GEOG FINAL SPR17
What conditions are needed for a glacier to form?
Low temperature and excess snow accumulation
saltating particles; surface creep
Pebbles can be moved by __________ in a process known as __________.
ventifacts
Rocks that appear pitted and grooved, and sometimes polished smooth by eolian processes, are termed
initiate the movement of other particles and suppress the movement of other particles
The impact of saltating particles acts to
ice-contact stratified drift
The landform is a kame or what is more specifically called a moulin kame. This involves the combination of meltwater acting with the ice
water and fluvial processes
The major erosional force in the desert is
Kame
Which of the following is a depositional landform?
wadi
Which of the following is a desert erosional feature?
Loess
______deposits in the United States and Europe are derived from glacial outwash deposits
Moraine
a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity.
bajada; pediment
A continuous depositional apron, or __________, may form if individual alluvial fans coalesce into one sloping surface. This feature contrasts with a __________, which is an erosional surface along a mountain front where bedrock is covered by a thin veneer of alluvium.
a glacier
A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating shelf-like in the sea adjacent to land is
They are oriented transversely, or at right angles, to the direction of the wind
Which of the following is correct regarding eolian ripples?
They may range in length from 100 m (325 ft.) to 100 km (62 mi.)
Which of the following is correct regarding valley glaciers?
The ridges and valleys are a product of intense folding
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the Basin and Range Province?
lateral moraine
Which of the following is not a depositional feature formed by, or in association with, a continental glacier?
drumlin
Which of the following is not an erosional feature formed by an alpine glacier?
Clay is difficult to lift from a surface but is easy to keep suspended in the air.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the erosion and transport of clay?
medial
Which of the following types of moraines is not oriented perpendicular to the direction of ice flow?
esker
Which of the following would not be found in an alpine glacial valley?
Saltation
Which sand movement results in the bouncing of particles?
The ice is moving toward its outer margin.
Which statement accurately describes a retreating glacier?
The presence of till indicates
direct deposition by a glacier
1 m (3.28 ft.)
Abrasion is usually confined to a zone which extends up to __________ above the ground.
The glacial ice is moving.
On a glacier, why does glacial ice occur where more snow melts than accumulates during the year?
at lower wind velocities; particle impact
Once particle motion is initiated, subsequent motion can be maintained __________ because of the process of __________.
Wisconsinan
What is the name of the most recent of the Pleistocene glaciations?
How did Washington's "channeled scablands" form?
An ice sheet dammed a lake and the region flooded each time the dam broke.
35% ; increasing
Arid and semiarid climates cover as much as ____ of Earth's land, and this percentage is ____
lower; more
Because air has a __________ density than water, saltating particles in an eolian environment strike one another with __________ force than do saltating particles in a stream.
deflation and the action of rainwater
Desert pavement is formed by _________.
yardangs
Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called
Kame
Formed by material that accumulated in a hole in the ice before the glacier melted and dropped the material down onto the surface under the ice
Glaciation creates many lakes.
How can glaciation impact the landscape?
Glaciers repeatedly scoured the bedrock, leaving depressions that became the lakes.
How did the Great Lakes form?
Glaciers and sea ice are shrinking dramatically.
How have most glaciers and sea ice been changing in the past decade?
Floods are common
Impacts of precipitation on a desert landscape?
Basin and Range
In what physiographic province is most of Nevada?
about 80 percent of wind transported particle
The skipping and bouncing action of saltation accounts for
ripples
The smallest features shaped by individual saltating grains are
a dust storm
The suspension of finer particles by wind over significant distances is a phenomenon known as
Cirque, valley, and piedmont
What are the types of alpine glaciers?
Differential weathering
What causes the slope variations in this landform?
The middle of the ice moves fastest.
What describes the rate of glacial movement?
Deranged
What drainage pattern is generally associated with recent continental glaciation?
Outwash plain
What is an example of a landform that is composed of drift but not till?
