lobe of material pushes out onto a valley floor.
Its lower reaches
the unseen volcanic complex is a compositee of overlapping composite volcanoes and has had recent pyroclastic flows, lazars and loss of life. this country is
Japan
The island of Krakatau disappeared in a volcanic explosion. Krakatau was located in the ________.
Java Sea
________ are the most common structural features of rocks
Joints
The slow melting of blocks of stagnant ice in the land surface is the cause of _____
Kettle Holes
A ________ develops along a streambed containing bedrock of differential resistance.
Knickpoint
during recent geologic time, Death Valley was occupied by a large lake named
Lake Manly
Landslides are often responsible for the formation of ________.
Lakes
The most prominent pluvial development of the Pleistocene was the appearance of many _____.
Lakes
________ move downslope as much as 160 kilometers per hour.
Landslides
_____ are the largest landforms produced by mountain glaciation
Lateral Moraines
the pedogenic regime associated with the tropical moist climate is
Laterization
In a roche moutonnee, the _____ side faces the direction to which the ice is traveling.
Lee
Soils are considered part of the
Lithosphere
The most common landscape in the dry western us are the Basin, Range, and the
MESA AND SCAP
The earths thickest layer is the ____
Mantle
what is not associated with tides
Mass amounts of erosion
Large ____ extend for considerable distances and depths though rock. Blew the surface there is minimal separation between the block on either side
Master Joint
The angle of beach slope is controlled by
Material
A dark band of rock debris down the middle of a glacier from the union of two adjacent glaciers is a(n).
Medial Moraine
Lubrication for downslope glacial movement is provided by ______.
Meltwater
If no water is involved, rocks can mechanically weather if they undergo ________ temperature change cycles.
Millions of
The highest rated soils for overall agricultural productivity are the ________.
Mollisols
Which scale is now the most commonly used to measure the size of LARGE earthquakes?
Moment magnitude
Which scale is now the most commonly used to measure the size of large earth quakes?
Moment magnitude
Where is the daily temperature change the most significant in rock weathering?
Mountain Summits
The origins of which of the following are less well understood than the other features on the list?
Mountains in the middle of plates
what state has the greatest extent of interior drainage basins?
Nevada
An outstanding example of stream capture on a grand scale can be found along the ________.
Nigeria River, Africa
____ is compressed snow which might change into glacial ice.
Névé
Which of the following scientists is closely associated with the theory of crustal change and development?
Penek
___ is known as the detailed knowledge of different kids of rocks
Petrology
in general, large boulders will NOT be found on
Playas
The boreal forest in subarctic locations is the typical setting for ________.
Podzolation
the soil with the large percentage of clay would be _____ and ______
Porous and Non permeable
Which material is most resistant to chemical weathering?
Quartz
The pleistocene is a part of the ___ period
Quaternary
which of the horizons is found furthest from the surface of the soil
R
a wave approaching an irregular shoreline, one portion of wave reaches shallow waters sooner than the portions and thus is slowed down, this slowing down causes the wave line to bend and the bending is called __
Refraction
Aribuc word for stone...
Reg
Desert Pavement is another for
Reg
The arabic word for "stone" describes a desert surface covered with coarse gravel, pebbles and or boulders the word is __
Reg
the weathered layer of loose inorganic material is called
Regolith
The existence of a stream terrace is sure evidence of ________.
Rejuvenation
Sapping is an erosional processes closely associated with __
Rock Joints
In dry climates, ________ is a (are) prevalent process(es).
Salt Wedging
A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through all these methods EXCEPT ________.
Sampling earths core
soils made up of mainly ____ do not develop a true soil type
Sand
the channel of a desert stream is usually covered with
Sandy Debris
In the creation of rock escarpments in dry lands, much of the undermining is accomplished by a process called ___
Sapping
iN THE CREATION OF ROCK ESCAPMENT IN DRY LANDS, MUCH UNDERMINING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY a process called
Sapping
The best example of a product of mass wasting is ________.
Scree
the best example of a product of mass wasting is
Scree
Which of the following is false
Sea level is higher today than at any time in history
When a first-order stream joins a second-order stream, the result is always ________.
Second order stream
________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles.
Shale
in mesa and scarp topography, less resistant rock erodes more quickly than caprice. which type of rock is noted as a less resistant rock in such areas
Shale
________ transport(s) materials directly after they are loosened by splash erosion.
Sheet erosion
Shale is usually metamorphosed into ________.
