geo 3
What is the discharge of a river with a depth of 10 meters, width of 5 meters and a flow velocity of 5 meters/second?
250 m 3/sec
Which factors influence the amount of sediment yield?
All of the above
This type of karst landscape is typified by flat-lying limestone beds with conduit developments occurring underground.
Caribbean
The greatest concentration of earthquakes occurs along the:
Circum-Pacific belt
The following statement best describes the formation of natural levees.
During large floods, water covers much of the floodplain. As water spills out of the channel, coarse deposits are deposited closest to the channel banks
The most important force driving erosion and transportation of eroded rock material into a new site of deposition is:
Earth's gravity
Two ways streams modify landscapes are by _____ and _____.
Erosion; deposition
As a wave approaches the shoreline, its energy decreases.
False
Long, narrow band of downdropped blocks caused by plates being pulled apart are called basins.
False
Longshore bars form offshore during summer months.
False
When blocks of crustal rock move laterally they form normal fault.
False
How do braided streams form?
Formation of midstream bars diverts the flow of water around its bar
In which area would stream erosion be a more important factor in rapidly forming landscapes?
Himalayas
______ occurs when raindrops fall on vegetation and evaporates before penetrating the soil.
Interception
The geographic location displaying a classic triangular-shaped delta is:
Nile Delta
Rates of erosion would be greater in:
Rates of erosion would be greater in:
Based on the relief of the drainage basin, which would you expect to have the highest sediment yield?
The Ganges
Anticline is an arch-like fold with limbs dipping away.
True
Coral Reefs and atolls are landforms produced or modified by organisms.
True
Epicenter is where the point is directly above the focus on the Earth's surface.
True
Footwall is the block of rocks below the fault line.
True
Stream capture usually results from headward erosion across a divide separating drainage systems.
True
Stress on lithospheric plates deform which eventually slips producing faults.
True
The period of a wave is defined as the time required for a wavelength to pass a fixed point.
True
What two factors determine stream discharge?
Velocity and cross-sectional area of stream
_____ is a natural geologic process that breaks down rock.
Weathering
Which of the following are erosional coastal features?
a, c, d
Although a 7.0 magnitude earthquake measures the same amount of ground motion despite the location, certain areas experience more destruction than others. Reason(s) that may explain this are:
all are correct
Earthquakes are caused by movement along lithospheric plates. Lithospheric plates move by:
all are correct
Shaking accounts for just a fraction of the damage caused by earthquakes. Damage may also be caused by:
all are correct
The resistance of geologic materials to movement, also known as their frictional strength, depends on:
all of the above
Which of the following influences the development of landforms through fluvial erosion?
all of these
Which process influences the shape or form of a delta?
all of these
The shape of the alluvial fan most closely resembles:
an apron
It is difficult to identify outcrops that reveal reverse faulting because the overlying hanging wall has usually collapsed, weathered, and eroded. Another easy way to identify a reverse fault is by locating:
areas of older rocks overlying younger rock
Creep involves movement of soil:
at a slow, almost imperceptible pace
The coarsest sediment deposited on an alluvial fan is found:
at the apex of the fan
The downslope movement of material is termed mass movement. What type of mass movement involves snow and ice?
avalanche
Field evidence that may help to determine if the beds are overturned would be
beds on opposite sides of the axial plane are dipping in the same direction
The Mississippi Delta is an example of a __ delta.
birdfoot
Areas of high relief tend to have:
both (a) and (b)
Fragments that accumulate near their original location can form:
both (b) and (c)
Wave benches expand through these processes:
both (b) and (d)
These form on the roofs of caves.
both a & c
Which type of karst landscape was identified by geomorphologists?
both a & c
When waves begin to interact with the seafloor:
both a and b
The best-known karst landscapes have developed in this type of bedrock.
