GEOL M05

Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air.

True

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:

Both nitrogen and phosphorus.

The maximum tidal currents are reported:

about half way between high and low tides.

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

abyssal plain far from a continent.

All of the following are shallow-water waves except:

all of these are shallow water waves (tsunamis, surf, tides, near shore wind-generated wave)

The area of the barrier island complex that would contain thickets and woodlands would be the:

barrier flat.

Oceanic crust is primarily:

basalt

_______________ is defined as the depth of the ocean and the resulting topography of the ocean floor.

bathymetry

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the:

chlorination of the liquid effluent.

The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies camouflaging them against the water-air interface is:

countershading.

Thermohaline circulation is driven by:

density differences.

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.

density differences; differences in salinity and temperature

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are:

diatoms.

Emerging shorelines might have all of the following characteristics except:

drowned beaches.

Productivity in polar oceans is:

light-limited.

Compared with a solar day, a lunar day is:

longer than a solar day.

_____________ sediments are those that form from the shells and tests of dead marine organisms,

Biogenous

Cruisers are thought to have relatively high body temperature because:

it increases the power output of muscle tissue.

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes

Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect.

False

Laguna Madre is a classic coastal plain estuary.

False

Limpets are commonly found in the middle portion of the intertidal zone on a rocky shore.

False

Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations have no impact on primary productivity rates in marine ecosystems.

False

Sharks have lunate caudal fins.

False

Species diversity and total biomass are greater in warm-water marine environments in comparison to cold-water marine environments.

False

Surface currents affect about 90% of the world's ocean water.

False

Surface or wind-driven currents move water primarily in a vertical direction in the ocean.

False

The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun is directly overhead along the equator in March

False

The average pH of the ocean is about 8.l, making it acidic.

False

The deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons.

False

The eastern side of an ocean basin tends to have greater diversity of reef-building corals than the western side.

False

The increase in the number of crown-of-thorn sea stars has been strongly linked to human activities.

False

The trade winds can be found between 30° and 60°N and S latitudes.

False

Tidal ranges are much greater during apogee than perigee.

False

Tropical marine organisms tend to grow more slowly, live longer, and are smaller in general than their cold-water counterparts.

False

Vikings led by Thor Heyerdahl established temporary colonies in North America.

False

Water depth decreases as you move away from the mid-ocean ridge.

False

Waves will cause much more erosion in an area that has a large tidal range when compared to an area with a small tidal range.

False

Of the following currents, which one does do belong?

Gulf Stream

An example of a continental covergent boundary is ______________________.

Himilayas

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater.

True

Fast-moving spreading zones tend to be more gently sloping than slow-moving ridges.

True

Groins are constructed for the purpose of maintaining or widening beaches that are losing sand.

True

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of water.

True

Hydrothermal vents are often associated with central rift valleys along the oceanic ridge and rise system.

True

In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history.

True

The greatest sources of hydrocarbons in the marine environment are urban run-off and shipping.

True

Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator.

True

Red muscle tissue is abundant in cruisers, while white muscle tissue is abundant in lungers.

True

Some of the more common fauna of sediment-covered shores include bivalve mollusks, annelid worms, and crustaceans.

True

The California gray whale is unusual because it stirs up bottom sediment in order to feed.

True

The Coriolis effect describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation.

True

The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago.

True

Spring tide occurs about:

twice per month.

The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the:

wave steepness

Wave speed is equal to:

wavelength divided by period.

Most ocean waves form as a result of:

winds blowing across the ocean surface.

Storm surges are generated by intense:

low pressure systems

The main difference between oceanic ridges and rises is ____________________.

steepness of slope

The most important limiting factor in intertidal communities is:

space.

A linear ridge of sediment attached to land at one end might be called a:

spit

All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except:

stromatolites.

Deep ocean trenches are associated with:

subduction zones.

The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:

temperature and water vapor content.

A semidiurnal tidal pattern is common along the Atlantic coast of the United States.

True

Abyssal plains are more extensive on the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean basin as compared to those on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean basin.

True

1. blue marlin 2. flounder 3. tiger shark 4. herring 5. gray angelfish

1. lunate caudal fin 2. rounded caudal fin 3. heterocercal fin 4. forked caudal fin 5. truncate

1. flood tide 2. ebb tide 3. tidal bore 4. neap tide 5. spring tide

1. water moving into an inlet due to approaching high tide 2. water moving out from an inlet due to approaching low tide 3. sleep wave front surging up a river as a result of tides 4. smallest tidal range in the lunar cycle 5. largest tidal range in the lunar cycle

Earliest life forms are found as fossilized blue-green algae with an age of about 4.2 billion years.