Slate
The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is ________.
Slate
A slope collapse with a backward rotation is a ________.
Slump
The mass-wasting type characterized by a crescent-shaped scarp face is the ________.
Slump
The new substances made through oxidation of existing minerals are ________ than the original minerals.
Softer
Which of the following is not a specialized feature of arid environments
Soil creep
Which of the following is the slowest of all types of mass movement?
Solification
The main downslope movement of subarctic and arctic landscapes is ________.
Solifluction
which of the following is NOT closely associated with large land slides?
Solifluction
Carbonate rock is closely related to
Solution cavities
In Alaska, most of the contemporary glaciers are found mainly in the ________ portion of the state.
Southern
________ and amount of moisture present can be used to classify types of mass wasting.
Speed Movement
Similar in nature to a batholith but much smaller in size is a ________.
Stock
Flattish erosional platform with no well defined scarps or edges are
Stripped Plains
A major determent of soils water holding capacity is its
Structure
A(n) ________ stream has developed a channel along a zone of structural weakness.
Subsequent
The B horizon is usually called the
Subsoil
The greatest amount of material transported by a stream is carried in its ________.
Suspended Load
Angular rocks and boulders on high mountain peaks were produced by frost shattering (t/f)
TRUE
In the Cascade Range, there are many peaks larger or taller than Mount Saint Helens which exploded. (t/f)
TRUE
"The angle of repose" is a term most closely associated with ________.
Talus
The rock debris which accumulates at the base of steep slopes by gravitational action is called ________.
Talus
the rock debris which accumulates at the base of steep slopes by gravitational action is called
Talus
Gravitational water is a
Temporary form of soil moisture
At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in North America extended as far south as ______
The Ohio River
in the section "an example of scale" it is apparent ____
The smallest scale is related to the view from the furthest away
many of todays desert lakes are not described by which phrase
They are usually freshwater in nature
Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition, is known as ______.
Till
A(n) ________ detects swelling and possible eruption in a volcano.
Tiltmeter
The rolling pebbles across the desert surface is an example of
Traction
A ________ plate boundary is associated with lateral slippage, conservation of existing crust, and the San Andreas fault system.
Transform
Which of the following is termed "conservative"?
Transformed Plate Boundary
_____ brings soil material from the a horizon to the b horizon
Translocation
Where the landscape is covered by sand and the crests of the sand dunes are perpendicular to the wind, the dunes are labeled
Transverse
A drop in sea level causes stream rejuvenation on land. (t/f)
True
A minor volcanic eruption releases the energy equivalent to a cluster of atomic bombs. (t/f)
True
A remnant of a previous valley floor is called a stream terrace. (t/f)
True
A simple symmetrical upfold in topography is an anticline. (t/f)
True
A yazoo stream is a tributary which is prevented by a natural levee from entering the main stream and runs for a considerable distance parallel to the main stream before finding an entrance. (t/f)
True
At least one contemporary glacier in Alaska is larger than some entire states.
True
Brush fires and forest fires speed the process of mechanical weathering. (t/f)
True
Death Valley is present because of Faulting (t/f)
True
Debris flows are mass movements that occur on slopes in arid regions. (t/f)
True
Drainage etwokrks of arid lands are frequently incomplete or undeveloped
True
Equilibrium theory is the currently accepted explanation of landform development. (t/f)
True
Firn is another term for névé.
