Geography Final

knickpoint

A ____ develops along a streambed containing bedrock of differential resistance.

slump

A slope collapse with a backward rotation is a _______.

youthful

A steep walled defile with a V-shaped profile and narrow valley floor would, according to the geomorphic cycle, be in the _____ stage.

radial

A typical drainage pattern on conic volcanic mountains would be _______.

Exfoliation

A weathering type associated with curved and concentric sets of joints break away in successive layers is called _______.

near the center and slightly below the surface

Flow in a stream usually is fastest ____.

is described as all of the above

Splash erosion ______.

intermittent

Streams which flow for only a part of the year are ________.

whirlpols

Surface indicatior of turbulence in stream flows include eddies and _____.

Exfoliation

_____ might happen directly as the result of the removal of an overlying weight from the landscape.

batholith

which of the following is NOT a type of opening along which weathering agents attack bedrock

bluffs

Marking the outer edge of floodplains are landforms called ____.

base level

An imaginary surface extending beneath the continents which limits how deep streams may cut is ____-.

Describe an oxbow lake

An oxbow is the crescent-like lake lying alongside a meandering stream or river. Overtime, deposition accumulates at the point bar of the meander thus slowing down the velocity of the stream. The main reason for deposition at the point bars is thalweg. It is a line of current that follows the lowest part of the stream. The line usually travels straight and hits the outer cut banks. As it continuously hits the cut banks, the force erodes it and will eventually cut through to the next meander causing an oxbow lake.

river meander

An oxbow lake was formerly a _____.

diameter (millimeters)

As a steam-related measure, competence is expressed as a ____.

a terracette

Creep associated with animals and resembling a faint network of trails is called ________.

distributaries

Branching channels that cross a delta are known as ________.

quick

Clays which change to a near-liquid state as a result of sudden disturbance are ______ clays

geomorphic cycle

Davasian theory usually referred to as the _____.

lower than

Death Valley is below sea level. Therefore, in Death Valley, base level is ______ ultimate base level.

it varies tremendously from time to time, it depends mostly on fluctuations in the volume and velocity of flow, it is the potential load a stream can transport

Describe a stream's capacity.

upper

Downcutting is usually most prominent along the _____ part of a stream valley.

Describe an exfoliation dome

Exfoliation is a chemical weathering process in which the cracking of igneous intrusive granite rock shed off bedrock. These large domes form under great pressure below the bedrock and when it experiences uplift, causing the bedrock to be exposed by the elements, erosion occurs. Once erosion occurs, a pressure release of the layer of bedrock lifts and cracks - this is also known as unloading and the cracks are known as joints. The layer then expands and separates itself from the underlying bedrock and sheds off, hence the term exfoliation. An example of a exfoliation dome is the Half-Dome in Yosemite.

salt wedging

In dry climates ___ is (are) prevalent process(es).

walls

In frost wedging, the principal force is exerted against the _____ of the confining rock.

drive chemical reactions

In percolating rainwater, dissolved gases and the decay products of local vegetation increases the water's capacity to ________.

unloading

In rock, _____ is another term for pressure release.

rill

In terms of erosion, a gulley is a larger example of a feature called a(n) ____.

1st Order

In the system of stream orders, the smallest unit in the network is at the ____.

joint

Like faults, a _____ is a separation in a rock body.

a knickpoint

Niagara Falls is a large waterfall on a river, so it can be considered as an example of ____.

after the retreat of the Pleistocene ice sheets a few thousand years ago

Niagra Falls were formed ____.

outer edge of the meanders

On a meandering stream, maximum erosion takes place along the _____.

clay

One sub-surface material which intensifies the process of earthquakes and mass movement is _____.

they have migrated several kilometers upstream

Over time, what happened to Niagara Falls?

bedrock

Residual rock that has not experienced erosion is termed _____.

V

Rivers downcutting into a land surface, in the absence of other forces, usually tend to erode a ____-shaped form.

fluvial

Running water is referred to as a(n) _____ process in terms of being a landform creator.

humid regions

Salt wedging is of slight consequence in _______.

expands in volume

Water is a major agent of weathering because of its property that, when it freezes, it decreases in density and ________.

talus

The Rock debris which accumulates at the base of steep slopes by gravitation action is called ________.

sandstone monoliths

The best example of a product of mass wasting is _____.

corrosion

The chemical erosion of stream channels is known as ____-.

erosion

The detachment and removal of fragmented rock material is known as ____.

splash erosion

The direct collision of a raindrop with the ground, laterally shifting fine particles a few millimeters, is _____.

dendritic

The drainage pattern looks like the veins of the underside of a leaf:

base level

The elevation limit of a stream downcutting on a land mass is called ______.

abrasion

The eventual result of _____ is to reduce almost all stream-carried debris to very small silt particles.

rejuvenation

The existence of a stream terrace is sure evidence of _____.

a peneplain

The final result of the classical theory of the geomorphic cycle concept is _____.

alluvium

The general term applied to stream-deposited debris is ____-.

denudation

The general term signifying the overall lowering of the rock material on the Earth's crust is ________.

interfluve

The land separating adjoining valleys is known as a(n) _____.

solifluction

The main downslope movement of subarctic and arctic landscapes is _________.

clays

The major end product of chemical weathering is ______.

rusting

The most common oxidation effect in the lithosphere is ______.

exfoliation

The peeling of thin layers of stone off a large rocks is _____.

traction

The process which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps or bounces is ______.

humid regions

The rotting of rock by the various types of chemical weathering takes place best in ________.

creep

The slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting is ______.

discharge

The total volume of flow in streams is termed ____.

acid

Water penetrating into soil promotes chemical weathering by acting as a weak ______.

competence

____ is a measure of the particle size a stream can transport.

filling

_____ is the counterpart of "scouring"?

stream terraces

Uplift and rejuvenation are indicated by the presence of landforms know as ___.

entrenched meander

When a meandering stream is incised into a gradually rising crust or bedrock the result is a(n) _____.

drainage basin

Which of the below is the major concept to which all the others are part of?

E) all of the above

Which of the following is closely associated with the former position of a river channel? A) cutoff meanders B) meander scars C) oxbow lakes D) oxbow swamps E) all of the above