Geo

Which of the following is a basic structural component of the most common mineral group?

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

How are igneous rocks formed?

magma and lava are molten materials that harden and form this type of rock

Where do ultramafic rocks form?

mantle

Peridotite is the main constituent of which part of the Earth?

upper mantle

______ is a feature of a divergent plate boundary. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

-A rift valley -An oceanic ridge

Cum is

Your mom

The inner core is

solid

What is the age of the oldest radiometrically dated rocks yet discovered on the planet (located in Canada)?

4 billion years old

What is required to generate an igneous rock with a fine-grained texture?

A fine-grained texture is the product of rapid cooling and crystallization of lava.

divergent boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.

Porphyritic rock

An igneous rock in which large crystals are enclosed in a matrix (or ground mass) of much finer-grained minerals or obsidian.

convergent plate boundaries

Areas where plates move toward each other and collide, causing uplift.

Which nonsilicate mineral has carbonate as a negatively charged complex ion?

Calcite

extrusive igneous rock example

Cooled quickly (ex. pumice, basalt)

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

What caused our solar nebula to contract and spin, eventually creating the planets?

Gravitational interactions between particles

What are the economic uses of three common nonsilicate minerals?

Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.

Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks are classified based on what criteria?

How quickly the molten rock cools and crystallizes, and where this occurs with respect to Earth's surface

Which of the following best describes a pegmatitic texture?

Large crystals that form in a fluid-rich environment late in crystallization

How does magma differ from lava?

Magma is molten rock beneath Earth's surface; lava is molten rock at Earth's surface.

Hybrid Bonds

Many chemical bonds are actually hybrids that exhibit some degree of electron sharing and some degree of electron transfer

What property of the crust allowed it to form as the exterior of Earth?

Materials that make up the crust or less dense and rose to the top

Which of the following Earth materials can be used to make interpretations about the nature and composition of the interior of the Earth?

Meteorites, kimberlite pipes, and slivers of crustal and mantle rocks

How do rocks differ from minerals?

Minerals aggregate to form rocks, but rocks do not aggregate to form minerals.

Which of the following substances is not a volatile found in magma?

O2

What are the two groups of feldspar minerals called?

Potassium Feldspar and Plagioclase

Which of the below statements accurately describes the components of an atom?

Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

Which two minerals define a felsic composition?

Quartz and Potassium Feldspar

Which statement correctly describes rock-forming minerals and economic minerals?

Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.

What theory describes the formation of our solar system?

nebular theory

extrusive igneous rock

Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth

Before the 1960s, how did geologists view the ocean basins and continents of the Earth?

Scientists believed that all ocean basins and landmasses were permanently fixed in their positions.

What does it mean if an igneous rock has an aphanitic texture?

The igneous rock exhibits mineral crystals too small to see with the naked eye.

Which of the following were used by Wegener to support the continental drift hypothesis?

The jigsaw fit of the continents. Matching geologic units in the Appalachian and Caledonian Mountains. Mesosaurus fossils found on South America and Africa. Major coal fields found in the eastern United States.

Which of the following best explains the global distribution of plant species, such as the Glossopteris, during the Mesozoic?

The landmasses were joined and the plant had a large geographic extent.

What is the definition of lithification?

The process by which sediments are made into rock

What is the average rate of seafloor spreading occurring in the Atlantic Ocean and occurring in the Pacific Ocean?

The rate of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is 2 centimeters per year, whereas the rate of seafloor spreading at the East Pacific Rise is 15 centimeters per year.

What does a porphyritic texture indicate about the cooling history of an igneous rock?

The rock began cooling under the Earth's surface, but then was moved to above the Earth's surface where it finished cooling.

What does an igneous rock with a pyroclastic texture tell a geologist?

The rock was likely formed by a violent volcanic eruption.

After World War II, what was discovered about the ocean floor?

There is no oceanic crust older than 180 million years old.

Why are the mid-ocean ridges higher in elevation than the surrounding ocean floor?

Warmer material near the ridge is less dense, so floats higher on the mantle

metallic bond

a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them

______ is a feature that results from processes associated with an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

a volcanic island arc and a deep ocean trench

What is an ion?

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

What are the six major igneous rock textures?

aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, vesicular, glassy, and pyroclastic

colvalent bond

bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

What are the two most common carbonate minerals?

calcite and dolomite

Which of the following is considered a ferromagnesian silicate? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

garnet and biotite

intrusive igneous rock examples

granite, diorite

intrusive igneous rock

igneous rock that formed below Earth's surface

A(n) ________ is a silicate structure where no silica tetrahedra share any oxygen ions.

independent

The granitic igneous rocks that make up the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California and Nevada are ________.

intrusive

A phaneritic texture is characteristic of a(n) __________ igneous rock that cooled __________.

intrusive; below the surface

List the four basic compositional groups of igneous rocks in order from highest silica content to lowest silica content

mafic, intermediate, ultramafic, felsic

Which type of convergence will result in a continental volcanic arc?

oceanic-continental convergence

Which type of convergence will result in a volcanic island arc?

oceanic-oceanic

Which of the following textures describes an igneous rock with anomalously large crystals?

pegmatic

An igneous rock with a ______ texture solidified deep within Earth.

phaneritic

Which of the following textures indicates that a rock is of intrusive origin?

phaneritic

transform boundary

plates slide past each other

Which of the following textures indicates two stages of cooling and crystallization?

porphyritic

What is one way a glassy texture forms?

rapid cooling of lava

Which mineral group makes up most igneous rocks?

silicates

What are the three components of magma?

the liquid portion (mobile ions of the eight most common minerals found in the Earth's crust) called melt, the solid portion which consists of silicate mineral crystals, and the gaseous portion called volatiles

What factors influences the texture of an igneous rock?

the rate at which the rock cools, the amount of silica that is present in the magma from which it forms, and the amount of dissolved gases present in said magma

What are the two characteristics of a rock that help geologists determine how the rock was created?

the rock's composition and texture

Which of the following describes a texture containing bubble-shaped cavities?

vesicular

What creates the small holes found in a vesicular texture?

volatiles

What substance makes ion migration easier in the later stages of magma crystallization, which allows abnormally large mineral crystals to form and create pegmatites?

water