True
Floodplains can grow by lateral erosion. (t/f)
True
Fluvial depostihional features are common in the desert regions
True
In a stream, water erodes more on the outside of bends than on the inside of bends. (t/f)
True
In mesa-and-scarp topography, natural bridges are associated with entrenched river meanders
True
In the long run, temperature and moisture are the prime determinants of soil characteristics. (t/f)
True
In the soil, the C horizon is unconsolidated parent material or regolith (t/f)
True
Magic lava is likely to be hotter and more fluid, causing non- explosive volcanic eruptions (t/f)
True
Many of todays loess deposits fate from the time of the pleistocene glaciation (t/f)
True
Many streams have drainage patterns unrelated to the underlying geologic structure. (t/f)
True
Many streams have drainage patterns unrelated to the underlying geologic structure. (t/f)
True
Offset streams are caused by strike-slip faults. (t/f)
True
Over long amounts of time, without tectonic activity, all local base levels would be eliminated. (t/f)
True
Oxisols are common in the topics and Accor in hawaii but are absent from the rest of the United States (t/f)
True
Pediments are often covered with a veneer of rocky debris (t/f)
True
Plant roots are the agent of weathering (t/f)
True
Regolith is the loose, inorganic material overlying the unfragmented bedrock (t/f)
True
Rejuvenation results from the uplift of a regional landscape and creates new slope angles to be weathered. (t/f)
True
Relict ergs are sometimes found in non-desert areas (t/f)
True
Scientists recognize 175 gradations of soil color (t/f)
True
Sea level is the base level, or lower limit, of stream downcutting. (t/f)
True
Soil containing an a horizon atop a partly altered material is said to be immature (t/f)
True
Talus slopes are normally gently concave upward, with the steepest angle near the apex of the cone. (t/f)
True
The Deccan Plateau of India is associated with flood basalts. (t/f)
True
The drainage basin of a principal river encompasses the smaller drainage basins of all its tributaries. (t/f)
True
The drainage basin of a principal river encompasses the smaller drainage basins of all its tributaries.(t/f)
True
The huang he is a river which received its name from the color of the loess sediment it carries (t/f)
True
The presence of Humas in the soil lowers the density of the soil lowers the density of the soil (t/f)
True
The slight difference in time of observation between the arrival of P and S waves at a seismographic station allows scientists to determine the distance to the focus of an earthquake. (t/f)
True
The terms "drainage basin" and "watershed" are synonymous. (t/f)
True
in cool climates, areas of poor drainage have pedogenic regime of gelization (t/f)
True
soils which have formed from salinization are associated with the need for irrigation (t/f)
True
the deposition of finer particles at a lower level in the oil is illuviation (t/f)
True
Glaciers carve _____ shaped valleys
U
the soil which are red with surfaces containing much aluminum and iron are
Ultisols
the solids which are red with a surface layer containing much aluminum and iron are
Ultisols
Where UNDER the surface of the Earth would one expect a convection current directed towards the surface?
Under mid ocean ridges
Mount Saint Helens exploded in 1980. Which of the following is NOT true?
Unlike the other mountains near it
Rainfall in Deserts are
Usually Intense
Rivers downcutting into a land surface, in the absence of other forces, usually tend to erode a ________-shaped form.
V
Drainage channels in the dry mountains usually have a ___ profile
V-shaped
if you lived in Texas or California, and your house foundation crumbled because the soil swelled, when it was wet and cracked when it was dry, chances are the soil would be
Ventisoil
Which of the following is NOT closely related to jointing?
Vesicles
lava ____ develop when gas is unable to escape as the lava Solidifies
Vesicles
Which of the following is NOT a form of tectonism?
Volcanism
the Pacific "ring of fire" refers to the
Volcanoes around the pacific ocean
which of the following coastal features does not belong with the others
Wave-cut bench
The textbook concludes that _____
We are too close to the ice age to say any of the above definitively
The following area as a series of islands if it were to lose its glacial ice.
West Antartica
Where is one unlikely find much alluvium deposited in a stream valley?
Where velocity increases
The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the ______
Wisconsin
A steep walled defile with a V-shaped profile and narrow valley floor would, according to the geomorphic cycle, be in the ________ stage.
Youthful
seeds germinate mainly in the _____ horizon
a
approximately 100 elements occur in nature, how many of them are widespread in making the minerals and rocks of the crust?
a 1/4 of them
The eventual result of ________ is to reduce almost all stream-carried debris to very small silt particles.
abrasion
Niagara Falls were formed ________
after the retreat of the Pleistocene ice sheets a few thousand years ago
During low water cycles, any channel bottom change is likely to undergo ________.
aggradation
The general term applied to stream-deposited debris is ________.
alluvium
A peneplain is the ____ of the classical geomorphic cycle of erosion
an old stage
the common Characteristics of all the basins of interior drainage in the united states is that they
are all in the western US
Gelisols are ________.
associated with cryoturbation
the difference between the field capacity and the wilting point is called ____
available soil moisture
The ________ is an igneous intrusion which has a surface area of at least 100 square kilometers.
