geography exam 4 chapter 16

Which sequence puts these phenomena in the correct order in terms of how fast they move material downslope, from slowest to fastest?

. slumping—flows and landslides—avalanches—rockfall

_________ is a depression that forms as the ceiling of a cavern caves in.

A collapse sinkhole

_________ is a general term for the rapid movement of rock or debris down a steep slope

A landslide

__________ is a depression in Earth's surface that results from weathering of carbonate rock.

A sinkhole

_______ is a type of mass movement where regolith detaches and slides downslope along a spoon- shaped plane and comes to rest more or less as a unit.

A slump

_______ results when carbon dioxide dissolves in water and forms carbonic acid that dissolves certain types of rocks.

Carbonation

__________ is a limestone surface with vegetated rounded hills formed by limestone weathering.

Cockpit karst

________ is the process of transporting rock fragments by streams, glaciers, and wind.

Erosion

__ is the process in which joints form parallel to the rock surface, creating sheetlike slabs.

Exfoliation

________ occurs when water reacts with and combines with minerals in rocks to form new minerals.

Hydrolysis

__________ refers to the process of weathering of carbonate rocks.

Karst

__________ is the imperceptible downslope movement of soil and regolith as they change volume in seasonal expansion and contraction cycles.

Soil creep

_________ occurs in the northern tundra and the high-elevation alpine tundra where freeze-thaw cycles cause sheets and lobes of soils to move slowly downslope.

Solifluction

_________ may form where weak vertical joints focus the dissolution of karst weathering along vertical planes.

Tower karst

Which is not a factor that weakens a slope?

a cover of vegetation

Repeated rockfall events in the same location can carve notches into the bedrock called ____

a rockfall chute

A stalactite is an example of what?

a speleothem

A ____________ forms when two or more talus cones merge

a talus apron

Which is not used by scientists to monitor and predict the stability of a single specific slope?

air temperature recordings

Why do high-latitude regions not experience karst weathering as quickly as warmer regions?

because water is often frozen and unavailable for chemical reactions at high latitudes

A burrowing gopher breaking rocks into smaller fragments is an example of ____

biophysical weathering

Acidic rainwater dissolving rock is an example of _____

carbonation

Limestone rocks are weathered through _____

carbonation

Which of the following is an example of dissolution?

carbonation

When a collapse sinkhole fills with water, a __________ forms.

cenote

A fast-flowing slurry of mud mixed with large objects, such as rocks and vegetation, is called a _______

debris flow

A __________ is a rapid downslope movement of a mixture of rocks, soil, and vegetation.

debris slide

The processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition of rock material are called __

denudation

The process of depositing eroded rock fragments is called __________.

deposition

Boulders become rounded through what process

differential weathering

Devils Tower in Wyoming is an example of _____

differential weathering

Hoodoos are example of ______

differential weathering

Where a stream flows over the surface for only a short stretch in a karst region, it is called a(n) _______

disappearing stream

Freeze-thaw cycles result in _________

frost wedging

Talus is typically formed by what process?

frost wedging

Where it is cold, what is the most important type of physical weathering?

frost wedging

Which is not an agent of erosion?

growing plant roots

A __________ is a tall, columnar rock formation produced by differential weathering.

hoodoo

Clay absorbing water and softening is an example of _____

hydration

During __________, water is absorbed into the structure of the rock, causing it to expand and weaken

hydration

An increase in soil friction, electrical charges in soil, and plant roots can all do what to the stability of a slope?

increase it

Which is a form of weathering

jointing

After a disturbance event, such as a fire, a slope will likely become _____

less stable

A surface composed of deeply weathered bare limestone is called ________

limestone pavement

Dissolution is the process whereby:

minerals are dissolved in water.

Most mass movements are caused by three factors. Which of these is not one of those three factors?

mining activity

As vegetation grows on a slope, the slope will likely become _______

more stable

A __________ is a bridgelike structure that sometimes forms in sandstone as a result of differential

natural arch

Which is not a form of denudation?

new rock cooled from lava

Weathering acts faster on which surface of a rock?

on angular corners

In __________, oxygen atoms combine with the minerals in rocks and weaken them.

oxidation

Rusting rocks are an example of ______

oxidation

Rocks falling from a cliff and breaking apart are an example of what?

physical weathering

Which occurs when the weight of overlying rocks and sediments is removed from deeply buried rocks?

pressure-release jointing

Most beaches are composed of what type of particles that are resistant to weathering?

quartz

A rapid downslope movement of rocks and broken rock fragments is called a ____

rock slide

A(n) __________ occurs when rocks tumble off a vertical or nearly vertical cliff face.

rockfall

Which is a form of mass movement?

rockfall

Roots growing in and cracking a rock is an example of ______

root wedging

In coastal areas, what is a common type of physical weathering?

salt wedging

Tafoni results from what type of physical weathering?

salt wedging

Which is not one of the components of a debris avalanche?

snow

Calcium carbonate mineral accumulations in limestone caverns are called _______

speleothems

The rounding of angular rocks is called _____

spheroidal weathering

Where a stream flows out of the ground and onto the surface in a karst region, it is called a(n) ____

spring

A slope is said to be __________ when it is unlikely to fail.

stable

Cave formations that grow from the ceiling downward are called _________

stalactites

Cave formations that grow from the floor upward are called _____

stalagmites

The pieces of angular broken rock that accumulate at the base of a steep slope or vertical cliff are called _______

talus

Talus accumulates at the base of cliffs in piles called ____

talus cones

A slope is said to be __________ when it has failed or is seen as likely to fail.

unstable

_________ is the process of dissolving and breaking solid rock into smaller fragments.

weathering