GEOG 201 ALL

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

TIGER files typically contain all of the following data except:

# of houses on the street

Incident Energy (I) =

(A) Absorbed energy + (R) Reflected energy + (T) Transmitted energy

Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)

-What the sensor (detector) sees as it passes over a target -Ground segment sensed by IFOV referred to as the ground resolution element -Nominal diameter of ground resolution element determines system's spatial resolution - Roughly translates into the spatial resolution and thus the cell size of the resulting image.

The visible light spectrum ranges between

0.4 to 0.7 micrometers

Near Infrared

0.7-1.3 microns

Describe why geospatial technologies can be considered "geography in action"

1. Because you can use geographic concepts of space and place through technology 2. Use technology to apply location based principles to real world situations

Describe how the discipline of geography is fundamental to understanding geospatial technology

1. Geography is not just "where things are" but it's the study of "why things are where they are" 2. It deals with the concepts of the spatial characteristics of our planet and the spatial relationships and interactions of the people and features that occupy it

Short Wave Infrared (SWIR)

1.3-3.0 microns

Which of the following do you NOT need to know to find your location in latitude and longitude? 1) Datum 2) Origin of Projection 3) Ellipsoid

2) Origin of Projection

Which of the following uses a rule-based design for quickly rendering 3D buildings? 1) ArcGlobe 2) GeoWall 3) CityEngine 4) SketchUp

3) City Engine

Which of the following operations would best allow you to model a feature such as creating a footprint of your house and showing the house at the proper height? 1) applying base height 2) vertical exaggeration 3) extrusion 4) offsetting

3) Extrusion

Which of the following operations would best allow you to model a feature such as an elevated walkway joining two buildings over a busy city? 1)applying base height 2) vertical exageration 3) offsetting 4) extrustion

3) offsetting

Why are 3 satellites needed to determine an accurate position on Earth's surface?

3D trilateration - finding a location relative to the 3 satellites

Many 3D models are available to use in Google Earth and SketchUp via the:

3D wharehouse

What is the minimum number of GPS satellites needed to infer your correct location?

4

Which of these is not a commonly used developable surface in map projections? 1) cylindrical 2) conical 3) azimuthal 4) spherical

4) Spherical

Which of the following operations would best allow you to place 3D buildings at their proper height on the terrain (ex: the terrain is 900 ft above sea level, you want the building to sit on the terrain, not float above or below it)?: 1) offsetting 2) vertical exaggeration 3) extrusion 4) applying base height

4) applying base height

Each UTM zone uses a false easting value of?

500,000 meters

Each UTM zone covers how many degrees of longitude wide?

6

A 1:24000 scale topographic map will show how much geographic area?

7.5 minutes of latitude by 7.5 minutes of longitude

Nominal (labels) data operators

=, ne

Ordered data operators

=, ne, <, >, =<, >=

Interval (location of zero arbitrary) data operators

=, ne, <, >, =<, >=, - Can measure distances or spans

Ratio (zero fixed) data operators

=, ne, <, >, =<, >=, - , / Can measure ratios or proportions

Define geographic information systems (GIS)

A computer based set of hardware and software used to capture, analyze, manipulate, and visualize geospatial information. A tool for analyzing geospatial data

Discrete object view

A conceptualization of the world in which all reality can be represented by a series of separate objects; all features are treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries

TIGER/Line files

A file produced by the US Census Bureau that contains (among other items) the line segments that correspond with roads all over the US

A small scale map would show:

A larger geographic area than a large scale map

What is an example of a thematic map?

A map of a neighborhood showing which houses are rentals and which are not, a map of the US showing major political affiliations by state

Digital Surface Model (DSM)

A measurement of the heights of the ground elevations as well as the objects on top of the ground, captured by lidar

NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)

A method of measuring the health of vegetation using near-infrared and red energy measurements

Differential Correction

A method that uses data from a base station to correct noise errors in GPS data

Ellipsoid

A model of the rounded shape of the Earth, fatter at the center than at poles - assumes the surface is smooth

Band

A narrow range of wavelengths that may be measured by a remote sensing device

Color Infrared

A photo where infrared reflection is shown in shades of red, red is shown in shades of green, and green reflection is shown in shades of blue

Buffer

A polygon of spatial proximity built around a feature

Network:

A series of junctions and edges connected together for modeling concepts, such as streets

What is a 2.5-d model?

