geography exam 3 study guide

Orogenesis refers to

a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust

According to the film, sinkholes occur

all over the world

Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called

alluvial fans

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest (i.e. the upper fold) form

an anticline

The plastic layer in the mantle from about 70 to 250 km (43 to 155 mi) in depth is known as the

asthenosphere

Large, basin-shaped depressions that form when summit materials on a volcanic mountain collapse inward after an eruption or loss of magma are known as

calderas

According to the film, human activity

can accelerate and/or trigger sinkholes

Sedimentary rock formed from dissolved minerals that precipitate out of water solution and build up to form rock are

chemical

Sedimentary rock formed from the combined processes of weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, lithication, and compaction of rock fragment of other rocks are

clastic

According to the film, the soil sitting above an eroded/hollow space in the bedrock impacts how fast a sinkhole will appear. Which type of soil would eventually cause a very sudden sinkhole if it was sitting over a hollow/eroded space underneath?

clay

Explosive eruptions tend to build up

composite volcanoes

The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a

continental shield, or craton

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center?

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

All process that causes reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term

denudation

The fact that Earth's interior is sorted into layers indicates that

earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density

The uplift of mountains is caused by

endogenic processes

The areas at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the

epicenter

According to the film, underwater cave diving is a relatively safe recreational pastime/

false

Which of the following states does the video say is particularly vulnerable to sinkholes?

florida

Strain, the amount of deformation undergone by an object, is expressed in rocks by

folding or faulting

The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of

frost wedging

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is

geomorphology

The subfield of geography and geology concerned with the study of the origins, evolutions, form, and spatial distribution of Earth's landforms is

geomorphology

______________ are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries.

hot spots

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process?

hydrolysis

The majority of Earth's crust is composed of _____________ rock.

igneous

What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material?

igneous

Acid rain would ____________ the erosion of limestone.

increase

Knowledge of Earth's interior is mostly derived from

indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

A batholith forms from

intrusive igneous rock

According to the film, how does agriculture help cause sinkholes?

irrigation can take too much water out of aquifers and cause sinking

An effusive eruption ________, whereas an explosive eruption ________.

is an outpouring of low-viscosity magma onto the ground; is a violent explosion of magma, gas, and pyroclastics

Which of the following is not correct regarding the metamorphism process?

it involves melting of the original rock

Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming

karst topography

Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor surface drainage, and well developed solutions channels are known as

karst topography

The sudden rapid movement of an unsaturated cohesive mass of regolith of bedrock is a

landslide

On average, the thickness of oceanic crust is _____________ that of continental crust

less than

Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface is known as ____________ whereas molten rock on the Earth's surface is called ____________.

magma; lava

The weathering of limestones can create circular depression known as

sinkholes

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called

soil creep

Which of the following are examples of dripstones?

stalactites, stalagmites, and columns are all examples of dripstones

Which of the following is an exogenic process?

weathering

Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature?

weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

Along ________, new ocean floor is formed by upwelling flows of magma, whereas along ________, old oceanic crust is destroyed.

mid-ocean ridges; subduction zones

The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is a discontinuity known as the

moho

Which of the following is an example of the first order of relief?

north america plate

What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here?

ocean plate-continental plate collision

Rust, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water, is an example of

oxidation

Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes.

physical

When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operations is

physical weathering

____________ is the theory that describes the motion of the Earth's lithosphere.

plate tectonics

When the upper surface of consolidated rock undergoes constant weathering, it creates broken-up rock called

regolith

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as

relief

An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a

rock

The continuous alteration of Earth materials from one rock type to another is known as the

rock cycle

Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as

scarification

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of

sea-floor spreading centers

A gently sloping mountain landform built form effusive eruption is known as a

shield volcano

Which of the following is not exogenic in nature?

tectonic uplift

Which of the following is not used to rate an earthquake on the moment magnitude scale?

the amount of death and destruction that occurred

Which of the following is an example of a second order of relief?

the canadian and american rockies

Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not correct?

the inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid

An earthquake is best described as

the sharp release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves

Which of the following is correct regarding continental drift?

the term "continental drift" is now called plate tectonics

Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because

they supply organic acids that enhance the dissolution process

The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on

three specific rock-forming process; i.e., they manner in which they formed

The general term for the undulations and other variations in the shape of the Earth's surface is called

topography

The principle that the same physical processes currently active in the environment were operating throughout Earth's history is known as

uniformitarianism

Which of the following is an endogenic process?

volcanism