uppp102 final

The LA Riots were a RIOT OF...

COLOR

Explain Gatreaux court case

Case decided racially-segregated housing is unconstitutional because public policy/authority was clearly being used to promote segregation, CHA ordered "moving to opportunity" vouchers be given out

T/F real estate tends to DIMINISH in good neighborhoods (white) and African Americans were included

FALSE, grew in value and AA were excluded

What happened in Ferguson, MO? How does this show the underlying larger structure of disadvantage and inequality?

Ferguson, MO: Michael Brown, unarmed 18 y/o, had an altercation with a police offer, was shot 12 times and killed Underlying structure: police force was mostly white, intentional racial profiling, got away with killing this innocent boy

Who is responsible for implementing Florida's ideas? What about Rothstein's ideas?

Florida: give power to cities Rothstein: US, the people

What are the theories of employment discrimination ?

Gary Becker, split market, Marxist

Describe Gary Becker theory of employment discrimination

Individuals have a "taste" for discrimination and for their own kind... says effects of discrimination should wear out over time especially because it effects economy

Although the Federal Interstate Highway Act of 1956 displaced AA living in slums/blighted areas to build highways, what did it NOT do (that it was technically supposed to do)??

It did not assist those who residences were being destroyed, the gov't objected because it would "run up costs"

How is social mobility structured by the legacy of de jure discrimination ?

Let's say an AA suffered from a lack of social mobility a long time ago because of policies and de jure discrimination. They will pass that inability of social mobility to their children and so forth and none of them will have high chances @ social mobility even if times are different

What are the three theories/reasons of why we have urban violence?

Relative Deprivation, Primary Group Breakdown, Social Communication

Explain what started the LA Riots?

Rodney King, AA male, was beaten badly by 4 police officers, police officers were all let off by an all white jury

Explain the Primary Group Breakdown urban violence theory

Rural immigrants move to big cities, feel lost/isolated, lose their touch to their roots, feel disorientated, more likely to participate in radical movements against oppressive state

single family dwellings vs. multifamily dwellings

SFD: typical houses with yards and fences and a drive way MFD: apartments

How has public housing (owned and operated by government) influenced the de jure segregation of African-Americans in urban areas?

Under New Deal: housing was built for those not in work defense (separate housing for blacks, segregated by race, exclude blacks entirely) Neighborhood Composition rule: public housing should mirror racial make-up of neighborhood AKA reinforced segregated patterns 1949 Housing Act: build public housing in all central cities, but took out amendment that promoted integration so it could be passed

What was the Federal urban renewal program (1949 and 1954) and what effect did it have on AA central city neighborhoods

Urban renewal program: build highways where blighted/slum areas were, goal was to eliminate these areas , "suitable highway routes" effect: destroyed a ton of low-income housing units, displaced AA, forced them to relocate

Explain the Sampson and Wilson article (race and violence)

We do not need to focus on reactive approaches to violence in inner cities, but more on social policies that focus on PREVENTION

Explain the Relative Deprivation urban violence theory

When people move into the city and see the bright lights/wealth and compare their deprivation to what they see, deprivation increases and causes radical political activity/violence

Poverty concentration—whites vs. African-Americans

a poor black family is much more likely to be surrounded by other poor black people than a poor white family is to be surrounded by other poor white people ("double burden of poverty"), poverty among blacks os more concentrated/isolating than poverty among whites, reflects spatial organization of poverty (designed communities to pen poverty in, restricting poor blacks to limited number of neighborhoods)

AA have lower rates of __________, and higher rates of _________ and __________

average income unemployment poverty

What is blockbusting? Who is the active agent? How does it influence racial segregation of urban areas?

blockbusting: bought homes in borderline black/white areas, sold them to AA, scared the white people with "negro invasion", white families left, sold their houses for super cheap, realtors sold houses to AA for a lot of $$ Active agent: realtors **promoted racial segregation, kept blacks together and convinced white to flee and live with other white people

What is "myth" de facto segregation

claims that since 1968 things are fine and that segregation isn't a thing anymore because its not being created by the gov't

