GEOG 201 ALL
TIGER files typically contain all of the following data except:
# of houses on the street
Incident Energy (I) =
(A) Absorbed energy + (R) Reflected energy + (T) Transmitted energy
Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)
-What the sensor (detector) sees as it passes over a target -Ground segment sensed by IFOV referred to as the ground resolution element -Nominal diameter of ground resolution element determines system's spatial resolution - Roughly translates into the spatial resolution and thus the cell size of the resulting image.
The visible light spectrum ranges between
0.4 to 0.7 micrometers
Near Infrared
0.7-1.3 microns
Describe why geospatial technologies can be considered "geography in action"
1. Because you can use geographic concepts of space and place through technology 2. Use technology to apply location based principles to real world situations
Describe how the discipline of geography is fundamental to understanding geospatial technology
1. Geography is not just "where things are" but it's the study of "why things are where they are" 2. It deals with the concepts of the spatial characteristics of our planet and the spatial relationships and interactions of the people and features that occupy it
Short Wave Infrared (SWIR)
1.3-3.0 microns
Which of the following do you NOT need to know to find your location in latitude and longitude? 1) Datum 2) Origin of Projection 3) Ellipsoid
2) Origin of Projection
Which of the following uses a rule-based design for quickly rendering 3D buildings? 1) ArcGlobe 2) GeoWall 3) CityEngine 4) SketchUp
3) City Engine
Which of the following operations would best allow you to model a feature such as creating a footprint of your house and showing the house at the proper height? 1) applying base height 2) vertical exaggeration 3) extrusion 4) offsetting
3) Extrusion
Which of the following operations would best allow you to model a feature such as an elevated walkway joining two buildings over a busy city? 1)applying base height 2) vertical exageration 3) offsetting 4) extrustion
3) offsetting
Why are 3 satellites needed to determine an accurate position on Earth's surface?
3D trilateration - finding a location relative to the 3 satellites
Many 3D models are available to use in Google Earth and SketchUp via the:
3D wharehouse
What is the minimum number of GPS satellites needed to infer your correct location?
4
Which of these is not a commonly used developable surface in map projections? 1) cylindrical 2) conical 3) azimuthal 4) spherical
4) Spherical
Which of the following operations would best allow you to place 3D buildings at their proper height on the terrain (ex: the terrain is 900 ft above sea level, you want the building to sit on the terrain, not float above or below it)?: 1) offsetting 2) vertical exaggeration 3) extrusion 4) applying base height
4) applying base height
Each UTM zone uses a false easting value of?
500,000 meters
Each UTM zone covers how many degrees of longitude wide?
6
A 1:24000 scale topographic map will show how much geographic area?
7.5 minutes of latitude by 7.5 minutes of longitude
Nominal (labels) data operators
=, ne
Ordered data operators
=, ne, <, >, =<, >=
Interval (location of zero arbitrary) data operators
=, ne, <, >, =<, >=, - Can measure distances or spans
Ratio (zero fixed) data operators
=, ne, <, >, =<, >=, - , / Can measure ratios or proportions
Define geographic information systems (GIS)
A computer based set of hardware and software used to capture, analyze, manipulate, and visualize geospatial information. A tool for analyzing geospatial data
Discrete object view
A conceptualization of the world in which all reality can be represented by a series of separate objects; all features are treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries
TIGER/Line files
A file produced by the US Census Bureau that contains (among other items) the line segments that correspond with roads all over the US
A small scale map would show:
A larger geographic area than a large scale map
What is an example of a thematic map?
A map of a neighborhood showing which houses are rentals and which are not, a map of the US showing major political affiliations by state
Digital Surface Model (DSM)
A measurement of the heights of the ground elevations as well as the objects on top of the ground, captured by lidar
NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)
A method of measuring the health of vegetation using near-infrared and red energy measurements
Differential Correction
A method that uses data from a base station to correct noise errors in GPS data
Ellipsoid
A model of the rounded shape of the Earth, fatter at the center than at poles - assumes the surface is smooth
Band
A narrow range of wavelengths that may be measured by a remote sensing device
Color Infrared
A photo where infrared reflection is shown in shades of red, red is shown in shades of green, and green reflection is shown in shades of blue
Buffer
A polygon of spatial proximity built around a feature
Network:
A series of junctions and edges connected together for modeling concepts, such as streets
What is a 2.5-d model?
