GEOL 1103 : Topic 1

___________ is mixture of gas that extend out about 100 km from Earth.

Atmosphere

___________ included life and all the places life can be found on Earth.

Biosphere

Which type of crust is thicker?

Continental

Differences in which physical property allows rocks to move from deep within Earth toward the surface?

Density

The Moon is the closest object to which planet.

Earth

Continental ice sheets were more common 28,000 years ago than they are to because _________.

Earth was cool then than now

True of False: The curst is the largest by volume of Earth's concentric zones

False (the mantle is largest, crust is smallest)

The object that is next in line after Neptune in our solar system is not classified as a planet is __________.

Pluto

Flowing water is the most important agent for sculpting the landscape of the Earth. True or False?

TRUE (The appearance of Earth's surface is strongly influenced by flowing water)

The _______ effect occurs when infrared energy from the Sun is radiated back from Earth and trapped by Earth's atmosphere, resulting in warming conditions.

greenhouse

The decay of radioactive elements such as uranium creates _______, especially in Earth's crust where these elements are abundant.

heat

Earth's orbit around the sun is almost circular, which explains why Earth receives about the same amount of ________ year-round.

heat and light

On the Sun, ______ atoms are joined together in a process called nuclear fusion.

hydrogen

Rock that has formed from cooling magma or lava is ________ rock.

igneous

The greenhouse effect is the result of ____________ that becomes trapped by Earth's atmosphere causing Earth to be much warmer than it otherwise would be.

infrared energy

Type of sediment found in steep mountain fronts...

large, angular rocks

___________ is molten rock on Earth's surface.

lava

The asthenosphere is located beneath the _______.

lithosphere

The ________ is the rigid portion of Earth composed of the ______ and the uppermost part of the mantle.

lithosphere crust

Melting of rocks at great depth produces

magma

Changing a rock by heat, pressure or deformation is called _________

metamorphism

Type of sediment found in sand dunes...

mostly sand sifted by wind actions

Transportation

moving pieces of rock by wind, ice, or water

Type of sediment found in seafloor...

mud and the remains of sea creatures

Deposition

occurs when the energy of the transported material decreases

There are two main types of crust on Earth; they are _______ and ________. (Check all that apply)

oceanic continental

The rock cycle was conceived by James Hutton in an attempt to explain how _________.

older rocks become new sediments

Lava is molten rock that cools ________.

on the surface

Geology gives us an idea of the _________ of a given landscape.

past, present, and future

Lithification

process of sediment turning into rock

Type of sediment found in river channels...

sand, pebbles, and cobbles, along with silt and clay

When rocks are broken down and worn away, they form loose materials of all sizes called ________.

sediment

The feature shown in this image surrounding the land is called the continental ______

shelf (IMAGE)

A concept ___________ is a graphical way of using your own words to describe information about features, processes, and relationships to help you learn, retain, and apple new information.

sketch (IMAGE)

The ________ __________ consists of the Sun, the planets and their moons, and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets.

solar system

The physical state of Earth's inner core is ________ and the outer core is _______.

solid liquid

The lithosphere is _________.

the rigid portion of the Earth (crust and upper mantle)

The three agents of sediment __________, which result in deposition as energy decreases, are ice, wind, and water.

transport

Magma is molten rock that occurs __________.

underground

Which of the following rock cycle processes usually occurs at great depth, in the lower crust or the mantle?

Melting

Earth's three major concentric zones are the crust, the _________, and the ___________.

core mantle

Factors that influence regional ________ include the density and thickness of the underlying rock and the temperature of the lithosphere.

elevations

The Sun creates heat and light through the process of joining together hydrogen atoms in nuclear ________.

fusion

_______ rocks are formed when an existing rock is transformed by the application of heat and pressure, which causes a chemical or physical change.

Metamorphic

__________ are huge flowing fields or tongues of compressed snow and ice.

glaciers (IMAGE)

_________ are geologic considerations when identifying physically safe places for human habitation. (Check all that apply)

- Faults in Earth's crust that can potentially cause earthquakes - The strength of underlying geology - The steepness of hillsides

Select all of the correct answers that are related to the fate of solar energy entering Earth's atmosphere. (Check all that apply)

-Some light is converted into chemical energy by plants. -Solar energy evaporates water in the atmosphere -It heats Earth's atmosphere -Some light is converted into infrared radiation

Besides Earth, the other three terrestrial planets are ________.

-Venus -Mercury -Mars

What are the three primary agents that act to deposit sediments, which may eventually become sedimentary rock?

-Wind -Ice -Water

Select the three primary delivery systems that transport sediments from land into the oceans (Check all that apply)

-Wind -Rivers -Gravity

Understanding geology is important to everyday life because ___________. (Check all that apply)

-it helps us make decisions regarding the environment -we rely on it to locate raw materials for industry -we rely on it for energy sources

Metamorphism involved which three of the processes included in the list below. (Check all that apply)

-pressure -deformation -heat

Two factors that affect regional elevations are _________. (Check all that apply)

-temperature of the lithosphere -density of the rock

Which of the following correctly describe the primary differences between continents and ocean basins? (Check all that apply)

- The continents and ocean basins have different rock thickness - The continents and ocean basins have different rock types

Which two of the following processes might magma undergo as it cools? (Check all that apply)

-Crystallization -Solidification

Select the three factors that /directly/ shape the surface of Earth by creating diverse landscapes. (Check all that apply)

-Impact of diverse life-forms -Water and its movement -Atmosphere and its movement (IMAGE)

List the other planets from top to bottom, from the Sun outward. (Place in order)

1. Jupiter 2. Saturn 3. Uranus 4. Neptune

__________ includes all of the water in all of its expressions on Earth.

Hydrosphere

__________ rocks are formed directly by precipitates from hot water. Some geologists consider these to be a type of metamorphic rock.

Hydrothermal (IMAGE)

What is the condition of equilibrium or balance in a system called? Geologists often use this term to describe crustal blocks floating on the athenosphere.

Isostasy

____________ is the balance or equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle lithosphere floating on the ductile asthenosphere.

Isostasy

The solid upper portion of Earth is the __________.

Lithosphere

Weathering

The breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically

Which of the these best describes the location of the core within Earth?

The core is located in the central zone of Earth, beneath the mantle.

Uplift

Upward movement of underground rocks to the surface