both c & d
Weathering is the:
breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller particles
A powerful new technique to measure erosion is:
by sampling sediments to determine the content of Beryllium-10, a cosmogenic radionucleide
The formation of underground caverns occurs through the ____ process.
carbonation
Which sediment would make the poorest aquifer?
clay
This karst feature is identified by the failure of the roof of a cave.
collapse sinkhole
Subduction zones are associated with this type of plate boundary.
convergent boundaries
The largest earthquakes that have been recorded typically occur along:
convergent boundaries
High water content in soil or fractured rock will:
decrease slope stability
Surface roughness such as that associated with vegetation will:
decrease wind erosion
Sandspits form by:
depositional processes
_____ is an erosional landform where there is a concentration of packed pebbles.
desert pavement
An anticline has:
dipping beds away from the axial plane
Which process is responsible for producing karst landforms and landscapes?
dissolution
The gradient or slope of a stream is calculated by:
dividing the change in elevation of two points of a stream by the stream length between those two points
The material that has the least cohesion is:
dry sand
The following is not an erosional landform produced by winds.
dune
All of the following are possible causes of a tsunami EXCEPT:
earth-moon gravitational pull
As stress is imposed on a rock, it will deform until the stress is greater than the strength of the rock causing a(n):
earthquake
Dams along rivers that supply sediment to the beaches will result in:
erosion of the beach
Smaller materials can be transported from one location to another by _____ processes.
erosional
In order to distinguish the difference between a slide and a slump, a geologist would:
examine the surface in which blocks of rock move down
Which of the following is the fastest form of mass movement?
fall
Exposed cliff-like face is called fault plane.
false
The block of rock below the fault plane is termed:
footwall
This part of the coastline is covered during high tide but exposed during low tide.
foreshore
The Canadian Shield region of the Great Lakes has been extensively eroded by:
glaciers
Which of the following holds the greatest amount of freshwater?
glaciers and ice sheets
Which erosional landform forms from stream erosion of intrusive igneous structures?
granitic domes
Exfoliation is a type of mechanical weathering that occurs on:
granitic rocks
A main driving force for mass movements is:
gravity
Volcanic remnants like Shiprock, NM are much smaller than the volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains because they:
have been dormant and erosion has worn away most of its mass
Freeze-thaw mechanical weathering can occur year-round in ____ environments.
high altitudes, such as mountain
Most intense chemical weathering occurs in _____.
humid, tropical areas
Aggradation near the upstream section of the longitudinal profile of a stream will result in:
increased stream power and increased profile steepness
What is weathering's role in the rock cycle?
it breaks down rocks into sediments
A fracture in the Earth's crust that shows no displacement between rock layers on either side of the fault is called a:
joint
Where is the fastest velocity within a stream channel?
just below the surface
Topography that can be distinguished and studied as a single unit is a:
landform
Flood deposits made up of the coarsest material forms a(n) ___along the flooded river.
levee
Which rocks most commonly form karst landforms?
limestones and dolomites
The area where the land meets the sea is termed the:
littoral zone
Storm surges result in part from:
low atmospheric pressure along the coast associated with storms
The effect of the concentration of wave energies on headlands is to:
make the coastline straighter
Gravity driven processes which move material downslope are termed:
mass movements
To determine the erosional effectiveness of a stream, one would need to:
measure the area of the drainage basin and divide it by its sediment yield
What type of weathering is associated with the freezing of water in the joints of rocks?
mechanical weathering
Educating the public about the causes of earthquakes and their potential hazards may help to alleviate death and destruction should an earthquake occur, but a country also needs _____ to help prepare for the likelihood of such an event.
money
When the earth is at right angles to the moon's and sun's attraction, these will be generated.
neap tides
In which sphere is water not present?
none of the above
Where on a meander is erosion the greatest?
on the outside
What kind of lake forms when a meander is cut off?
oxbow lake
Which of these is NOT a form of mechanical weathering?
