geo 3

What is the discharge of a river with a depth of 10 meters, width of 5 meters and a flow velocity of 5 meters/second?

250 m 3/sec

Which factors influence the amount of sediment yield?

All of the above

This type of karst landscape is typified by flat-lying limestone beds with conduit developments occurring underground.

Caribbean

The greatest concentration of earthquakes occurs along the:

Circum-Pacific belt

The following statement best describes the formation of natural levees.

During large floods, water covers much of the floodplain. As water spills out of the channel, coarse deposits are deposited closest to the channel banks

The most important force driving erosion and transportation of eroded rock material into a new site of deposition is:

Earth's gravity

Two ways streams modify landscapes are by _____ and _____.

Erosion; deposition

As a wave approaches the shoreline, its energy decreases.

False

Long, narrow band of downdropped blocks caused by plates being pulled apart are called basins.

False

Longshore bars form offshore during summer months.

False

When blocks of crustal rock move laterally they form normal fault.

False

How do braided streams form?

Formation of midstream bars diverts the flow of water around its bar

In which area would stream erosion be a more important factor in rapidly forming landscapes?

Himalayas

______ occurs when raindrops fall on vegetation and evaporates before penetrating the soil.

Interception

The geographic location displaying a classic triangular-shaped delta is:

Nile Delta

Rates of erosion would be greater in:

Rates of erosion would be greater in:

Based on the relief of the drainage basin, which would you expect to have the highest sediment yield?

The Ganges

Anticline is an arch-like fold with limbs dipping away.

True

Coral Reefs and atolls are landforms produced or modified by organisms.

True

Epicenter is where the point is directly above the focus on the Earth's surface.

True

Footwall is the block of rocks below the fault line.

True

Stream capture usually results from headward erosion across a divide separating drainage systems.

True

Stress on lithospheric plates deform which eventually slips producing faults.

True

The period of a wave is defined as the time required for a wavelength to pass a fixed point.

True

What two factors determine stream discharge?

Velocity and cross-sectional area of stream

_____ is a natural geologic process that breaks down rock.

Weathering

Which of the following are erosional coastal features?

a, c, d

Although a 7.0 magnitude earthquake measures the same amount of ground motion despite the location, certain areas experience more destruction than others. Reason(s) that may explain this are:

all are correct

Earthquakes are caused by movement along lithospheric plates. Lithospheric plates move by:

all are correct

Shaking accounts for just a fraction of the damage caused by earthquakes. Damage may also be caused by:

all are correct

The resistance of geologic materials to movement, also known as their frictional strength, depends on:

all of the above

Which of the following influences the development of landforms through fluvial erosion?

all of these

Which process influences the shape or form of a delta?

all of these

The shape of the alluvial fan most closely resembles:

an apron

It is difficult to identify outcrops that reveal reverse faulting because the overlying hanging wall has usually collapsed, weathered, and eroded. Another easy way to identify a reverse fault is by locating:

areas of older rocks overlying younger rock

Creep involves movement of soil:

at a slow, almost imperceptible pace

The coarsest sediment deposited on an alluvial fan is found:

at the apex of the fan

The downslope movement of material is termed mass movement. What type of mass movement involves snow and ice?

avalanche

Field evidence that may help to determine if the beds are overturned would be

beds on opposite sides of the axial plane are dipping in the same direction

The Mississippi Delta is an example of a __ delta.

birdfoot

Areas of high relief tend to have:

both (a) and (b)

Fragments that accumulate near their original location can form:

both (b) and (c)

Wave benches expand through these processes:

both (b) and (d)

These form on the roofs of caves.

both a & c

Which type of karst landscape was identified by geomorphologists?

both a & c

When waves begin to interact with the seafloor:

both a and b

The best-known karst landscapes have developed in this type of bedrock.

both c & d

Weathering is the:

breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller particles

A powerful new technique to measure erosion is:

by sampling sediments to determine the content of Beryllium-10, a cosmogenic radionucleide