Florida identifies clustering as an important underlying motor of capitalist development. What is clustering and how is it related to winner-take-all urbanism?

clustering: when economically productive businesses tend to be close to each other (cluster together) and clusters their wealth with them -this group continues to move forward as it attracts the wealthiest and most talented people/companies, while others struggle and fall behind

suburban cities outside central cities have historically been homogenous and well off. How has that changed over the recent decades and why?

considerable areas of disadvantage in suburbs, low income, immigrants, hidden poverty, infrastructure and safety nets are not up to date, suburbs have grown tremendously as "winner takes all" urbanism displaces people out of central cities

What is needed to reverse African American de jure segregation?

constitutional remedies: laws need to be enacted to reverse affects

Shelley vs. Kraemer (racial covenants)

court case that argued that racial covenants were enforceable through gov't action (ex: evictions) -this violated the 14th amendment and the court declared racial covenants to be illegal and unconstitutional

What is de jure segregation and how is it different than de facto segregation? (Color of Law)

de jure segregation: segregation by law and public policy de facto segregation: naturally occurring segregation (occurs through personal choices, private practices

"Culture of poverty" and why it this term controversial?

do people stay poor because of their lifestyle/habits or because society keeps them there? claims: inherent characteristics of the poor are to blame for inequality, certain behaviors are passed down, poverty-stricken neighborhoods were created naturally, blames victim

what is income segregation

driven by the location of the most advantaged, the wealthy are able to occupy their location of choosing and wall off the less advantaged

What is the essence of the "urban contradiction" described in New Urban Crisis?

economic success is now driven by urban, knowledge-based economies and success is concentrated in certain cities and areas. People who do not make as much money find themselves farther from these booming areas and into areas of poverty. This process is creating clusters of division and inequality.

True or False: The FHA disliked anything that separated white areas from black areas (ex: railroads, rivers...)

false, THEY LOVED IT

Are our two authors-- Florida and Rothstein-- examining urban inequality using the same analytical lens? How are they similar? How are they different?

florida: economic, public policy rothstein: race race race

A study by the U.S Census Bureau examined the economic and social outcomes of 20 million individuals born between 1978 and 1983. What was the major finding from this massive study?

found neighborhood characteristics (schools, jobs, poverty, transportation, segregation) has greatest effect on upward mobility for children -emphasizes environmental/neighborhood influence -NOT ABOut the individual, about what surrounds them

Functionalist (who's the burden on) versus conflict theory (who's the culprit) of income inequality

functionalist theory: explains WHY we have inequality, says inequality is good and serves a purpose in society, need incentives for lower class people to want to move up (burden: lower class to perform better) conflict theory: explains WHY we have inequality, claims inequality is not necessary in society, only serves purpose to upper class, keeps dominant class dominant (culprit: dominant group)

Difference between income inequality and wealth inequality. Which is larger between whites and African-Americans?

income: what you earn annually wealth: what you accumulate over time (consists of income, real estate, bonds...) whites have larger income and wealth than blacks, but the gap is larger in overall wealth

Inequality between cities vs. inequality within cities.

inequality between cities: winner takes all urbanism, we see these superstar cities growing in technology, high-value industries, and talent while other cities are loosing their "economic footing"... the gap between these two is GROWING inequality within cities: winner cities are seeing a growth in unaffordable housing prices, driving out those who can't afford it (while also losing economic opportunities). The inequality between those who can afford and those who can't is growing

define a polarized city

it is embedded with deep conflict (by at least 2 groups) that are fighting for control/sovereignty

How is white violence towards AA wanting to live in white neighborhoods "state sanctioned"?

it was considered state approved because the police/gov't looked the other way and allowed it to happen, they didn't stop it whatsoever, tolerated vandalism/arsen/other violent acts

Describe Split Labor Market theory of employment discrimination

it's not the employer's, but the people that work who create the problem, white vs. black, whites have always wanted "protection" from blacks in workforce, were able to exclude blacks from labor unions/jobs !!white people are the culprit!!