A single z-value can be assigned to each x/y coordinate

GPS (global positioning system)

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Suitability Index

A system wherein locations are ranked according to how well they fit a set of criteria

Edges

A term used for the links of a network, lines or links

Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)

A terrain model that allows for non-equally spaced elevation points to be used in the creation of the surface comprised of points of elevation data connected by lines to form triangles of elevation surfaces

Identity

A type of GIS overlay that retains all features from the first layer along with the features it has in common with a second layer -

Radio data

A type of numerical data in which the difference between numbers is significant, but there is a fixed non-arbitrary zero point associated with the data

Interval Data

A type of numerical data in which the difference between numbers is significant, but there is no fixed non-arbitrary zero point associated with the data

Small scale maps would use:

A wider contour interval than a large scale map

Ephemeris error can result in what level of error in GPS accuracy:

About 2 meters

Geocoding

Address matching, the process of using the text of an address to plot a point at that location on a map

Orthophotographs

Aerial photographs with uniform scale, used to update spatial databases

Where is the WGS84 datum used for measurements?

All points across the world

Hillshade rasters

Allows visualization of terrain under different lighting conditions

Multipath errors

An error casued by a delay in the signal due to reflecting from surfaces before reaching the receiver

In a GIS network, a "junction" represents:

An intersection on the network

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

An overall term for the technologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface

Viewing an image that is offset in both the color red and the color blue that enables a "3D" style effect is an example of:

Anaglyph

Define Global Positioning System (GPS)

Aquisition of real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit

Spatial resolution

Area on the ground measured by one pixel - is the smallest unit area on the ground that can be "resolved" or measured by the sensor, usually denoted in meters. This dictates the amount of detail that can be determined from the data. - is dependent on the field of view, altitude, and viewing angle of a sensor

Spectral resolution

Bands and wavelengths measured by a sensor. Refers to the number of wavelength regions or bands in the electromagnetic spectrum that the sensor can measure

Multiple addresses can be geocoded at once via:

Batch Geocoding

A flat polygon that has been extruded to transform into an object with a z-value

Block

AND

Both criteria must be met

An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?

Buffer

A DSM can be used to determine what?

Building heights

UTM coordinates are measured in A) degrees, minutes, and seconds B) miles C) meters D) feet

C) meters

Radiometric resolution

Capacity to differentiate energy levels (0-255 vs 0 -2047) - is a measure of the sensitivity of a sensor to differences in the intensity of the radiation measured. The finer the radiometric resolution, the more sensitive it is to detecting differences in EMR intensity. - An 8-bit (2^8) sensor quantizes intensity on a scale from 0 - 255, whereas an 11-bit (2^11) sensor quantizes intensity on a scale from 0 - 2047.

The simplification of representing items on a map refers to:

Cartographic generalization

The Master Control station for the US GPS is located in:

Colorado

The Chinese counterpart of GPS is

Compass

Pre-made 3D objects in SketchUp refer to:

Components

When modeling the world in GIS, when all features are treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries, what is being described:

Continuous Field View of Interest

The series of ground stations that help maintain GPS refers to which component of GPS?

Control Segment

A Digital Orthophoto Quad (DOQ):

Covers 3.75 minutes of latitude by 3.75 minutes of longitude of distance

What's the difference between DEM and DSM?

DEMs are bare earth models of elevation vs DSMs are models of the surface and can include features

The use of a base station or other earth-bound source to transmit a correction signal to a GPS receiver refers to:

DGPS

Meta Data

Descriptive information about geospatial data

Site Suitability analysis is used to:

Determine which areas are "useful" or "not useful" in spatial analysis

The shortest path between an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with:

Dijkstra's Algorithm

Which of the following receivers can pick up the military P-code?

Dual frequency

XOR

Either criteria can be met, but not both

OR

Either criteria can be met, or both

When the correct satellite position is not being sent, what type of error is being encounted?

Ephimeris

What data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data values in each class?

