GEOGRAPHY 345 EXAM 2: CH. 4 SUSTAINABLE COMMONS CARBON

Through the work of Elinor Ostrom, she found what?

she found that sustainable commons have common management strategies.

Provide an example of Prisoner's Dilemma

- 2 ppl charged w/ a crime. best evidence police have would be the testimony of 1 of the burgarly against the other - both suspects are told if they testify against the other person they will go free or have a reduced sentence.. - as a result, they both act in service of the police & rat each other - bad mutual decision & outcome bad for both suspects - problem stems that each knows that the other might rat him out

What is the incentive for one country to reduce their emissions and possibly reduce economic output if others do not reduce their emissions?

- The benefits in carbon reductions would be enjoyed by all but only paid for by the countries that reduce their emissions. - so other countries are free-riding

Why has it been difficult to get global agreements like the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement to work?

- There is no way to enforce the carbon reduction because the atmosphere is a common resource.

NASA VIDEO: What factors are causing carbon emissions?

- about 1/2 of the CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion remains in the air, while the other 1/2 is absorbed by natural land and ocean reservoirs

WHY ARE GLOBAL CARBON EMISSIONS HARD TO CONTROL?

- carbon doesn't stay put - w/ every combustion event (driving a car,burning a log) the carbon that is released finds its way into the air.. - carbon released in one country = burden onto other countries - carbon released into the air has a faster rate than it returns back to the rocks of the Earth's crust

NASA VIDEO: Why are global carmbon emissions so hard to control?

- carbon is everywhere and in constant flow - w/ every combustion event (driving a car, burning a log) the carbon that is released finds its way into the air - carbon is released in the air at a faster rate than it can naturally return back to the rocks in the Earth's crust.

NASA VIDEO: What is the season variability of carbon emissions?

- during spring and summer in the Northern Hemisphere: plants absorbed a substantial amount of CO2 through photosynthesis thus removing some of the gas from the air - In the Southern Hemisphere here we see the release of another pollutant - carbon monoxide (harmful to plants & plants) - as summer transitions to fall: plant photosynthesis decreases, CO2 begins to accumulate in the air.. which means higher concentrations of CO2 accumulation in the air each yr.

Hardin argues that since people will always act in self-interested ways, there are only two ways to prevent the tragedy of the commons. BOTH INVOLVE WHAT?

- enclosing the commons

We must remember that reducing carbon is not _________ because our modern industrial economies are based on ______ _________ use which produces what & what does this lead to?

- free - fossil fuel - a lot of the carbon emissions that are leading to climate change

Hardin's theory in use: Nature is often seen as a difficult-to-enclose commons, where __________________ is easy and there is ______________to behave in self-interested ways.

- free-riding - incentive

greatest challenge in managing irrigation:

- getting water to food plants

Cooperative behavior is achieved through the ability to _________

- negotiate

what is a barrier to institutional formation & collective action? & provide an example

- not all users have equal access.. ex: gender many places ownership is patriarchal meaning women can't own or at least not inherit property

neo-instutionalists don't deny Hardin's tragedy but point to conditions where commons are what? explain?

- not free but instead governed by rules that encourage cooperation

Uneven power relationships make it impossible for some to: & provide an example

- own property - make decisions - negotiate rules or sanctions ex: common property management regimes in village India: difficult.. traditional decision-making bodies (panchayatas) = dominated by men from elite families or castes the bodies: illegitimate not the ppl who use the resource. the women & marginal groups tend cattle & should be included in the decision-making body

fields held: _______ but irrigation water managed: ________

- privately - collectively

Discuss the successful common management points through the context of fisheries

1. Boundaries - ex: fishery - should be a specific territory or popul. of fish rather than a nebulous/ unclear area - can't be open to anyone w/ a boat - fishers who have rights to use the fishery by necessity must be specified 2. Proportionality - cost accrued in managing should be in line w/ benefits - ppl who bear the costs of organizing/ monitoring fishery should enjoy or have a higher access rights than those who don't - should be some form of compensation for nay investment in equipment or labor that members of the commons commit to the group 3. Collective Action - arrangements need to be inn place sot hat specific rules for managing the resource are made by the users themselves - modified through: deliberative group form - fishers - can set limits for fishing together 4. Monitoring - monitoring import.. need to know ppl's behavior and uses so that the status of the resource itself is checked i order to allow for adjustments - system of implementation: decided collectively - fishery: reliable census of fish stocks 5. Sanctions - must be imposed on violators but should be graduated meaning the system should encourage voluntary compliance w/ rules - low punishments for first offenders - coercion = last resort - fishery: fishers should monitor one another & comply w/ rules voluntarily - fishers found in violation if a limit on the amount of fish they take.. (encourage to return to compliance w/o undue, or expulsion) 6. Conflict resolution -fishery: low-cost way to workout grievances w/o calling higher-order authorities - mediation system = an outside 3rd party 7. Autonomy - measure of autonomy from higher or non-local authorities

- Successful commons management includes: (7)

1. Boundaries 2. Proportionality 3. Collective Action 4. Monitoring 5. Sanctions 6. Conflict Resolution 7. Autonomy

What were the two types of enclosing of the commons

1. coercion - the state controls the commons, rules are enforced tyrannically 2. privatization - only the private owner will be hurt by bad decisions, and each person will have incentives to maintain their property sustainably.