A single z-value can be assigned to each x/y coordinate
GPS (global positioning system)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Suitability Index
A system wherein locations are ranked according to how well they fit a set of criteria
Edges
A term used for the links of a network, lines or links
Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
A terrain model that allows for non-equally spaced elevation points to be used in the creation of the surface comprised of points of elevation data connected by lines to form triangles of elevation surfaces
Identity
A type of GIS overlay that retains all features from the first layer along with the features it has in common with a second layer -
Radio data
A type of numerical data in which the difference between numbers is significant, but there is a fixed non-arbitrary zero point associated with the data
Interval Data
A type of numerical data in which the difference between numbers is significant, but there is no fixed non-arbitrary zero point associated with the data
Small scale maps would use:
A wider contour interval than a large scale map
Ephemeris error can result in what level of error in GPS accuracy:
About 2 meters
Geocoding
Address matching, the process of using the text of an address to plot a point at that location on a map
Orthophotographs
Aerial photographs with uniform scale, used to update spatial databases
Where is the WGS84 datum used for measurements?
All points across the world
Hillshade rasters
Allows visualization of terrain under different lighting conditions
Multipath errors
An error casued by a delay in the signal due to reflecting from surfaces before reaching the receiver
In a GIS network, a "junction" represents:
An intersection on the network
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
An overall term for the technologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface
Viewing an image that is offset in both the color red and the color blue that enables a "3D" style effect is an example of:
Anaglyph
Define Global Positioning System (GPS)
Aquisition of real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit
Spatial resolution
Area on the ground measured by one pixel - is the smallest unit area on the ground that can be "resolved" or measured by the sensor, usually denoted in meters. This dictates the amount of detail that can be determined from the data. - is dependent on the field of view, altitude, and viewing angle of a sensor
Spectral resolution
Bands and wavelengths measured by a sensor. Refers to the number of wavelength regions or bands in the electromagnetic spectrum that the sensor can measure
Multiple addresses can be geocoded at once via:
Batch Geocoding
A flat polygon that has been extruded to transform into an object with a z-value
Block
AND
Both criteria must be met
An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?
Buffer
A DSM can be used to determine what?
Building heights
UTM coordinates are measured in A) degrees, minutes, and seconds B) miles C) meters D) feet
C) meters
Radiometric resolution
Capacity to differentiate energy levels (0-255 vs 0 -2047) - is a measure of the sensitivity of a sensor to differences in the intensity of the radiation measured. The finer the radiometric resolution, the more sensitive it is to detecting differences in EMR intensity. - An 8-bit (2^8) sensor quantizes intensity on a scale from 0 - 255, whereas an 11-bit (2^11) sensor quantizes intensity on a scale from 0 - 2047.
The simplification of representing items on a map refers to:
Cartographic generalization
The Master Control station for the US GPS is located in:
Colorado
The Chinese counterpart of GPS is
Compass
Pre-made 3D objects in SketchUp refer to:
Components
When modeling the world in GIS, when all features are treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries, what is being described:
Continuous Field View of Interest
The series of ground stations that help maintain GPS refers to which component of GPS?
Control Segment
A Digital Orthophoto Quad (DOQ):
Covers 3.75 minutes of latitude by 3.75 minutes of longitude of distance
What's the difference between DEM and DSM?
DEMs are bare earth models of elevation vs DSMs are models of the surface and can include features
The use of a base station or other earth-bound source to transmit a correction signal to a GPS receiver refers to:
DGPS
Meta Data
Descriptive information about geospatial data
Site Suitability analysis is used to:
Determine which areas are "useful" or "not useful" in spatial analysis
The shortest path between an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with:
Dijkstra's Algorithm
Which of the following receivers can pick up the military P-code?
