Geog Exam Three Questions
________ is the theory that describes the motion of Earth's lithosphere
Plate tectonics
A niche in sandstone, such as that in Arizona's Canyon de Chelly, is indicative of which weathering process
Salt-crystal growth
Which is incorrectly matched? Tension - stretching or faulting Shearing -stretching or faulting Compression - shortening or folding Tension - normal fault
Shearing - stretching or faulting
CORRECT sequence from beginning to end: Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
Orogenesis refers to
a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust
The grinding and shaping of rock surfaces by the "sandblasting" action of particles carried by wind is _________
abrasion
After a threshold is crossed, the landscape
adjusts to a new equilibrium condition
If the load exceeds a stream's capacity, sediment accumulates in the bed in a process called
aggradation
Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called
alluvial fans
________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water
alluvium
Tides are/are not produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun
are not
Seawater that exceeds the 3.5% average is termed
brine
When rock is broken down and disintegrated in the presence of water and with chemical alterations to the rock, the process in operation is
chemical weathering
Explosive eruptions tend to build up
composite volcanoes
A watery mix of falling and tumbling rock, debris, and soil is a __________
debris avalanche
The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to
decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge
The discharge of an exotic stream __________ in the downstream direction
decreases
The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed
deflation
Oceanic crust is __________ than continental crust and is composed primarily of ___________
denser; basalt.
A stream's volume of flow per unit of time is its
discharge
The sediment load that travels in solution is
dissolved load
Volcanism is an example of an _______________ process
endogenic
The term eolian refers to
erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind
The North America plate is an example of a ________ order relief
first
Natural levees are created during ___________
floods
Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed
fluvial
The subsurface area where the motion of seismic waves is initiated along the fault plane is called the
focus, or hypocenter
If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of
friction, cohesion of particles, and inertial resistance
These features on the shore of Lake Michigan disrupt sediment movement along a coast
groins
A squeeze -and-release action works to loosen and lift rocks in a stream channel. This is an example of
hydraulic action
The measurement of land elevation relative to sea level is known as
hypsometry
What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material?
igneous
Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor surface drainage, and well developed solutions channels are known as
karst topography
Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called
lava
Wind is __________ effective at eroding and transporting materials than other geomorphic agents because __________
less; is less dense than other materials
Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by
major events in Earth's history, such as major extinctions
Which of the following is an example of a coastal wetland?
mangrove swamp and saltwater marsh
Channels with gradual slopes often develop a sinuous form called a ________ pattern
meandering stream
A rock transformed from any other rock through extreme heat and or pressure is referred to as _________
metamorphic
new ocean crust is formed at _________________
mid-ocean ridges
An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called a
nickpoint
When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operation is
physical weathering
The portion of each meandering curve subject to the slowest water velocity undergoes aggradation. This results in a(n)
point bar
A mass of water above base level in a stream has ________ energy; as it flows downstream, this energy becomes ________ energy
potential; kinetic
"Australopithecines evolved before Homo erectus" is an example of ______________ dating
relative
Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as
relief
Compressional stress along a fault resulting in rocks moving upward along the fault plane is an example of a
reverse fault
An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a __________
rock
Factors influencing the weathering process include
rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation
Bed load is moved by
saltation and traction
The ultimate base level is ____________
sea level
What type of rock is derived from the bits and pieces of former rocks?
sedimentary
Limestone is a type of ________ rock that forms when ________
sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates do things
A gently sloping mountain landform built from effusive eruptions is known as a
shield volcano
Weathering that softens and rounds the sharp edges and corners of jointed rock is known as
spheroidal weathering
When the Sun and Moon are on the same side Earth or on opposite sides of earth, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides
spring; greatest
The scientific study of rock strata (layers) is known as ________ and based on the principle of ________.
stratigraphy; superposition
Desert pavement refers to
surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels
coral and algae help each other, they have a _________________ relationship
symbiotic
Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called
tephra, or pyroclastics
Coral bleaching refers to
the loss of algae from the coral.
Ocean floor subducts under continents because
the ocean floor is made up of silica and magnesium and is more dense than continental material
Uniformitarianism assumes that
the processes happening today are the same processes that were happening before
The general term for the undulations and other variations in the shape of Earth's surface is called
topography
An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or a volcanic eruption is capable of producing a
tsunami
Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is
water
What are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n)
watershed
The process that breaks down rock at Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as ___________
weathering
Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called
yardangs
Give the CORRECT sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center?
Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
Which of the following is NOT a denudation process? A) Erosion B) Weathering C) Mass movement D) Orogeny
D) Orogeny
The worldwide average salinity of seawater is
3.5%
The angle of repose represent a balance between the driving force and resisting force. Which of the following is the driving force? A) Inertia B) Friction C) Gravity D) Shear
Gravity