batholith
Which material, accumulated from the remains of plants and animals, can produce limestone?
calcium carbonate
what produces the limestone
calcium carbonates
Crater Lake, Oregon, is an example of a volcanic ________.
caldera
Which of the following is NOT an intrusive volcanic landform?
caldera
these rock forming minerals are light and colorless
carhonates
Which of the following drainage patterns results when streams from all directions converge into a basin?
centripetal
Most alluvial fans are
composed of poorly sorted debris
Which of the following would be most likely to develop a radial drainage pattern?
cone shipped volcano
In the text, West Virginia is offered as a superb example of ________.
contrasts between dendritic and trellis drainage
Research since the 1970s has identified the cause of plate tectonics to be ________.
convection
The plate boundaries which are ________ are likely to make island arcs.
convergent between oceanic plates
A chain of mountains encompassing many ranges is known as a(n) ________.
cordillera
The chemical erosion of stream channels is known as ________.
corrosion
The general term signifying the overall lowering of the rock material on the Earth's crust is ________.
denudation
As a stream-related measure, competence is expressed as a ________.
diameter (millimeters)
The idealized sequence of slope retreat, according to Davis, would result in ________.
diminishing slope angles
The total volume of flow in streams is termed ________.
discharge
Branching channels that cross a delta are known as ________.
distributaries
Which two terms are usually used to refer to the SAME plate boundary?
divergent, constructive
With the passage of time, all talus migrates ________.
downslope
If a stream carries water only during and immediately after a rain, it is classified as ________.
ephemeral
In arid climates, most small streams are ________.
ephemeral
the a horizon or combined o/a horizon of the soil are known as
epipedon
A weathering type associated with curved and concentric sets of joints break away in successive layers is called ________.
exfoliation
approximately 5% of all desert streams are ephemeral (t/f)
fALSE
Wegener's early proposal of continental drift was not taken seriously because of his ________.
failure to provide a plausible cause
A fault is a break in the Earth's surface or crust without horizontal or vertical displacement. (t/f)
false
Free moving sand is usually found near centers of desert basins (t/f)
false
In the desert, lack of water causes thick coverings regolith in most locations (t/f)
false
The Niger River in Africa has built the largest delta in the world. (t/f)
false
The world's largest streams are intermittent. (t/f)
false
a sand surface is the main determinate of a desert. (t/f)
false
the worlds longest costal sand dunes are located where?
france
the most important type of mechanical weathering process is
frost shattering
Davis's theory is usually referred to as the ________.
geomorphic cycle
The cycle of erosion is also known as ________.
geomorphic cycle
A crustal block which is down thrown with a steep fault scarp on either side is a ________.
graben
a barren surface composed of consolidation material, usually of exposed bedrock is __
hamada
Any stream may lengthen its valley by ________ and delta formation.
headward erosion
Grabens are commonly found in association with ________.
horsts
Global warming would cause
iNUNDATION OF COSTAL PLAINS
Which is a fundamental question at the heart of any geographic inquiry?
if so
Weathering is deepest ________.
in the humid tropics
If a stream's velocity is doubled, its competence ________.
increases 64 times
Rounded Hills or mountains prominence surrounded by extrusive pains and basins are
inselbergs
A stream valley lengthens at the expense of the ________.
interfluve
Denudation is NOT closely related to ________.
internal processes
Calcium bicarbonate produced in the chemical weathering process of carbonation ________.
is very soluble
the nile river___
is without major tributaries in the desert
Niagara Falls is a large waterfall on a river, so it can be considered as an example of ________.
knickpoint
Great Salt Lake is a remnant of ___
lake bonneville
Mt. St. Helens is ________.
likely to viciously erupt again
in mesa and scarp topography, ____ are typically the most resistant layers which form a caprock
limestone and sandstone
Loose, water-saturated sediments may undergo ________ during an earthquake.
liquefaction
Which of the following is not a property of clay
made primarily of silt
A flat alluvium-floored valley with fairly steep walls and a stream beginning to meander would be in the ________ stage of the erosion cycle.
mature
slate, schist and gents are
metamorphic and foliated
In arid regions, differential erosion tends to be best developed in areas of
multiple sedimentary layers
Consider the location of New York City. In terms of crustal plates, New York City is ________.