Dual frequency
XOR
Either criteria can be met, but not both
OR
Either criteria can be met, or both
When the correct satellite position is not being sent, what type of error is being encounted?
Ephimeris
What data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data values in each class?
Equal Interval
Lines of latitude are measured in angular units from the:
Equator
Spatial Analysis
Examining the characteristics or features of spatial data, or how features spatially relate to one another
Extending a flat object to have a z-value
Extruding
NOT
First criterion met, but no the second
The Russian counterpart of GPS:
GLONASS
The overall term for the technologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface is:
GNSS
The European counterpart of GPS:
Galileo
The European equivalent of GPS is:
Gallileo
The current generation of topographic maps produced by the USGS are:
GeoPDF versions of US Topos
The term that describes when an action is taken to a dataset that results in a new dataset being created is:
Geoprocessing
To make an aerial photo an orthophoto you must first:
Georeference it to a real world location; orthorectify it to minimize distortions
KML and KMZ files are the native file formats used to work with 3D objects in:
Google Earth
Slope And Aspect rasters
Hazards mapping, soil and vegetation mapping, erosion
Concepts of space
Identity, Location, Context, Connectivity, Shape, Scale, Distance
Describe how differential correction and WAAS are similar and how they are different
In both, a correction is calculated and picked up by the receiver in addition to signals from the 4 satellites. However, with WAAS the correction is sent from an additional new satellite, not a Earth-bound station.
Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas that the first dataset and all areas that the second dataset have in common?
Intersect
What makes geospatial data unique?
It is connected to a real-world location.
Define geospatial data.
Items that are tied to specific real-world locations
Lidar uses which of the following to create a digital terrain model?
Laser beams
A very large scale map would likely show:
More detail than a very small scale map
Active vs Passive RSS
Most are passive, sensors collect reflected electromagnetic energy from the sun. Active systems emit an energy signal and then measure the signal reflected back.
When the GPS signals bounce off objects to arrive later than anticipated, which of the following types of errors is occurring?
Multipath
What is a 3-d model?
Multiple z-values can be assigned to each x/y coordinate
A commonly used vertical datum for US geospatial data is:
NADV88
The United States GPS is called:
NAVSTAR
The location on the ground directly under the camera in aerial photography is referred to as:
Nadir
A parcel map of Mahoning County listing the owner of each land parcel would mean those polygons are representing what type of data:
Nominal
On which type of data would it make no sense to apply the ">" operator?
Nominal
Temporal resolution
Number of days to return to the same location
What type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?
Oblique
A value applied to an object that is not attached to the ground, but is entirely above ground level
Offset
Relational Operators
One of the 6 connectors (=, <>, <, >, >=, or <=) used to build a query
What will select all counties that have a population with more than 100000 persons (from a layer called POP) as well as all counties that have more than 100000 housing units (from a layers called HOUSES)?
POP > 100000 OR HOUSES > 100000
The physical arrangement of items in an aerial image refers to:
Pattern
Visual Imagine interpretation elements
Pattern, Site and association, Size, Shadow, Shape, Texture, Tone
Aerial photo elements (7)
Patterns, Site & Association, Size, Shadow, Shape, Texture, and Tone
Linear interpolation is used in geocoding to:
Place a point an approximate distance along a line
On a very small scale map, cities would likely be shown as:
Points
What marks the change between east and west longitude?
Prime Meridian
The center of an aerial photo is referred to as its:
Principal point
A 3D-style choropleth map is a:
Prism Map
Pros and cons of narrow swath width
Pro: Finer spatial resolution (smaller pixels) Con: Takes longer to cover the earth (lower temporal resolution)
Pros and cons of wide swath width
Pro: Takes less time to cover the earth (higher temporal resolution) Con: Coarser spatial resolution (bigger pictures)
The distance between a receiver and one satellite is referred to as:
Pseudorange
Is DEM vector or raster?
Raster
What type of data model is used to represent the NLCD?
