geography exam 3 study guide
Orogenesis refers to
a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust
According to the film, sinkholes occur
all over the world
Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called
alluvial fans
At which of the following locations does subduction occur?
along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest (i.e. the upper fold) form
an anticline
The plastic layer in the mantle from about 70 to 250 km (43 to 155 mi) in depth is known as the
asthenosphere
Large, basin-shaped depressions that form when summit materials on a volcanic mountain collapse inward after an eruption or loss of magma are known as
calderas
According to the film, human activity
can accelerate and/or trigger sinkholes
Sedimentary rock formed from dissolved minerals that precipitate out of water solution and build up to form rock are
chemical
Sedimentary rock formed from the combined processes of weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, lithication, and compaction of rock fragment of other rocks are
clastic
According to the film, the soil sitting above an eroded/hollow space in the bedrock impacts how fast a sinkhole will appear. Which type of soil would eventually cause a very sudden sinkhole if it was sitting over a hollow/eroded space underneath?
clay
Explosive eruptions tend to build up
composite volcanoes
The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a
continental shield, or craton
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center?
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
All process that causes reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term
denudation
The fact that Earth's interior is sorted into layers indicates that
earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density
The uplift of mountains is caused by
endogenic processes
The areas at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the
epicenter
According to the film, underwater cave diving is a relatively safe recreational pastime/
false
Which of the following states does the video say is particularly vulnerable to sinkholes?
florida
Strain, the amount of deformation undergone by an object, is expressed in rocks by
folding or faulting
The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of
frost wedging
The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is
geomorphology
The subfield of geography and geology concerned with the study of the origins, evolutions, form, and spatial distribution of Earth's landforms is
geomorphology
______________ are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries.
hot spots
Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process?
hydrolysis
The majority of Earth's crust is composed of _____________ rock.
igneous
What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material?
igneous
Acid rain would ____________ the erosion of limestone.
increase
Knowledge of Earth's interior is mostly derived from
indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves
A batholith forms from
intrusive igneous rock
According to the film, how does agriculture help cause sinkholes?
irrigation can take too much water out of aquifers and cause sinking
An effusive eruption ________, whereas an explosive eruption ________.
is an outpouring of low-viscosity magma onto the ground; is a violent explosion of magma, gas, and pyroclastics
Which of the following is not correct regarding the metamorphism process?
it involves melting of the original rock
Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming
karst topography
Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor surface drainage, and well developed solutions channels are known as
karst topography
The sudden rapid movement of an unsaturated cohesive mass of regolith of bedrock is a
landslide
On average, the thickness of oceanic crust is _____________ that of continental crust
less than
Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface is known as ____________ whereas molten rock on the Earth's surface is called ____________.
magma; lava
The weathering of limestones can create circular depression known as
sinkholes
A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called
soil creep
Which of the following are examples of dripstones?
stalactites, stalagmites, and columns are all examples of dripstones
Which of the following is an exogenic process?
weathering
Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature?
weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
Along ________, new ocean floor is formed by upwelling flows of magma, whereas along ________, old oceanic crust is destroyed.
mid-ocean ridges; subduction zones
The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is a discontinuity known as the
moho
Which of the following is an example of the first order of relief?
north america plate
What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here?
ocean plate-continental plate collision
Rust, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water, is an example of
oxidation
Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes.
physical
When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operations is
physical weathering
____________ is the theory that describes the motion of the Earth's lithosphere.
plate tectonics
When the upper surface of consolidated rock undergoes constant weathering, it creates broken-up rock called
regolith
Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as
relief
An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a
rock
The continuous alteration of Earth materials from one rock type to another is known as the
rock cycle
Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as
scarification
Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of
sea-floor spreading centers
A gently sloping mountain landform built form effusive eruption is known as a
shield volcano
Which of the following is not exogenic in nature?
tectonic uplift
Which of the following is not used to rate an earthquake on the moment magnitude scale?
the amount of death and destruction that occurred
Which of the following is an example of a second order of relief?
the canadian and american rockies
Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not correct?
the inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid
An earthquake is best described as
the sharp release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves
Which of the following is correct regarding continental drift?
the term "continental drift" is now called plate tectonics
Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because
they supply organic acids that enhance the dissolution process
The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on
three specific rock-forming process; i.e., they manner in which they formed
The general term for the undulations and other variations in the shape of the Earth's surface is called
topography
The principle that the same physical processes currently active in the environment were operating throughout Earth's history is known as
uniformitarianism
Which of the following is an endogenic process?
volcanism