In the Los Angeles riot of April 1992, what was the influence of the evolving spatial residential and retail patterns in the south-central and Wilshire districts?

large latino immigration into LA (changed racial composition, psychological tension between latinos and AA), Asian Americans operated a lot of shops/stores (AA felt that asian were taking $$ out of their cities, resentment from blacks towards asians)

A study reported in the New York Times examined the differential educational experiences of individuals growing up in Charlottesville, Virginia. What was the major finding from this study?

major finding: school board members have often pushed aside findings of racial inequalities in Charlottesville schools *a school system that segregates students from the time they start will steer them in the wrong direction

Index of dissimilarity—what is it and how do we interpret it?

measures how people of different racial groups are integrated or spread out in neighborhoods on a scale of 0-1 *0-no segregation, 1- complete segregation *compare the proportion percentages of each racial group in the metropolitan area to each census tract of that big area

explain nationalism, territoriality, and political sovereignty

nationalism: strong identification of a group of people with a political entity in national terms (ex: american nationalism, we are #1) territoriality: attempt to politically control a geographic area political sovereignty: groups fighting for control politically

Brown vs. Board of Education—importance and effect on residential segregation.

no longer allowed segregation in k-12, people found a way around it "if we can't segregate schools, we can segregate neighborhoods", white families started zoning to create predominantly white schools residential segregation: whites will flee if neighborhood is too integrated, blockbusting (realtors put fear of "negro invasion" into white neighborhoods),

What is the patchwork metropolis and how is it different than traditional models of urban growth and inequality? (Florida chapter 7)

patchwork metropolis: the idea that a metropolitan landscape is split into areas of tightly clustered zones of concentrated advantage with even larger groups of clustered disadvantaged that crisscross cities/suburbs -different from traditional models, are more complex, class divides both center and suburbs

How do the attributes of suburbia cause disadvantage for the poor living there?

poverty is growing @ a fast rate, poor public transit, less developed social services

What are racial covenants and how were they used to facilitate African-American segregation of neighborhoods?

racial covenants: private agreements with private citizens, typically used to promote segregation (normal covenant: restriction put on title/deed of house) -by writing it into the deed, it guarantee no non-whites will live in the house (most direct way of maintaining segregation) -considered legal because no government involvement and no public policy

What is slum clearance and what effect did it have on AA central city neighborhoods

slum clearance: removal of slums to build another type of development or housing effect it had: reinforced racial segregation and impoverishment, which led to even more segregation

slums vs. megaslums

slum: consists of inadequate shelter, insecurity of tenure, lack of sanitation/sewers/water, overcrowded megaslums: belts of continuous slums, range from 1/2 million to 4 million people

what are the factors of residential segregation?

spatial-clustering, concentration, inequality

Does Florida want to support further economic/spatial clustering or does he want to spatially distribute economic development more widely?

spatially distribute economic more widely, create a middle class, empower cities/communities

What is the bigger sort? (Florida chapter 6)

the "big sort" is defined as American sorting themselves notably based on political beliefs/cultural preferences, but also socioeconomic class -rich and poor are occupying entirely different spaces and worlds -a big factor is the disappearing middle class -greater in denser metros with high-tech industries -still driven by wealthy clustering together

How did the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) home insurance program encourage and reinforce African-American segregation?

the FHA coached real estate agents on neighborhood characteristics that were "financially sound" -racial segregation was enforced in the granting/withdrawal of loans -people who wanted to live/lived in mixed and black areas were not given loans because these places were "unsustainable" while white neighborhoods were given loans

Define Marxist theory of employment discrimination

the employer does things to encourage discrimination, they are intentionally dividing the labor market/pinning races against each other !!employers are the culprit!!

describe income inequality

the gap between annual incomes, gap between richest and the rest

K-12 de jure school segregation has been illegal since Brown decision in 1954. Yet, 48 percent of African-American students in California (2013) attends a school which is 90-100 percent nonwhite. What explains this persistence of de facto public school segregation?

the lasting effects of de jure segregation persists today, although the laws were stopped, the trends (residential, zoning) continue

spatial clustering

the most important and innovative industries and the most talented and wealthy people are coming together in superstar cities, pushing the rest out or to be on their own

"Tipping point" and relation to residential segregation.