False

Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land.

False

Equatorial upwelling decreases primary productivity in tropical waters.

False

Internal waves are formed by the movement of water of different densities along an air-water interface.

False

Intertidal zonation across a sediment-covered shore is best seen when the shore is gently sloping.

False

Mangrove swamps are protective buffer areas in temperate latitude coastal ecosystems.

False

Mediterranean Sea water has little impact on the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

False

Meroplankton are organisms that spend the larval phase of their life cycle associated with the ocean bottom (benthos) and the adult phase of the life cycle as plankton.

False

Nearly all of the larger organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are epifaunal organisms.

False

New crust is formed at trenches and older crust is subducted at oceanic ridges.

False

Pelagic sediments make up 1/4 of all sediment on the ocean floor, while neritic sediments make up the rest of the sediments found on the ocean floor.

False

Plankton includes all organisms such as bacteria, algae, and animals that actively swim independently of ocean currents.

False

Prevailing offshore winds tend to decrease surface water salinity in a coastal plain estuary.

False

Primary productivity in temperate marine systems is limited solely by the amount of available solar radiation.

False

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation.

False

Radiolarians and coccolithophorids are examples of zooplankton.

False

Seawalls are quite effective at controlling beach erosion.

False

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments.

False

The Law of the Sea Treaty is an international agreement which gives the United Nations control of the ownership of coastal waters.

False

The lowest and most specific level in Linnaeus' classification scheme is the family.

False

The majority of the world's hotspots are associated with plate boundaries.

False

The migration routes of marine fishes and mammals are well known by man.

False

The oldest rocks are located at mid-ocean ridges.

False

The overall electrical charge of most atoms is balanced because each atom contains an equal number of protons and neutrons.

False

The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the vernal equinox.

False

The products of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

False

The supratidal zone of the rocky shore is the area between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide.

False

The vertical distance between the wave trough and the wave crest is the wavelength.

False

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.

False

Zooanthellae are important members of the hydrothermal vent communities.

False

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by:

Vikings of Scandinavia.

Because warm air rises, it creates _______ pressure on the surface.

low

An example of a "cruiser" is a:

tuna.

Biomagnification results in substances, including toxic chemicals, to move up food chains and become concentrated in the tissues of larger animals.

True

Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants such as crude oil.

True

Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides.

True

Charles Darwin was the first person to propose the hypothesis on the origin of atolls.

True

Coastal sand dunes are usually well sorted due to winds.

True

Cold, high-viscosity water benefits floating organisms more than warmer, low-viscosity water.

True

Coral reefs contain 25% of all marine species.

True

Deep ocean currents often move cold, dense water away from the poles.

True

Divergent boundaries are characterized by the plates moving away from each other, plates are being created and shallow earthquakes occur in these regions.

True

Downwelling may be the result of winds blowing parallel to a coastline or the convergence of surface currents.

True

Earth developed the first ocean by about 4 billion years ago.

True

Energy flow in photosynthetic marine ecosystems is unidirectional in contrast to nutrients, which cycle through ecosystems.

True

Epifauna are those organisms that are either permanently attached to the bottom or move over it.

True

Eustatic changes in sea level refer to worldwide changes in the volume of seawater or in the volume of the ocean basins.

True

In general, the density of water increases as water temperature decreases until it reaches a temperature of 4°C at which water is densest.

True

In the northern hemisphere, Ekman transport pushes surface water to the right of the wind direction.

True

Layers of the earth separated based on density differences.

True

Many cetaceans can extract 90% of the oxygen from each breath.

True

Marine algae that grow close to the limits of light penetration have accessory photosynthetic pigments that absorb high energy, short-wavelength light in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

True

Monsoons are seasonal pressure systems that develop at lower latitudes over continents, which cause changes in seasonal winds and precipitation patterns.

True

Most marine algae are limited to depths shallower than 100 meters; however, some red algae have been observed growing at depths of over 250 meters.

True

Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed.

True

One characteristic of hydrothermal vent communities is unusually large organisms such as tubeworms and clams.

True

One reason that coastal wetlands are important is that they are efficient at removing toxins from coastal run-off before it enters the ocean.

True

One reason that polar climates support a higher biomass is that colder water can hold more dissolved oxygen than warmer water.