Lake Bonneville
What is an example of a pluvial lake?
nunataks
an exposed mountaintop that is completely surrounded by glacial ice. The bedrock sticks up through the top of the mass of ice
Sand dunes
are depositional features
Buttes, mesas, and inselbergs represent
erosional remnants of a once extensive and continuous rock layer.
The Basin and Range Province was formed by
faulting and tensional forces resulting from the fact that North America overrode a subducted ocean plate and was raised and stretched in the process.
recessional moraine
formed by a stationary glacier while material is piled up at its front. The till or unsorted debris in front of this landform clearly indicates that the glacier has advanced farther than the current location
Kettle
formed when a chunk of ice is buried in drift while material accumulates around it. When the ice block melts, the overlying material settles, leaving a depression.
Col
formed where two cirques erode through the ridge separating them. This produces a lowering of the ridge or a smooth saddle across it that forms a pass.
cirque
steep bowl-shaped hollow in the top of a mountain. It is formed by an alpine glacier eroding backward into the mountain
lateral moraine
the ridge of material that accumulates along the side of the glacier. It is composed of the material it either picks up or material that falls on the ice and gets buried by snowfalls
Outwash Plain
very flat, gently sloping, layered deposit beyond the unsorted debris deposited by a glacier. It can also form on top of ground moraine as the glacier is retreating
Esker
winding or snake-like elongated hill. One forms from the deposits that accumulate on the bottom of a stream on or in the ice. When the glacier melts, those materials are dropped down and form the winding ridge
V; U
Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic __________-shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic __________-shape.
till
Unsorted and unstratified glacial deposits (not landforms) are called
Blowout
What is an example of deflation?
Running water
What is generally the most important erosional agent shaping the desert environment?
Desert Pavement
What is illustrated in the photo?
Loess
What is illustrated in the photo?
Trough
What is shown in the photo from Colorado?
Erratics
What is shown in the photo?
Nunataks
What is shown in the photo?
Ice wedge
What is shown in the photograph?
Firn
What is snow with a granular texture when transitioning from snow to glacial ice?
Zone of ablation
What is the part of the glacier below or beyond the snowline?
Aeolian
What is the process associated with wind as an agent of erosion?
Calving
What is the process of a glacier breaking off into a sea or lake?
Plucking
What is the term for a glacier lifting and removing a chunk of bedrock?
Roche moutonnée
What landform is shown?
Drumlins
What landforms are illustrated?
Nebraska
What location is noted for fossil sand dunes?
Cryoturbation
What periglacial process disrupts soil by mixing it and results from frost action?
Changes in Earth's orbit and axial tilt
What possible explanation for Pleistocene glaciations is called by the name Milankovitch cycles?
Glaciation
What process is associated with water that is plastic and flows?
Abrasion
What process sandblasts rocks?
Crevasses
What provides evidence that the surface ice of a glacier is not as plastic as interior ice?
silts and clays
What size material comprises the dust in a dust storm that extends thousands of feet above the ground?
Ventifact
What term describes a sandblasted rock?
Badlands
What term describes an intricately rilled and barren landscape in horizontal sedimentary rocks?
Crossbedded
What term describes the internal structure of a sand dune?
Stoss
What term refers to the windward side of a dune?
Reg
What type of desert is most likely to have a desert pavement?
Erg
What type of desert is shown?
The Dust Bowl
What was the result of overgrazing, poor soil management practices, and high winds in Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and eastern Colorado in the 1930's?
About 10,000 years ago
When did the last Pleistocene glaciation end?
terminal moraine
When the glacier is advancing, it is pushing and carrying the load it contains forward. When it finally stops advancing and covering new area, it begins dumping the load at its front. This forms a ridge of unsorted glacial till
medial moraine
When two valley glaciers join together, they form a __________ at the point at which they merge
In Death Valley
Where are playas and alluvial fans most likely to be found?
Illinois
Where is loess most likely to be found?
South of Sahara
Where is the Sahel?
Death Valley, California
Where is the lowest elevation in the United States?