The formation of underground caverns occurs through the ____ process.

carbonation

Which sediment would make the poorest aquifer?

clay

This karst feature is identified by the failure of the roof of a cave.

collapse sinkhole

Subduction zones are associated with this type of plate boundary.

convergent boundaries

The largest earthquakes that have been recorded typically occur along:

convergent boundaries

High water content in soil or fractured rock will:

decrease slope stability

Surface roughness such as that associated with vegetation will:

decrease wind erosion

Sandspits form by:

depositional processes

_____ is an erosional landform where there is a concentration of packed pebbles.

desert pavement

An anticline has:

dipping beds away from the axial plane

Which process is responsible for producing karst landforms and landscapes?

dissolution

The gradient or slope of a stream is calculated by:

dividing the change in elevation of two points of a stream by the stream length between those two points

The material that has the least cohesion is:

dry sand

The following is not an erosional landform produced by winds.

dune

All of the following are possible causes of a tsunami EXCEPT:

earth-moon gravitational pull

As stress is imposed on a rock, it will deform until the stress is greater than the strength of the rock causing a(n):

earthquake

Dams along rivers that supply sediment to the beaches will result in:

erosion of the beach

Smaller materials can be transported from one location to another by _____ processes.

erosional

In order to distinguish the difference between a slide and a slump, a geologist would:

examine the surface in which blocks of rock move down

Which of the following is the fastest form of mass movement?

fall

Exposed cliff-like face is called fault plane.

false

The block of rock below the fault plane is termed:

footwall

This part of the coastline is covered during high tide but exposed during low tide.

foreshore

The Canadian Shield region of the Great Lakes has been extensively eroded by:

glaciers

Which of the following holds the greatest amount of freshwater?

glaciers and ice sheets

Which erosional landform forms from stream erosion of intrusive igneous structures?

granitic domes

Exfoliation is a type of mechanical weathering that occurs on:

granitic rocks

A main driving force for mass movements is:

gravity

Volcanic remnants like Shiprock, NM are much smaller than the volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains because they:

have been dormant and erosion has worn away most of its mass

Freeze-thaw mechanical weathering can occur year-round in ____ environments.

high altitudes, such as mountain

Most intense chemical weathering occurs in _____.

humid, tropical areas

Aggradation near the upstream section of the longitudinal profile of a stream will result in:

increased stream power and increased profile steepness

What is weathering's role in the rock cycle?

it breaks down rocks into sediments

A fracture in the Earth's crust that shows no displacement between rock layers on either side of the fault is called a:

joint

Where is the fastest velocity within a stream channel?

just below the surface

Topography that can be distinguished and studied as a single unit is a:

landform

Flood deposits made up of the coarsest material forms a(n) ___along the flooded river.

levee

Which rocks most commonly form karst landforms?

limestones and dolomites

The area where the land meets the sea is termed the:

littoral zone

Storm surges result in part from:

low atmospheric pressure along the coast associated with storms

The effect of the concentration of wave energies on headlands is to:

make the coastline straighter

Gravity driven processes which move material downslope are termed:

mass movements

To determine the erosional effectiveness of a stream, one would need to:

measure the area of the drainage basin and divide it by its sediment yield

What type of weathering is associated with the freezing of water in the joints of rocks?

mechanical weathering

Educating the public about the causes of earthquakes and their potential hazards may help to alleviate death and destruction should an earthquake occur, but a country also needs _____ to help prepare for the likelihood of such an event.

money

When the earth is at right angles to the moon's and sun's attraction, these will be generated.

neap tides

In which sphere is water not present?

none of the above

Where on a meander is erosion the greatest?

on the outside

What kind of lake forms when a meander is cut off?

oxbow lake

Which of these is NOT a form of mechanical weathering?