Equal Interval

Lines of latitude are measured in angular units from the:

Equator

Spatial Analysis

Examining the characteristics or features of spatial data, or how features spatially relate to one another

Extending a flat object to have a z-value

Extruding

NOT

First criterion met, but no the second

The Russian counterpart of GPS:

GLONASS

The overall term for the technologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface is:

GNSS

The European counterpart of GPS:

Galileo

The European equivalent of GPS is:

Gallileo

The current generation of topographic maps produced by the USGS are:

GeoPDF versions of US Topos

The term that describes when an action is taken to a dataset that results in a new dataset being created is:

Geoprocessing

To make an aerial photo an orthophoto you must first:

Georeference it to a real world location; orthorectify it to minimize distortions

KML and KMZ files are the native file formats used to work with 3D objects in:

Google Earth

Slope And Aspect rasters

Hazards mapping, soil and vegetation mapping, erosion

Concepts of space

Identity, Location, Context, Connectivity, Shape, Scale, Distance

Describe how differential correction and WAAS are similar and how they are different

In both, a correction is calculated and picked up by the receiver in addition to signals from the 4 satellites. However, with WAAS the correction is sent from an additional new satellite, not a Earth-bound station.

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas that the first dataset and all areas that the second dataset have in common?

Intersect

What makes geospatial data unique?

It is connected to a real-world location.

Define geospatial data.

Items that are tied to specific real-world locations

Lidar uses which of the following to create a digital terrain model?

Laser beams

A very large scale map would likely show:

More detail than a very small scale map

Active vs Passive RSS

Most are passive, sensors collect reflected electromagnetic energy from the sun. Active systems emit an energy signal and then measure the signal reflected back.

When the GPS signals bounce off objects to arrive later than anticipated, which of the following types of errors is occurring?

Multipath

What is a 3-d model?

Multiple z-values can be assigned to each x/y coordinate

A commonly used vertical datum for US geospatial data is:

NADV88

The United States GPS is called:

NAVSTAR

The location on the ground directly under the camera in aerial photography is referred to as:

Nadir

A parcel map of Mahoning County listing the owner of each land parcel would mean those polygons are representing what type of data:

Nominal

On which type of data would it make no sense to apply the ">" operator?

Nominal

Temporal resolution

Number of days to return to the same location

What type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?

Oblique

A value applied to an object that is not attached to the ground, but is entirely above ground level

Offset

Relational Operators

One of the 6 connectors (=, <>, <, >, >=, or <=) used to build a query

What will select all counties that have a population with more than 100000 persons (from a layer called POP) as well as all counties that have more than 100000 housing units (from a layers called HOUSES)?

POP > 100000 OR HOUSES > 100000

The physical arrangement of items in an aerial image refers to:

Pattern

Visual Imagine interpretation elements

Pattern, Site and association, Size, Shadow, Shape, Texture, Tone

Aerial photo elements (7)

Patterns, Site & Association, Size, Shadow, Shape, Texture, and Tone

Linear interpolation is used in geocoding to:

Place a point an approximate distance along a line

On a very small scale map, cities would likely be shown as:

Points

What marks the change between east and west longitude?

Prime Meridian

The center of an aerial photo is referred to as its:

Principal point

A 3D-style choropleth map is a:

Prism Map

Pros and cons of narrow swath width

Pro: Finer spatial resolution (smaller pixels) Con: Takes longer to cover the earth (lower temporal resolution)

Pros and cons of wide swath width

Pro: Takes less time to cover the earth (higher temporal resolution) Con: Coarser spatial resolution (bigger pictures)

The distance between a receiver and one satellite is referred to as:

Pseudorange

Is DEM vector or raster?

Raster

What type of data model is used to represent the NLCD?

Raster

In an attribute table, each object is stored as a:

Record

In a Color Infrared photo:

Red energy is displayed as the color green, green energy is displayed as the color blue, and near-infrared energy is displayed as the color red

The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as:

Reference database

Spectral signatures

Reflectance and emission properties of objects

The 'leaning' of tall objects away from the center point of an aerial photo is due to:

Relief displacement

Largest sources of error (distortion in aerial photos)

Relief displacement (where tall items appear to bend outward from center) and camera tilt.