tipping point: 15-20% integration, fear of house prices dropping residential segregation: whites will flee if neighborhood is too integrated, blockbusting (realtors put fear of "negro invasion" into white neighborhoods)

what is urbanism for all?

to do certain things in the cluster to benefit MORE than just the wealthy (poor benefit too)

What was the goal of the FHA

to increase home ownership in the US

define urbanization without growth and how does it relate to slums?

when urbanization happens without much job/economic growth (population grows, but jobs aren't created to accommodate the growing pop.) -the result is slums and the growth of the "black market", people are doing anything to make ends meet in slums

Explain the Social Communication urban violence theory

when your able to communicate with people and compare your lifestyles, increases politicization which can lead to violence

Explain intergenerational transmission of advantage and disadvantage

where someone's ancestor (great grandfather, etc.) passed on either limited wealth or a bunch of wealth to the next generation and it continues to be passed on

Nationwide—know the percentage population within each of U.S. Census categories of race and ethnicity.

white- 76.5% black- 13.4% american indian- 1.3% Asian- 5.9% Pacific Islander- 0.2% 2+ races- 2.7% Hispanic- 18.3% White (no Lat/Hisp.)- 60.4%

What are the median household income nationwide for whites vs. African-Americans.

whites: $68,145 african americans: $40,258

How has zoning (local regulation of land uses) influenced the de jure segregation of African-Americans?

zoning: regulation of land use in terms of density -in the early 1900s is was explicitly racially segregated (white zoned areas and black zoned areas) -a court case tried to fight it but came up with the model zoning law (institutionalized ECONOMIC zoning) -also exclusionary zoning: allow SFD in white areas, not MFD -also the gov't intentionally sited noxious developments in black neighborhoods (environmental racism)

Chapter 6 (Florida) uncovers the relationship between economic inequality and spatial inequality (segregation). Know how they are separate concepts and also know how they are related.

"In America today, economic inequality is also spatial inequality: rich and poor increasingly occupy entirely different worlds and spaces" -areas high in economic inequality will be high in spatial inequality

The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Buchanan v. Warley (1917) overturned the racial zoning ordinance of Louisville, Kentucky. How did governments subsequently react to this decision in their zoning ordinances? (Rothstein chapter 3)

**overturned because it interfered with "freedom of contract" many southern states ignored the ruling and kept designating black and white zones and justified it with "maintaining black and white separation for the good of the city"

What "local tactics" are described that produce African-American segregation? (ch.8)

-condemn/rezone properties to prevent AA from living there -slum clearance (get rid of slums, build nicer things/highways) -located schools in certain areas to promote segregation

Name some suggestions/activities that allows urbanism for all to benefit everyone

-make rental housing more affordable -reduce land use regulation -less gov't regulation in areas

explain keep points of government siting of public schools to further school and residential segregation.

-placed only AA schools in neighborhoods with only AA, would not transport far away AA to these schools -AA families would have to move to AA only areas to have access to theses schools -schools for whites were closed if in areas for future AA school zoning and vice versa for AA schools in future white school zones (typically white schools were closed if in mixed areas)

In Rothstein's description of San Francisco, identify ways that government was involved in "imposing racial segregation where it had not previously taken root"?

-public housing for the growing population (housing was poorly constructed and placed, meant to be temporary for blacks, for whites it was located near work and better built) -housing authority and police pressed city recreation department to not allow integrated activities -approved bank loans for Rollingwood (700 home built forbidden from african americans) -units for blacks consisted of doubled up families and illegal sublets -denied moving to integrated East Palo Alto -was not following preexisting racial patterns

What is the relationship in a city or metropolitan area between the (1) size, density, and knowledge-intensity of its economy and (2) the extent of urban economic inequality? (Florida chapter 5)

-strong positive correlation between size/density/knowledge-intensity and urban economic inequality -economic segregation also seems to be higher in knowledge-based metros with high-tech industries (it's lower in places with more middle-class jobs and unionization)

When blacks purchased housing in a neighborhood that has been "block-busted", they typically paid inflated high prices for the housing. Why?