Raster
In an attribute table, each object is stored as a:
Record
In a Color Infrared photo:
Red energy is displayed as the color green, green energy is displayed as the color blue, and near-infrared energy is displayed as the color red
The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as:
Reference database
Spectral signatures
Reflectance and emission properties of objects
The 'leaning' of tall objects away from the center point of an aerial photo is due to:
Relief displacement
Largest sources of error (distortion in aerial photos)
Relief displacement (where tall items appear to bend outward from center) and camera tilt.
How to find slope
Rise over run - Divide the vertical height by the horizontal length
A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a:
Scale bar
Spatial query
Selecting records or objects from one layer based upon their spatial relationships with other layers (rather than using attributes)
Address parsing is done to:
Separate the parts of an address
The Mercator map projection will accurately keep which of the following throughout?
Shapes and Directions
A determination of the direction of the steepest slope for an area is:
Slope aspect
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
Space Shuttle Endeavor sensor that collected data in February 2000 Collected global topographic features that were produced into 90 meter resolution DEMs Also 30 meter DEMs for the US Produced the first comprehensive elevation model of the world
What are the basic components of GPS?
Space segment, control segment, user segment
Define spatial thinking and concepts of space
Spatial thinking finds meaning in the shape, size, orientation, location, direction or trajectory of objects processes or phenomena or the relative positions in space of multiple objects, processes or phenomena
Bands of energy
Specific portions of the EMS
Setting up the components of an address in a regular format describes:
Standarization
Destinations to visit on a network are referred to as:
Stops
A file containing line segments representing roads is a:
Street centerline file
A "ranking" of various sites as the result of examining certain criteria to determine their usefulness or non-usefulness describes a:
Suitability index
The differences of a certain tone throughout an aerial image refers to:
Texture
Graphics that can be applied to the faces of an object to provide a more realistic appearance are:
Textures
Numerous types of geospatial datasets can be downloaded via the resources at:
The National Map
If an address is matched to the correct street segment but the wrong location on that street, the problem could be:
The address ranges in the reference database do not match the actual street address ranges in the real world
In order to match an address to a particular street location, what fields are necessary to have in the reference database?
The address ranges on the right and left side of the street
Remote sensors measure:
The amount of (R) reflected energy off an object
Overlay operation
The combining of two or more layers in the GIS
Continuous Field View
The conceptualization of the world that all items vary across Earth's surface as constant fields, and values are available at all locations along the field
In a TIGER 2000 file, the FEDIRP field refers to:
The direction of the prefix of a street
Which of the following is not an example of geospatial data?
The length of a piece of wood
Union
The operation wherein the chosen features are all that meet the first criteria as well as that meet the second criterion in the query
Define remote sensing
The process of collecting information related to the electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted by a target on the ground, using a device a considerable distance away from the target on board an aircraft or spacecraft.
Photogrammetry describes:
The process of obtaining measurements from an aerial photo
Slope
The rate of elevation change at a location
In hillshading, the user would set which two paramaters?
The sun's altitiude and sun azumuth (position)
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
The resolution of a raster cell (or pixel) refers to which dimension:
The total length of one side of the cell on the ground
Swath
The width of the ground area the satellite is imaging as it passes over Earth's surface
Thematic Map (Special Purpose)
These maps are designed to show a specific theme or subject area. They display information regarding a specific data set, such as the average temperature in a certain area.
What signal is transmitted by a GPS satellite to your handheld receiver?
Time
NAVSTAR
U.S. GPS system
TIGER files are created and maintained by:
US Census Bureau
UTM
Universal Transverse Mercator, a grid system in which north and east coordinates provide a location anywhere in the world.
The SRTM performed which of the following?
Used radar waves from space to map the terrain surfaces of the Earth
Is TIN vector or raster?
Vector
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are flown:
Via remote control from the ground
Google Earth is an example of a:
Virtual Globe
How features are displayed on a map to emphasize their level of prominence describes:
Visual Hierarchy
Which datum does NAVSTAR use?