How to find slope

Rise over run - Divide the vertical height by the horizontal length

A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a:

Scale bar

Spatial query

Selecting records or objects from one layer based upon their spatial relationships with other layers (rather than using attributes)

Address parsing is done to:

Separate the parts of an address

The Mercator map projection will accurately keep which of the following throughout?

Shapes and Directions

A determination of the direction of the steepest slope for an area is:

Slope aspect

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)

Space Shuttle Endeavor sensor that collected data in February 2000 Collected global topographic features that were produced into 90 meter resolution DEMs Also 30 meter DEMs for the US Produced the first comprehensive elevation model of the world

What are the basic components of GPS?

Space segment, control segment, user segment

Define spatial thinking and concepts of space

Spatial thinking finds meaning in the shape, size, orientation, location, direction or trajectory of objects processes or phenomena or the relative positions in space of multiple objects, processes or phenomena

Bands of energy

Specific portions of the EMS

Setting up the components of an address in a regular format describes:

Standarization

Destinations to visit on a network are referred to as:

Stops

A file containing line segments representing roads is a:

Street centerline file

A "ranking" of various sites as the result of examining certain criteria to determine their usefulness or non-usefulness describes a:

Suitability index

The differences of a certain tone throughout an aerial image refers to:

Texture

Graphics that can be applied to the faces of an object to provide a more realistic appearance are:

Textures

Numerous types of geospatial datasets can be downloaded via the resources at:

The National Map

If an address is matched to the correct street segment but the wrong location on that street, the problem could be:

The address ranges in the reference database do not match the actual street address ranges in the real world

In order to match an address to a particular street location, what fields are necessary to have in the reference database?

The address ranges on the right and left side of the street

Remote sensors measure:

The amount of (R) reflected energy off an object

Overlay operation

The combining of two or more layers in the GIS

Continuous Field View

The conceptualization of the world that all items vary across Earth's surface as constant fields, and values are available at all locations along the field

In a TIGER 2000 file, the FEDIRP field refers to:

The direction of the prefix of a street

Which of the following is not an example of geospatial data?

The length of a piece of wood

Union

The operation wherein the chosen features are all that meet the first criteria as well as that meet the second criterion in the query

Define remote sensing

The process of collecting information related to the electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted by a target on the ground, using a device a considerable distance away from the target on board an aircraft or spacecraft.

Photogrammetry describes:

The process of obtaining measurements from an aerial photo

Slope

The rate of elevation change at a location

In hillshading, the user would set which two paramaters?

The sun's altitiude and sun azumuth (position)

Projection

The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.

The resolution of a raster cell (or pixel) refers to which dimension:

The total length of one side of the cell on the ground

Swath

The width of the ground area the satellite is imaging as it passes over Earth's surface

Thematic Map (Special Purpose)

These maps are designed to show a specific theme or subject area. They display information regarding a specific data set, such as the average temperature in a certain area.

What signal is transmitted by a GPS satellite to your handheld receiver?

Time

NAVSTAR

U.S. GPS system

TIGER files are created and maintained by:

US Census Bureau

UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator, a grid system in which north and east coordinates provide a location anywhere in the world.

The SRTM performed which of the following?

Used radar waves from space to map the terrain surfaces of the Earth

Is TIN vector or raster?

Vector

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are flown:

Via remote control from the ground

Google Earth is an example of a:

Virtual Globe

How features are displayed on a map to emphasize their level of prominence describes:

Visual Hierarchy

Which datum does NAVSTAR use?

