Geog Exam Three Questions

________ is the theory that describes the motion of Earth's lithosphere

Plate tectonics

A niche in sandstone, such as that in Arizona's Canyon de Chelly, is indicative of which weathering process

Salt-crystal growth

Which is incorrectly matched? Tension - stretching or faulting Shearing -stretching or faulting Compression - shortening or folding Tension - normal fault

Shearing - stretching or faulting

CORRECT sequence from beginning to end: Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

Orogenesis refers to

a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust

The grinding and shaping of rock surfaces by the "sandblasting" action of particles carried by wind is _________

abrasion

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape

adjusts to a new equilibrium condition

If the load exceeds a stream's capacity, sediment accumulates in the bed in a process called

aggradation

Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called

alluvial fans

________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water

alluvium

Tides are/are not produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun

are not

Seawater that exceeds the 3.5% average is termed

brine

When rock is broken down and disintegrated in the presence of water and with chemical alterations to the rock, the process in operation is

chemical weathering

Explosive eruptions tend to build up

composite volcanoes

A watery mix of falling and tumbling rock, debris, and soil is a __________

debris avalanche

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to

decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge

The discharge of an exotic stream __________ in the downstream direction

decreases

The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed

deflation

Oceanic crust is __________ than continental crust and is composed primarily of ___________

denser; basalt.

A stream's volume of flow per unit of time is its

discharge

The sediment load that travels in solution is

dissolved load

Volcanism is an example of an _______________ process

endogenic

The term eolian refers to

erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind

The North America plate is an example of a ________ order relief

first

Natural levees are created during ___________

floods

Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed

fluvial

The subsurface area where the motion of seismic waves is initiated along the fault plane is called the

focus, or hypocenter

If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of

friction, cohesion of particles, and inertial resistance

These features on the shore of Lake Michigan disrupt sediment movement along a coast

groins

A squeeze -and-release action works to loosen and lift rocks in a stream channel. This is an example of

hydraulic action

The measurement of land elevation relative to sea level is known as

hypsometry

What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material?

igneous

Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor surface drainage, and well developed solutions channels are known as

karst topography

Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called

lava

Wind is __________ effective at eroding and transporting materials than other geomorphic agents because __________

less; is less dense than other materials

Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by

major events in Earth's history, such as major extinctions

Which of the following is an example of a coastal wetland?

mangrove swamp and saltwater marsh

Channels with gradual slopes often develop a sinuous form called a ________ pattern

meandering stream

A rock transformed from any other rock through extreme heat and or pressure is referred to as _________

metamorphic

new ocean crust is formed at _________________

mid-ocean ridges

An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called a

nickpoint

When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operation is

physical weathering

The portion of each meandering curve subject to the slowest water velocity undergoes aggradation. This results in a(n)

point bar

A mass of water above base level in a stream has ________ energy; as it flows downstream, this energy becomes ________ energy

potential; kinetic

"Australopithecines evolved before Homo erectus" is an example of ______________ dating

relative

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as

relief

Compressional stress along a fault resulting in rocks moving upward along the fault plane is an example of a

reverse fault

An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a __________

rock

Factors influencing the weathering process include

rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation

Bed load is moved by

saltation and traction

The ultimate base level is ____________

sea level

What type of rock is derived from the bits and pieces of former rocks?

sedimentary

Limestone is a type of ________ rock that forms when ________

sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates do things

A gently sloping mountain landform built from effusive eruptions is known as a

shield volcano

Weathering that softens and rounds the sharp edges and corners of jointed rock is known as

spheroidal weathering

When the Sun and Moon are on the same side Earth or on opposite sides of earth, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides

spring; greatest

The scientific study of rock strata (layers) is known as ________ and based on the principle of ________.

stratigraphy; superposition

Desert pavement refers to

surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels

coral and algae help each other, they have a _________________ relationship

symbiotic

Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called

tephra, or pyroclastics

Coral bleaching refers to

the loss of algae from the coral.

Ocean floor subducts under continents because

the ocean floor is made up of silica and magnesium and is more dense than continental material

Uniformitarianism assumes that

the processes happening today are the same processes that were happening before

The general term for the undulations and other variations in the shape of Earth's surface is called

topography

An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or a volcanic eruption is capable of producing a

tsunami

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is

water

What are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n)

watershed

The process that breaks down rock at Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as ___________

weathering

Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called

yardangs

Give the CORRECT sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center?

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Which of the following is NOT a denudation process? A) Erosion B) Weathering C) Mass movement D) Orogeny

D) Orogeny

The worldwide average salinity of seawater is

3.5%

The angle of repose represent a balance between the driving force and resisting force. Which of the following is the driving force? A) Inertia B) Friction C) Gravity D) Shear

Gravity