WGS 84
The datum used by GPS is:
WGS84
WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System; a satellite-based augmentation system that covers the United States and other portions of North America
In a digital terrain model, values for elevation are given as:
Z
Vector Data Model
a conceptualization of the world that represents spatial data as a series of vector objects (points, lines, and polygons)
Equator
a line of latitude that runs around the middle of Earth - 0 degrees
What is a false easting?
a measurement made east (or west) of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone
Easting
a measurement of so many units east (or west) of some principal meridian
Geoid
a model of Earth using mean sea level as a base
Datum
a reference surface of Earth
Digital Terrain Models (DTM)
a representation of a terrain surface calculated by measuring elevation values at a series of locations. Can create both vector (TIN) and raster (DEM) elevation models
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
a representation of the terrain surface, created by measuring a set of equally spaced elevation values can be derived from lidar or shuttle radar topography mission
Digital Raster Graphic (DRG)
a scanned image of a USGS topographic map
Attribute Table
a spreadsheet-style form where the rows consist of individual objects and the columns are the attributes associated with those objects
Junction
a term used for the nodes (or places where edges come together) in a network. point locations
Symmetrical difference
a type of GIS overlay that retains all features from both layers except for the features that they have in common
Intersect
a type of GIS overlay that retains the features that are common to two layers- only keeps what the 2 have in common
Nominal Data
a type of data that is a unique identifier of some kind. If numerical, the differences between numbers are not significant
Ordinal data
a type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind
Transit cost
a value that represents how many units (of time or distance, for example) are used in moving along a network edge
Raster Data Model
a way of representing spatial data that utilizes a series of equally spaced and sized grid cells
Panchromatic
black and white aerial imagery
Electromagnetic radiation
characterized by frequency (the number of cycles of a wave passing through a specific point per unit time, measured in MHz) and wavelength (length of one wave cycle in micrometers)
Map algebra
combining datasets together using simple mathematical operators
Remote Sensing Systems
designed to capture EM reflectance within certain wavelength bands that are most effectively transmitted through the atmosphere ("atmospheric windows") to the Earth rather than being scattered or absorbed in the atmosphere.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
estimate of radiation absorbed by photosynthesis in plants; another way of measuring productivity (NIR - RED)/(NIR + RED)
Trilateration
finding a location in relation to three other points of reference
The 3 basic systems and tools that make up geospatial technology
geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing, and global positioning system (GPS)
Incident energy
light from the Sun arriving at the surface of the Earth
Boolean operator
one of the four connectors (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) used in building a compound query
Passive Remote Sensing Systems
record wavelengths of energy radiated from a surface, particularly visible light and infrared
4 types of resolution
spectral, spatial, temporal and radiometric
SQL
the Structured Query Language - a formal setup for building queries
Dissolve
the ability of the GIS to combine polygons with the same features together
slope aspect
the cardinal direction in which the slope is facing in degrees (0 - 360). Note that North can then be either 0 or 360 degrees.
Digitized Line Graph (DLG)
the features (such as roads, rivers, or boundaries) digitized from USGS maps.
The shorter the wavelength
the higher the frequency
Spatial Thinking
the knowledge, skills, and habits of mind to use concepts of space, tools of representation like maps and graphs, and processes of reasoning to organize and solve problems
Prime Meridian
the line of longitude that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England - 0 degrees
Connectivity
the linkages between edges and junctions of a network
NLCD
the national land cover database is a raster based GIS dataset that maps the land cover types for the entire united states at 30 meter resolution
Attributes
the non-spatial data that can be associated with a spatial location
Spectral reflectance
the percentage of the total incident energy that was reflected from that surface
Visible light spectrum
the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye (between 0.4 and 0.7)
PDOP
the position dilution of precision; describes the amount of error due to the geometric position of the GPS satellites
Visual image interpretation
the process of examining information to identify objects in an aerial (or other remotely sensed) image
Sun azimuth
the value between 0 and 360 used in constructing a hillshade to model the Sun's position in the sky to show the direction of the Sun's rays striking the surface
Sun altitude
the value between 0 and 90 used in constructing a hillshade to model the Sun's elevation above the terrain
Watershed Analysis
using topographic features to create watershed boundaries, calculate flow direction and accumulation and delineate stream networks
Viewshed Analysis
visibility analysis as line of sight from particular viewpoints