not on a plate boundary
A(n)________ is the same thing as a pyroclastic flow.
nuée ardente
the main value of the extrinsic terminology of the soil taxonomy is its
observable characteristics
fracing is associated with all but ____
oil in saudia ariba
On a meandering stream, maximum erosion takes place along the ________.
outer edge
Long tongues of ice which surround the margin of continental ice sheets are called.
outlet glaciers
Fluvial process includes both the stream flow within valleys as well as ________.
overland flow
The Glacier Park, Montana area, provides a classic example of large scale ________.
overthrust faulting
Niagara Falls is the most famous set of falls in North America because they ________.
pass an enormous volume of water over them
The final result of the classical theory of the geomorphic cycle concept is ________.
peneplain
____ is a measure of the ease with which water moves though the soil
permeability
in deserts, a clay pan is found on a
playa
The totality of materials ejected from a volcano, including liquid material, ashes and dust is termed ________.
pyroclastic material
clays which change to a near liquid state as a result of sudden disturbance are ___ clays
quick
The existence of a stream terrace is sure evidence of ________
rejuvenation
In terms of erosion, a gulley is a larger example of a feature called a(n) ________.
rill
An oxbow lake was formerly a ________.
river meander
Which of the following is thought to transfer materials WITHOUT the lubricating effect of water?
rock glaciers
The process in which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps or bounces is ________.
saltation
The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is ________.
schist
the size groups within the standard classification of soils parties since are termed
separates
The lowest level of the soil taxonomy soil classification system is
series
First order streams are the ________ of all streams.
shortest
musch soil material is actually wasted bits of rocks and composed of
silica
the mass wasting type characterized by a crescent shaped scarp face is the
slump
Most blowouts are
small
Carbonate rock is closely associated with ________.
solution cavities
Which of the following is not thickly covered with loess
south africa
of the list of arid landscapes features below, a boulder would be most likely found in the
stream channel
The degree of turbulence in stream flow is determined by the velocity and the ________.
stream channel roughness
In folded terrain, a simple symmetrical down fold is termed a(n) ________.
syncline
A prime example of the application of equilibrium theory can be seen in any hilly area where ________
tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion are simultaneous
A prime example of the application of equilibrium theory can be seen in any hilly area where ________.
tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion are simultaneous
What is the term for a piece of crust which has been in a collision along a convergent crustal boundary and become accreted to another crustal plate?
terrane
the term "clay" references
texture
In the united states, _____ is the most closely associated with the Glezation
the great lakes
in a true sand storm,
the moving sand rarely reaches head level
concept of "relief"
the veritcle distance between the lowest and highest points in an area
A joint can be distinguished from a fault in that ________.
there is no movement around joints
A(n) ________ pattern of drainage usually develops on alternating bands of hard and soft strata.
trellis
The drainage pattern common in ridge and valley landscapes is ________.
trellis
A foreshock sometimes comes before a major earthquake. (t/f)
true
A remnant of a previous valley floor is called a stream terrace.
true
A stream may occupy all of its valley bottom.
true
A stream may occupy all of its valley bottom. (t/f)
true
External geomorphic processes are mainly subaerial. (t/f)
true
Parallel structure, also known as stratification, is a characteristic of most sedimentary rocks. (t/f)
true
The largest recorded earthquake had a moment magnitude of 9.5 and occurred in Chile. (t/f)
true
The load carried by overland flow past a point is generally small in comparison to what a stream can transport past a point. (t/f)
true
The southern portion of the "super continent" envisioned by Wegener is called Gondwanaland. (t/f)
true
The term "mountains without roots" is used to refer to mountains in overthrust fault zones. (t/f)
true
When water freezes, it decreases in density and expands in volume. (t/f)
true
desert steam channels contains plentiful rock debris (t/f)
true
off the list of basin-arid-range topography, the basin floor altitude tends to increase with time
true
a promenade fratture of loess is
vertical slopes
Lava ________ develop when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies.
vesticles
In frost wedging, the principal force is exerted against the ________ of the confining rock.
walls
the single most important agent of landscape formation in deserts is __
water
The vast majority of North America is moving ________,
west
The major batholiths of North America occur on which part of the continent?
western
of the following which is the LEAST important in created most desert land forms
wind
Which of the following is NOT closely associated with the former position of a river channel?
yazoo
