GEOG101 Final Review

If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of

* friction. * the cohesion of particles to each other. * inertial resistance of the material.

Stream drainage patterns are determined by what?

* slope *differing rock resistance *climatic and hydrologic variability

The Appalachians formed as a result of the

Alleghany orogeny

Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?

Amazon River

Which of the following is not necessary for well-developed karst to develop?

Arid conditions

Which of the following is not true of the Pleistocene ice sheets in North America?

At their maximum, they extended only to the present-day Canadian border.

John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers to

Both an imagined surface that extends inland from sea level, and is inclined gently upward and a level below which a stream cannot erode its valleyare correct.

Scientists feel they have identified all the major faults underlying the Los Angeles region.

False

The bulk of ice on Earth is sitting in

Greenland and Antarctica.

In reality, a landscape behaves as

In reality, a landscape behaves as

what is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers?

It is concave in shape.

Which of the following is true of the length (as measured in kilometers) of a degree of latitude?

It is constant at all latitudes.

The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is a discontinuity known as the

Moho.

Which of the following was not suggested by William Morris Davis in his model of landscape evolution?

Slope angles and divides become steeper through time.

Which of the following is true of glacial movement?

The internal flow just below the surface is greater than the basal flow.

Which of the following is incorrect relative to the principal locations of volcanic activity?

They occur around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean basin.

A Latitude is the angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth and it describes a parallel line on the surface.

True

Mass wasting occurs when gravity overcomes friction.

True

The Hawaiian Islands are near one end of a hot-spot track that stretches to Alaska.

True

The San Andreas fault in California and the North Anatolian fault in Turkey are both right-lateral, strike-slip faults.

True

The construction of levees can actually increase the risk of a catastrophic flood.

True

he Sierra Nevada and Grand Tetons are examples of tilted-fault block mountain systems.

True

Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic ________-shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic ________-shape.

V; U

The major impact of earthquake prediction on a region would be

a decline in business activity and damage to the local economy.

A visible snowline across the surface of a glacier is called

a firn line

A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating shelf-like in the sea adjacent to land is

a glacier

Earth's equator is an example of

a great circle.

A pyramidal peak formed in glaciated mountains is

a horn

Horns and cirques are typical features of

a mountain range that was sculpted by alpine glaciers.

If you wanted to build a structure along a river-especially one that flows through unconsolidated sediments - you should build the structure ________ to maximize its lifetime.

above the point bar

Glacial polish results from

abrasion

The general term for clay, silt, and sand deposited by running water is

alluvium.

Alpine glaciers include all of the following except

an ice cap

If you have ever played on a beach and made a sand castle, you used wet sand rather than dry sand. You did this because the ________ of wet sand is greater than that of dry sand.

angle of repose and cohisiveness

Lava plateaus, such as the Columbia River Plateau, are formed from ________ magma, which has a ________ viscosity.

basaltic; low

The degradation of a landscape by weathering, erosion, and transportation has an ultimate "goal" of reducing the landscape down to

base level, namely sea level.

What is not exogenic in nature?

batholith formation

The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried as

bed load.

Karst topography is formed primarily by

carbonic acid solution.

A tarn is a lake in a

cirque

Explosive eruptions tend to build up

composite volcanoes

A meandering stream is one that is

delicately balanced between equilibrium and chaos.

The presence of till indicates

direct deposition by a glacier

All earthquakes rated using the revised Richter moment magnitude scale have been rated higher than those rated on the original Richter scale.

false

T OR F Rivers make excellent political boundaries since they are clearly defined landform features.

false

now that has a compact, granular structure is known as

firn

Rectangular drainage patterns form as a result of ________.

flow through a faulted landscape

Stream-related processes are termed

fluvial

The motion of seismic waves is initiated in a subsurface location along the fault plane called the

focus

The downstream portion of a river

generally is of higher velocity, although it is masked by reduced turbulence.

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is

generally more complex in content and structure.

Conflicting forces work to establish an optimum incline on a slope. When any of these conditions are disturbed or altered, the materials on the slope reach a

geomorphic threshold, or change point.

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures.

In terms of areal extent, which of the following sequences is in order from most to least area covered?

ice sheet, ice cap, ice field

The principles of buoyancy and balance, when applied to Earth's crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in Earth's outer crust, a property known as

isostasy.

The average size of sediment in a natural levee is ________ that found in the surrounding floodplain.

larger than

The mineral crystals in a sill would be ________ those in a lava flow.

larger than

Which of the following is not a depositional feature formed by, or in association with, a continental glacier?

lateral moraine

A Relative to the fundamental themes of geography proposed by the Association of American Geographers, latitude and longitude refer to

location

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top?

lower mantle; upper mantle, aesthenosphere

Effusive eruptions are not related to which of the following?

magma with a 50-75 percent silica content, high in aluminum

Marble is a familiar example of which type of rock?

metamorphic

Approximately 90 percent of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the

outer core

The oblateness of the earth occurs at the

poles

Uplift of the landscape creates ________ energy which is converted to ________ energy when materials begin to move downslope.

potential; kinetic

Which of the following is the fuel for continental drift and plate tectonics?

radioactive decay

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

radioactive decay heat - exogenic energy source

The magma that fuels and produces the volcanic activity around the Pacific Ring of Fire is derived from the

rise of material that was melted in subduction zones along the Pacific margins.

Three types of rock-forming processes compose the

rock cycle.

Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as

scarification.

Limestone is an example of which type of rock-forming process?

sedimentary

If you were driving down the highway and saw mountains composed of layered strata, you could be confident that you were looking at

sedimentary rocks.

Stream transport involves all of the following except

sheet flow.

f you were paranoid of earthquakes, which of the following areas would be the safest to live?

shield

Because of the processes responsible for the formation of the Himalayan Mountains, the crust in this region of the world has been

shortened and folded.

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as

sinkholes

Pluvial lakes formed in the ________ as a result of ________.

southwestern U.S.; a wetter climate and/or a climate characterized by lower evaporation rates

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the

tectonic cycle

Crevasses usually form as a result of

tensional forces.

Latitude is

the angular distance measured north or south of the equator.

An example of chemical weathering is

the limestone formations of Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico.

The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on

three specific rock-forming processes, i.e., the manner in which they formed.

The Grand Tetons best represent a

tilted fault block.

Iron oxidation produces red stains on rocks.

true

T OF F The increased velocity downstream in the Mississippi River is masked by its reduced turbulence.

true

Which of the following best describes the current emphasis in the field of physical geography?

understanding how Earth's systems interact to produce natural phenomena

Which of the following most accurately characterizes the goal of geography?

understanding why a place has the characteristics that it does

Composite cones have steep slopes and experience ________ eruptions because they are composed of ________ magma.

violent; felsic

Which of the following is endogenic in nature?

volcanism

Which of the following are located along the midocean ridges?

volcanoes

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is

water

Hydrolysis involves

water chemically combining with minerals.

what are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Which of the following is exogenic in nature?

weathering

Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature?

weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

What supports the continental drift concept?

*magnetic field patterns preserved in the rocks plant and animal fossil records * radioactive decay dating of rocks on either side of a spreading center

A map scale of 1:24,000 means that

*one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground. *one centimeter on the map equals 24,000 centimeters on the ground. * one foot on the map equals 24,000 feet on the earth.

The scientific method is described by which of the following?

*the application of common sense *a relation to procedures developed by Sir Isaac Newton * the development of hypotheses for testing and prediction

Approximately what percentage of the world's freshwater is frozen?

77 percent

On average, how often would you expect an earthquake of between Richter 5.0-5.9 and Mercalli V-VII to occur?

800 times a year