oxidation

Why did the 9.2 magnitude in Alaska's 1964 earthquake result in only 131 deaths, while the 7.0 magnitude in Haiti's 2010 earthquake result in over 300,000 deaths?

poor construction of buildings in Haiti caused buildings to collapse and because of low population density near the epicenter in Alaska's earthquake

Of the minerals listed, which is the most resistant to chemical weathering?

quartz

The type of drainage pattern that form around volcanic cones is:

radial

The average time between floods of a given magnitude is its:

recurrence interval

When iron-bearing silicate minerals are broken down by weathering, the iron through oxidation produces a:

reddish-brown or orange colored rock

Erosion leads to the reduction of the ____ of landmasses.

relief

The Appalachian Mountains are dominated by many examples of this topography.

ridge and valley

A linear valley produced from tensional forces is called a _____.

rift valley

If the San Andreas Fault continues its current motion, the city of Los Angeles will eventually lie next to San Francisco. The motion would best be described as a:

right-lateral strike-slip fault

What is the basic requirement for karst features to form?

rock is soluble in prevailing climate

The most effective and significant agent of erosion globally is:

running water

The growth of _____ crystals in arid regions has similar effects on rocks as do frost action in cold regions.

salt

In a sandstorm, ___ is the dominant mode of particle movement.

saltation

The lower zone in the ground in which all the pores are filled with water is termed:

saturated zone

What caused most coastlines to become submerged over the past 10,000 years?

sea level rise

Which of the following is not a result of deposition?

sea stack

The amount of sediment passing through a portion of a trunk stream is termed the ________ of the basin.

sediment yield

A tsunami wave is also correctly called a:

seismic sea wave

A snow avalanche is considered what form of mass movement?

slide

What feature is present where the water table intersects the Earth's surface?

spring

Rainsplash erosion is greater on:

steep slopes covered with soil

When one stream diverts from one channel into another similar to the Upper Kafue River seized by the Loer Kafue River, this is known as:

stream capture

The most important agent in the modification of landscapes is:

streams

Drowned river mouths characterize:

submerged coasts

By which process are silt- and clay-sized grains moved within a stream system?

suspension

Grains are moved by wind through which process?

suspension

Water moving up the beach after the wave breaks is termed:

swash

Folding and uplifting of rocks to form mountains, and the addition of new rock through volcanic eruptions are products of:

tectonic activity

What can cause stream rejuvenation?

tectonic uplift

Sinkholes are more likely to form in these karst areas.

temperate

What type of stress is imposed on a rock body to produce horsts and grabens?

tensional forces

Which of these is NOT a landform?

the Rocky Mountains

Slope failure will occur when materials exceed _____.

the angle of repose

A recent development in the measurement of erosional rates is:

the application of radionuclides

Wind erosion increases when:

the rate of velocity increases rapidly above the ground surface

Geophysicist Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale to measure an earthquake's magnitude. An increase from 4.0 magnitude to 5.0 magnitude means:

there is 10 times more physical force of ground motion

When the block above a low-angle fault plane moves up, it produces a _____ fault

thrust

The San Andreas Fault is an example of a _____ fault.

transverse

The Appalachians are characterized by this type of drainage:

trellis drainage

Karst towers are more likely to form in these karst areas.

tropical

The potential energy of water is greater in steeper areas than in areas of high relief.

true

In 2011, over 20,000 people died in Japan's 9.2M Tohoku earthquake. The worst damage and loss of life were caused by:

tsunami

Dunes covered by very little vegetation probably indicates that the dune is:

unstable and active

The points or horns of a parabolic dune point _____.

upwind

Water in a river with a large suspended load will appear:

very muddy

All of the following are erosional agents in shaping the landscape EXCEPT:

volcanic eruptions

Chemical weathering is more active in ____climates.

warm, wet

Most chemical weathering involves:

water

Which factor of wind is the most important in erosion?

wind speed

Lake waves would be largest when:

winds are strong and fetch is long