True

Streamlining in fishes and other nektonic organisms means that the minimum amount of energy is expended to swim through the water.

True

Territorial seas extend 12 miles from the coast and were established by the Law of the Sea Treaty.

True

The Pacific coast of the US is an example of a coast where active erosion occurs.

True

The amount of carbon dioxide concentrations and available nutrients affect the rate of primary production in an ecosystem.

True

The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed.

True

The backshore is found between the normal high tide mark and the coastline.

True

The barycenter follows a smooth orbit around the Sun.

True

The circular movement of surface water currents driven by the major wind belts are called gyres.

True

The decreased calcium content in the shells of fish-eating birds was a result of bioaccumulation of pesticides in the food chain.

True

The distinction between a food chain and a food web is that a food chain describes a linear relationship among trophic levels whereas a food web describes the interconnected relationships among trophic structures in nature.

True

The doldrums can be found at the Equator.

True

The five subtropical gyres exhibit geostrophic flow, related to pressure gradients, friction, and the Coriolis effect.

True

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C.

True

The main current in Antarctic waters is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, also called the West Wind Drift.

True

The main problem with the continental drift theory was the lack of a suitable mechanism.

True

The maximum tidal range at the northern end of the Bay of Fundy is on the order of 17 meters (56 feet).

True

The neritic province is associated with the continental shelf.

True

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans.

True

The percentage of incident light radiation reflected back to space is termed albedo.

True

The seaward flow of water due to tidal forces through an inlet is called ebb current.

True

The velocity of the longshore current will be higher when wave heights are higher.

True

Transform faults join one part of the mid-ocean ridge to another and extend as fracture zones out from the ridge system.

True

Tsunamis can be generated by geological activity that causes a sudden change in sea floor elevation such as submarine fault motion.

True

Water is the only naturally occurring substance on Earth that readily exists in all three states of matter simultaneously (ice, water, and water vapor).

True

Wave energy is focused on headlands due to wave refraction.

True

When ice changes to liquid water to water vapor, energy is absorbed.

True

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica?

Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west.

Most marine species are found in the:

benthic environment.

1. salt wedge estuary 2. vertically mixed estuary 3. pycnocline 4. thermocline 5. halocline

1. A very deep river mouth with a large volume of freshwater flow beneath which a wedge of salt water from the ocean invades. 2. Shallow estuaries in which freshwater and salt water are completely mixed from the top to the bottom of the water column. 3. Layer that separates the surface water from deep water in which the density changes rapidly. 4. Layer that separates the surface water from deep water in which the temperature changes rapidly. 5. Layer that separates the surface water from deep water in which the salinity changes rapidly.

1. Core 2. Crust 3. Mantle 4. Nebula 5. Solar system

1. Composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquified metallic outer layer 2. Outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite 3. Contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification 4. Gaseous and dusty space cloud(precursor to a solar system) 5. The Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it

1. bathymetry 2. multi-beam sonar 3. hypsographic curve 4. seismic reflection profile 5. precision depth recorder

1. measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography 2. a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km 3. cumulative plot of area versus depth or elevation 4. used to determine ocean structure beneath the seafloor 5. uses high frequency sound wave to measure ocean depth

1. acorn barnacle 2. rock louse 3. hermit crab 4. surf grass 5. periwinkle snail

1. middle tide zone 2. spray zone(supratidal) 3. middle tide zone 4. low tide zone 5. spray zone(supratidal) and high tide zone

1. algae 2. flounder 3. Sargassum 4. kelp 5. starfish

1. producer 2. consumer 3. producer 4. producer 5. consumer

1. coral 2. kelp 3. sand dollar 4. fiddler crabs 5. heart urchins

1. subtidal rocky bottoms 2. subtidal rocky bottoms 3. sandy beaches 4. mud flats 5. sandy beaches

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends:

200 nautical miles from the coast.

The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, the present angle is _________.

23.5

The percentage of the original area of wetlands currently left in the United States is approximately:

50%

A geographic example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary is the

Aleutian Islands

Western intensification causes:

All of the above statements are the result of westward intensification(the center of the gyre to be shift to the west, very swift western boundary currents, equatorial countercurrents, a steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compare to the eastern section of the gyre).

Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true for a western boundary current?

All of the above statements are true of western boundary currents(narrower current, warmer water, increased current velocity, deeper current).