oxidation
Why did the 9.2 magnitude in Alaska's 1964 earthquake result in only 131 deaths, while the 7.0 magnitude in Haiti's 2010 earthquake result in over 300,000 deaths?
poor construction of buildings in Haiti caused buildings to collapse and because of low population density near the epicenter in Alaska's earthquake
Of the minerals listed, which is the most resistant to chemical weathering?
quartz
The type of drainage pattern that form around volcanic cones is:
radial
The average time between floods of a given magnitude is its:
recurrence interval
When iron-bearing silicate minerals are broken down by weathering, the iron through oxidation produces a:
reddish-brown or orange colored rock
Erosion leads to the reduction of the ____ of landmasses.
relief
The Appalachian Mountains are dominated by many examples of this topography.
ridge and valley
A linear valley produced from tensional forces is called a _____.
rift valley
If the San Andreas Fault continues its current motion, the city of Los Angeles will eventually lie next to San Francisco. The motion would best be described as a:
right-lateral strike-slip fault
What is the basic requirement for karst features to form?
rock is soluble in prevailing climate
The most effective and significant agent of erosion globally is:
running water
The growth of _____ crystals in arid regions has similar effects on rocks as do frost action in cold regions.
salt
In a sandstorm, ___ is the dominant mode of particle movement.
saltation
The lower zone in the ground in which all the pores are filled with water is termed:
saturated zone
What caused most coastlines to become submerged over the past 10,000 years?
sea level rise
Which of the following is not a result of deposition?
sea stack
The amount of sediment passing through a portion of a trunk stream is termed the ________ of the basin.
sediment yield
A tsunami wave is also correctly called a:
seismic sea wave
A snow avalanche is considered what form of mass movement?
slide
What feature is present where the water table intersects the Earth's surface?
spring
Rainsplash erosion is greater on:
steep slopes covered with soil
When one stream diverts from one channel into another similar to the Upper Kafue River seized by the Loer Kafue River, this is known as:
stream capture
The most important agent in the modification of landscapes is:
streams
Drowned river mouths characterize:
submerged coasts
By which process are silt- and clay-sized grains moved within a stream system?
suspension
Grains are moved by wind through which process?
suspension
Water moving up the beach after the wave breaks is termed:
swash
Folding and uplifting of rocks to form mountains, and the addition of new rock through volcanic eruptions are products of:
tectonic activity
What can cause stream rejuvenation?
tectonic uplift
Sinkholes are more likely to form in these karst areas.
temperate
What type of stress is imposed on a rock body to produce horsts and grabens?
tensional forces
Which of these is NOT a landform?
the Rocky Mountains
Slope failure will occur when materials exceed _____.
the angle of repose
A recent development in the measurement of erosional rates is:
the application of radionuclides
Wind erosion increases when:
the rate of velocity increases rapidly above the ground surface
Geophysicist Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale to measure an earthquake's magnitude. An increase from 4.0 magnitude to 5.0 magnitude means:
there is 10 times more physical force of ground motion
When the block above a low-angle fault plane moves up, it produces a _____ fault
thrust
The San Andreas Fault is an example of a _____ fault.
transverse
The Appalachians are characterized by this type of drainage:
trellis drainage
Karst towers are more likely to form in these karst areas.
tropical
The potential energy of water is greater in steeper areas than in areas of high relief.
true
In 2011, over 20,000 people died in Japan's 9.2M Tohoku earthquake. The worst damage and loss of life were caused by:
tsunami
Dunes covered by very little vegetation probably indicates that the dune is:
unstable and active
The points or horns of a parabolic dune point _____.
upwind
Water in a river with a large suspended load will appear:
very muddy
All of the following are erosional agents in shaping the landscape EXCEPT:
volcanic eruptions
Chemical weathering is more active in ____climates.
warm, wet
Most chemical weathering involves:
water
Which factor of wind is the most important in erosion?
wind speed
Lake waves would be largest when:
winds are strong and fetch is long