-study showed they were "willing to", they were desperate for housing -sold cheap, bought expensively so the realtors could make a profit -rules to give up home if could not pay for it, inflated praises would lead to this

What is the percent of suburban residents who are poor/near poor?

1 out of every 4 households

name the conflict groups in 1. Beirut 2. Sarajevo 3. Mostar 4. Belfast 5. Nicosa 6. Jerusalem 7. Barcelona 8. Basque County 9. Johannesburg

1. Christian v. Muslim, Sunni v. Shiite 2. Serbs v. Bosnian Serbs 3. Bosnian Muslims v. Bosnian Croats 4. Protestant v. Catholic 5. Greeks v. Turks 6. Isreali v. Arab, Jewish v. Muslim 7. nationalist v. Spanish centralists 8.Basque nationalist v. Spanish centralists 9. Black v. White

What are the five dimensions of the "new urban crisis" identified by Richard Florida?

1. Economic gap between "superstar cities and other cities (winner take all cities) 2. Growth in inequality segregation within cities 3. Fading middle class 4. Crisis of the suburbs (more inequality in suburbs than ever before) 5. Developing countries (number of people living in poverty in developing countries is increasing)

Describe the 4 types of patchwork metropolis

1. advantaged take over the center and a lot of the suburbs, leaving disadvantaged to fill in the holes and are pushed to the edge 2. creative class is more in the suburbs with less movement in the urban center 3. entire metropolis is split in 2, with disadvantaged and advantaged occupying entirely different blocks 4. small clusters of advantaged class being surrounded by disadvantaged

Why is racial segregation so hard to reverse (even though we have had over 50 years of policies and laws that forbid segregation by gov't)?

1. economic status is recreated through generations 2. hard to catch up with drastic wealth inequality 3. waited too long 4. race neutral policies have indirectly created more inequality 5. subtle discrimination still exists

What do the Civil Rights Legislations of 1964, 1965, an 1968 do?

1964: forbids employment discrimination 1965: prohibits voting rights discrimination 1968: (Fair Housing Act) no discrimination in buying/selling of houses

In what year were racial covenants COMPLETELY WIPED OUT

1972

What is the percentage of total income made by the top 1% of earners in the U.S. (2013)

22%

What percent of the population lives in suburbs? central cities?

47%, 37%

What percent of people live in urban areas today?

55% (4.2 billion)

According to Rothstein, which amendments to the U.S. Constitution were violated through most of the first half of 1900s?

5th Amendment (prohibits gov't from treating citizens unfairly), 13th amendment (prohibits slavery/treating african americans as second class citizens), 14th amendment (prohibits local gov't from treating people unfairly/unequal)

Explain "moving to opportunity" housing voucher

7500 vouchers (money) were given to black families so they could move elsewhere (better-off and well-off neighborhoods), forced integration *showed the disadvantage of public housing

Approximately how many individuals worldwide live in "slums"?

800 million (approx. 1 billion)

Who was the sole actor in Twilight Los Angeles?

Anna Deavere Smith

How long did the riots last?

April 29- May 4 (over 4 days)

How is AA discrimination different than Latino discrimination ?

BOTH GROUPS FACE DISCRIMINATION, but for AA it is much more systematic and unconstitutional, more organized and long term, and needs more than "an agenda to fairness" to get rid of it

How did the Black, Latino, and Asian-Americans worlds intersect during the LA Riots? (Morrison and Lowry article in Canvas).

Between AA and latinos: AA felt threatened, rivalry for political power and jobs increased, not so much tension in residential areas Between AA and Asians: asians were shopkeepers in south central (but lived elsewhere) so AA saw it as taking money from their neighborhood, a lot of their shops were vandalized in riots

Are cities the great engines of innovation, the models of economic and social progress, that the optimists celebrate, or are they the zones of gaping inequality and class division that the pessimists decry?

Both

Pruitt-Igoe and Cabrini Green.

Both were complexes built in racially segregated neighborhoods with not enough funding to do repairs or maintenance (held thousands of units in mostly high-rise buildings) Pruitt-Igoe (St. Louis) Cabrinin Green (Chicago) resulted in hyper-segregation, urban decline, deindustrialization, social ILLS