What are common property solutions designed to problems of over-hunting?

1. excluding some potential outside users 2. establishing rules and limits - limit on # of hunters and hunting license given each yr. - licenses given to residents of the state 3. reviewing and overseeing these rules through consultation w/ resource users themselves - Montana hunters themselves

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states what? (4 things)

1. global temps are rising 2. sea-level rise is expected 3. water availability may be hindered 4. extreme weather events are likely to become more common and severe

what are the 3 major parts with the idea that - "this carbon-reduced product is expensive which makes it to not be competitive on a global market"

1. the "carbon-reduced" product must compete against products where carbon reductions have not been imposed 2. U.S. fears that if they do "carbon-reduction" products they will no longer be competitive 3. benefits: would be experienced by all countries, but must be paid for individual countries.

In the context of the story you just read about the Amazon rainforest as the common resource please explain - What are the issues associated with the rainforest as a "tragedy of the commons" story? How would Hardin recommend managing the commons? - Discuss the people making a living off of the forest who do not own property, or have the power to make decisions, or negotiate rules or regulations. How can the common resources be managed then? - Discuss recommendations to manage the Amazon rainforest based on the characteristics of sustainable institutions

ANSWER ON THE COMMONS ASSIGN.

Two examples of sustainably managing the commons are what?

Maine lobster fisheries and Irrigation systems in the Philippines

Define game theory

a form of applied math used to model and predict ppl's behavior in strategic situations where people's choices are predicted on predicting the behavior of others

Define Prisoner's Dilemma

a game-theoretical situation in which multiple individuals making decisions in pursuit of their own interests tend to create collective outcomes that are not desirable for everyone

cooperation = _______________ but what exists & happen s

best outcome - but an incentive exists to gtake a "free ride' and let other do the work while we do not

wildlife is considered a kind of

common

forms of property that function through rules but not in the form of exclusive private ownership rights is what type of property?

common property

common property =

cooperative rights

Institutions include both what?

formal laws & social norms

The situation of global carbon reduction is an example of what?

free-riders; where one person, group, or country follows the rules or pays the cost while everyone else experiences the benefits.

Define common property

includes some form of group ownership, so that it is neither open to everyone in the world nor necessarily held exclusively by an individual

The tragedy of the commons are widely accepted, most natural commons are managed collectively through ___________ instead of through coercion or privatization

institutions

Absence of rules +

lead to tragic outcomes

- Countries can agree to set mutual restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions and sanctions for violators. What are examples?

like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement

"The Tragedy of the Commons" links what to what through what?

links the environment to society through the commons

Define Institutions

rules and norms governing collective action, espc. referring to rules governing common property environmental resources like: rivers, oceans, or air

Define "tragedy"

shared one thing: a need to explain how rules and norms were able to constrain behavior and achieve cooperative

A "carbon-reduced" product (car, computer) may be more difficult to produce than its "status quo" counterpart, why?

this "carbon-reduced" product is expensive which makes it to not be competitive on a global market

Property does not necessarily have to be owned exclusively. TRUE OR FALSE

true

NASA VIDEO: What is the global distribution of carbon emissions?

- Emissions can be transported by winds to other parts of the world - the dispersion of CO2 is controlled by the large-scale weather patterns w/in the global circulation - Northern Hemispheres: highest concentrations are focused around major emission sources over North America, Europe, and Asia

So environmental problems are frequently addressed using what?

- strict regulations or privatization.

WHAT IS THE BIGGEST COMMONS:

global climate

'Tragedy of the commons" written by who?

- Garrett Hardin

What is the center problem with global agreements on climate change?

- However, deciding on the restrictions and enforcing the sanctions have proven difficult, but the framework has been established in those agreements for collective management of a common atmosphere. - no real "world gov.t" to enforce global agreements after all

Crux of the problem in game theory?

- anticipating what the other player might choose to do

The earth's atmosphere is like _______ ___________ shared by who & what happens

- shared by each country, and incentives for free-riding are high.

don't work together to flush the system = & leads to what

- water salty - leading to the loss of crops of all farmers

Sustainable Institutions and the Commons written by who?

Elinor Ostrom

In the U.S. herds of elk were in a serious what a century ago?

decline