WGS 84

The datum used by GPS is:

WGS84

WAAS

Wide Area Augmentation System; a satellite-based augmentation system that covers the United States and other portions of North America

In a digital terrain model, values for elevation are given as:

Z

Vector Data Model

a conceptualization of the world that represents spatial data as a series of vector objects (points, lines, and polygons)

Equator

a line of latitude that runs around the middle of Earth - 0 degrees

What is a false easting?

a measurement made east (or west) of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone

Easting

a measurement of so many units east (or west) of some principal meridian

Geoid

a model of Earth using mean sea level as a base

Datum

a reference surface of Earth

Digital Terrain Models (DTM)

a representation of a terrain surface calculated by measuring elevation values at a series of locations. Can create both vector (TIN) and raster (DEM) elevation models

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

a representation of the terrain surface, created by measuring a set of equally spaced elevation values can be derived from lidar or shuttle radar topography mission

Digital Raster Graphic (DRG)

a scanned image of a USGS topographic map

Attribute Table

a spreadsheet-style form where the rows consist of individual objects and the columns are the attributes associated with those objects

Junction

a term used for the nodes (or places where edges come together) in a network. point locations

Symmetrical difference

a type of GIS overlay that retains all features from both layers except for the features that they have in common

Intersect

a type of GIS overlay that retains the features that are common to two layers- only keeps what the 2 have in common

Nominal Data

a type of data that is a unique identifier of some kind. If numerical, the differences between numbers are not significant

Ordinal data

a type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind

Transit cost

a value that represents how many units (of time or distance, for example) are used in moving along a network edge

Raster Data Model

a way of representing spatial data that utilizes a series of equally spaced and sized grid cells

Panchromatic

black and white aerial imagery

Electromagnetic radiation

characterized by frequency (the number of cycles of a wave passing through a specific point per unit time, measured in MHz) and wavelength (length of one wave cycle in micrometers)

Map algebra

combining datasets together using simple mathematical operators

Remote Sensing Systems

designed to capture EM reflectance within certain wavelength bands that are most effectively transmitted through the atmosphere ("atmospheric windows") to the Earth rather than being scattered or absorbed in the atmosphere.

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

estimate of radiation absorbed by photosynthesis in plants; another way of measuring productivity (NIR - RED)/(NIR + RED)

Trilateration

finding a location in relation to three other points of reference

The 3 basic systems and tools that make up geospatial technology

geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing, and global positioning system (GPS)

Incident energy

light from the Sun arriving at the surface of the Earth

Boolean operator

one of the four connectors (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) used in building a compound query

Passive Remote Sensing Systems

record wavelengths of energy radiated from a surface, particularly visible light and infrared

4 types of resolution

spectral, spatial, temporal and radiometric

SQL

the Structured Query Language - a formal setup for building queries

Dissolve

the ability of the GIS to combine polygons with the same features together

slope aspect

the cardinal direction in which the slope is facing in degrees (0 - 360). Note that North can then be either 0 or 360 degrees.

Digitized Line Graph (DLG)

the features (such as roads, rivers, or boundaries) digitized from USGS maps.

The shorter the wavelength

the higher the frequency

Spatial Thinking

the knowledge, skills, and habits of mind to use concepts of space, tools of representation like maps and graphs, and processes of reasoning to organize and solve problems

Prime Meridian

the line of longitude that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England - 0 degrees

Connectivity

the linkages between edges and junctions of a network

NLCD

the national land cover database is a raster based GIS dataset that maps the land cover types for the entire united states at 30 meter resolution

Attributes

the non-spatial data that can be associated with a spatial location

Spectral reflectance

the percentage of the total incident energy that was reflected from that surface

Visible light spectrum

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye (between 0.4 and 0.7)

PDOP

the position dilution of precision; describes the amount of error due to the geometric position of the GPS satellites

Visual image interpretation

the process of examining information to identify objects in an aerial (or other remotely sensed) image

Sun azimuth

the value between 0 and 360 used in constructing a hillshade to model the Sun's position in the sky to show the direction of the Sun's rays striking the surface

Sun altitude

the value between 0 and 90 used in constructing a hillshade to model the Sun's elevation above the terrain

Watershed Analysis

using topographic features to create watershed boundaries, calculate flow direction and accumulation and delineate stream networks

Viewshed Analysis

visibility analysis as line of sight from particular viewpoints


Set pelajaran terkait

Algebra 2 Final Multiple Choice Questions

View Set

Civil Procedure Video Assessments

View Set

Like Water for Chocolate Chapter 5-8 Vocabulary

View Set

U5 L3: Modeling with Quadratic Functions

View Set

Heat of Reaction + Entropy Review

View Set