Fossil remains of organisms on land and in sediments can be used to:

All of the these are true(support the idea that landmasses were joined, suggest ancient climate characteristics, indicate the relative age of the sediments, provide evidence for plate movement)

Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?

All of the these factors are important.

All of the following were accomplishments of Captain James Cook except:

All of these answers are correct(mapping of unknown islands, including Hawaii, in the Pacific, measuring environmental characteristics such as water temperature, exploring the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, determining the outline of the Pacific Ocean)

All of the following are benefits of the adaptive behavior in the figure because it:

All of these behaviors are beneficial to schooling fish.

Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by:

All of these conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton.(changes in salinity, availability of food, temperature variations with latitude and depth, differences in water pressure with depth)

What was the purpose of the "Age of Discovery"?

All of these(Find new sources of resources, Promote trade with other countries, Find safer routes to other countries)

A geographic example of a hot spot is

All of these(Hawaii, Yellowstone, Iceland)

The eastern current in the North Pacific Ocean is the ___________ Current.

California

Of the following currents, which current does not belong?

California Current

Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound.

False

Which of the following statements concerning tides are true?

Diurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there is one high tide and one low tide in a lunar day.

Epifaunal organisms live deep within benthic sediments.

False

A diurnal tidal pattern is common along the Pacific coast of the United States.

False

A hurricane is a very strong high-pressure system.

False

A semidiurnal tide is common along the Pacific coast of the United States.

False

A shallow water wave must form in water depth less than 100 meters.

False

Alternatives to hard stabilization to protect coastlines from erosion including construction restrictions, relocation of structures, and construction of seawalls.

False

An eastern boundary current is generally narrow and swift.

False

An increase in the spreading rate at a mid-ocean ridge will cause a decrease in sea level.

False

_____________ bonding is the attraction of one molecule to another (like water).

Hydrogen

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

An example of a bar-built estuary is:

Laguna Madre

All of the following are adaptations of mesopelagic fishes except:

Large body.

Who first discovered America?

Leif Ericson

_____________ sediments are those that form from the breakdown of rocks and minerals,

Lithogenous

Most of the ocean trenches are found in the __________ Ocean.

Pacific

___________Ocean is the oldest, deepest, and largest of the four/five ocean basins.

Pacific

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the:

Phoenicians.

An example of a tectonic estuary is:

San Francisco Bay.

Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents?

Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres."

A sediment-laden current that flows off the continental shelf is called a turbidity current.

True

Which of the following would you expect to find on a summertime beach?

a wide, sandy berm

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

andesitic volcanoes

When the earth is at its greatest distance from the sun, it is said to be at:

aphelion

Neritic marine environments would be found:

associated with continental shelves.

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called:

biogenous.

Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by:

bioluminescence, and large sensitive eyes.

Which of the following produces a tidal current?

both ebb tides and flood tides

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing into the sediment.

The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by:

calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die.

Which of the following five words or phrases does not fit the pattern?

coastal plain

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an:

cold front.

Deep water currents carry ___________ and _____________ to the deep water.

cold, salty

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:

continental slope.

Bioluminescence is employed by mesopelagic animals for all of the following except:

counter illumination.

The angular distance of the Sun or the Moon above or below the Earth's equatorial plane is called the:

declination.

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:

deep-sea trenches.

Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called

deltas

All of the following are typically characteristic of erosional shores except:

deltas.

The rate of wave erosion along a coastline is determined by all of the following except the:

direction of longshore current

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

divergent plate boundary.

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?

foraminiferans

Which type of current flow moves in a circular path around a subtropical convergence, reflecting Ekman transport, gravity, and the Coriolis effect?

geostrophic circulation

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more:

gravel than in tropical waters.

Sea lions are easily distinguished from seals because they:

have external ears.

Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they:

have planktonic larval forms.

Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?

high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

The side of the Earth that faces the moon experiences a high tide, the side of the Earth that is opposite from the moon will have a(n):

high tide

The Columbia River estuary received most of its ecological damage from which of the following sources?

hydroelectric dams

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

hydrogenous

One major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is:

increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling or benthic animals.

All of the following are adaptations to life in the epipelagic (photic) zone except:

increased density.

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height:

increases and its wavelength decreases

The San Andreas Fault:

is a continental transform fault.

Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water:

is a polar molecule.

The particle size on a beach:

is related to whatever material is locally available.

The surface tension of water:

is relatively high.

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?

large particles such as gravel

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

latitude.

The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:

length of the respiratory structure.