Arête
Which erosional landform is formed by two valley glaciers eroding down adjacent valleys and narrowing the ridge that separates the two valleys?
Drift and till
Which is the correct description of the pictured material?
Lake Michigan
Which of the Great Lakes is most noted for its sand dunes?
cols and horns
Which of the following are erosional landforms created by alpine glaciation?
horst
Which of the following basin and range features would you not find in a basin?
pediments faults horsts and grabens alluvial fans
Which of the following can be found in the Basin and Range province?
stratified drift
Which of the following is a depositional landform created by glaciation?
alluvial fan
A characteristic cone-shaped depositional feature in the desert that usually forms at the mouth of a canyon is known as a(n)
cirque glacier
A glacier that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess is called a
False
A paternoster lake is a singular lake filling a small cirque basin behind risers of rock material (T/F)?
horn
A pyramidal peak formed by abrasion is __________.
an esker
A stream flowing under a continental glacier can produce a feature called ___________
cirque
A tarn is a lake in a
an ice cap
Alpine glaciers include all of the following except
77 %
Approximately what percentage of the world's freshwater is frozen?
rugged and hard-edged; lack of chemical weathering
Desert landscapes tend to be __________ in appearance because of the __________.
fjords
Drowned glacial valleys are known as
till plains; downstream
Drumlins are formed in __________, and their tapered ends point __________
inverted spoons; in swarms
Drumlins look like __________ and they occur __________
The river water was originally allocated during an exceptionally wet period
Which of the following is an issue facing Colorado River water users?
26 percent, and as much as 35 percent if all semiarid climates are considered
Dry, arid climates occupy approximately what percentage of Earth's land surface?
True
During the Pleistocene ice age, many areas of the southwestern United States were covered by large lakes (T/F)?
True
During the height of the Pleistocene ice age, the glaciers extended as far south as the Ohio and Missouri river systems (T/F)?
increases
Erosion by alpine glaciers __________ the ruggedness of the landscape.
a mountain range that was sculpted by alpine glaciers
Horns and cirques are typical features in
Which of the following is correct regarding the snowline?
It decreases in elevation with increasing latitude
erratics
Louis Agassiz developed a theory to explain the presence of boulders that differ in composition and origin from the ground on which they rest. He regarded these glacially deposited forms as
high; of evaporation of water containing dissolved salts
Playas are likely to contain __________ concentrations of salt because __________.
widely spaced
Small sized sand that is blown in a strong wind will produce ripples that are
What factor contributes to the angular nature of arid landforms?
Soil in deserts is thin or absent.
yardang formed by abrasion
Some think the Sphinx in Egypt was initially a ______________.
glacial drift
The general term for all glacial deposits is
till plain; outwash plain
The material deposited behind a terminal moraine (i.e., the side on which the ice was located) forms a(n) __________, whereas that deposited in front of the terminal moraine forms a(n) __________.
unsorted
The material in a glacial moraine is
it was deposited by glacial meltwater
The presence of stratified, or sorted, glacial sediment indicates that
the equatorial low-pressure region and the ITCZ
The spatial distribution of Earth's dry regions are attributable to all of the following factors except
seasonally thaws
The surface layer of permafrost _________.
Tarn
________ is a lake in the bottom of a cirque
Outwash fan
_________is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier
A drumlin
a continental depositional feature
Horn
a mountain that has been eroded on all sides by alpine glaciers, so that it has been steepened to a pyramid-shaped peak
Erratics
a rock fragment that has been transported by a glacier, eroded and smoothed during transportation, and then deposited in an area where that material is not surface bedrock
Roches moutonnées form as a result of
abrasion on the stoss side and ice plucking on the lee side of a rocky outcrop
Kettle holes are formed by
ice that melts after having been buried by glacial sediments
Drumlin
it is a hill shaped like an inverted spoon without the handle. It forms when the glacier deposits unsorted glacial material underneath the ice and then drags the till a short distance
Erratics are
rocks that are not native to an area.
Till plains refer to
unsorted coarse deposits characterized by low, rolling relie