All of the following are typically characteristic of depositional shores except:

marine terraces.

Submerging shorelines might have all of the following characteristics except:

marine terraces.

The most common tidal pattern around the world are:

mixed tides

All of the following are examples of strategies employed by organisms to reduce wave shock in the rocky intertidal zone except:

motile larvae.

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

mud flats

Choose the term that does not fit the pattern in the following words.

nadir

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

oceanic trenches.

High-latitude ocean water tends to support large planktonic communities because:

of higher dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations.

Of the following choices, choose which one does NOT fit.

period

The process by which energy is derived from solar radiation that is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called:

photosynthesis.

All of the following are examples of pollutants in the marine environment except:

phytoplankton

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the:

plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when:

plastic waste strangles seals and birds.

The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is:

polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

precipitation.

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:

primary productivity.

An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the:

pycnocline

The most common constituent of lithogenous sediment is __________.

quartz

Choose the term that does not fit the pattern in the list or words.

quatrature

Narrow currents flowing across the surf zone toward the open ocean are called

rip currents

All of the following are adaptations to life in the rocky shore intertidal zone except:

schooling to avoid predators.

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:

sea breeze.

The covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the:

sharing of electrons between the atoms.

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.

The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the:

summer solstice.

Waves that are moving faster than local wind and are sorted out by wavelength are called:

swell.

A tsunami may result from:

tectonic activity on the seafloor.

The diameter of a wave orbital at the surface is equal to:

wave height.

The tilt of the Earth's axis is responsible for ________________________.

the seasons.

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

the polarity of water molecules.

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to:

the presence of convergent active margins.

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as:

the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.

Isostatic movement of a coastline might occur due to:

the removal of a large glacier that rested on an area.

The Ekman spiral is caused by:

the wind and the Coriolis effect.

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

theories

In primary production:

there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

thermocline.

All of the following are characteristics of mammals (Class Mammalia) except:

they lay eggs.

Cruising fishes such as tuna have all of the following characteristics except:

they tend to have a heterocercal caudal fin.

The vertical difference between high and low tides is called the

tidal range

The function of a swim bladder is:

to allow a fish to change position in the water column.

Equatorial currents are driven by the:

trade winds.

The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:

trade winds.

The layer closest to the Earth's surface is the ______________ where all weather takes place.

troposphere

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries?

uplifted mountain ranges

Where Ekman transport is deflected away from the shore ___________ occurs.

upwelling

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through:

upwelling.

A neap tide has:

very low tidal range.

The largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the:

westerlies.

The temperate regions are characterized by:

westerly winds.

Neap tides occur:

when the moon is in quadrature.

Strong upwelling occurs in all of the following except:

where deep ocean water currents are formed.

Rogue waves tend to occur:

where storm waves move against strong surface currents.

1. bottlenose dolphin 2. fur seal 3. manatee 4. gray whale 5. sperm whale

1. Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti 2. Order Carnivora 3. Order Sirenia 4. Order Cetacea, Suborder Mysticeti 5. Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti

1. Ancient precursor to the Pacific Ocean 2. Supercontinent 250 million year ago 3. Depression along the ridge axis 4. Study of magnetism over geologic time 5. Sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate

1. Panthalassia 2. Pangaea 3. Rift valley 4. Paleomagnetism 5. Subduction zone

1. littoral 2. bathyal 3. subtidal 4. mesopelagic 5. epipelagic

1. benthic 2. benthic 3. benthic 4. pelagic 5. neritic, pelagic

1. plankton 2. nekton 3. meroplankton 4. infauna 5. epifauna

1. can never swim against a current 2. swims for its entire life 3. floats for a portion of its life 4. lives in benthic sediments 5. lives on top of benthic sediments

1. internal wave 2. rogue wave 3. ocean wave 4. disturbing force 5. atmospheric wave

1. constructive interference of waves in the ocean that cross paths 2. constructive interference of waves in the ocean that cross paths 3. orbital waves 4. what causes ocean waves to form 5. movement of different air masses along an air-air interface

1. ocean trench 2. submarine canyon 3. continental shelf 4. abyssal plain 5. shelf break

1. deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence 2. narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes 3. a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break 4. flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins 5. where there is a slope change between the continental shelf and the continental slope

1. barrier island 2. wave-cut cliff 3. sea arches 4. spit 5. wide sandy beaches

1. depositional shore 2. erosional shore 3. erosional shore 4. depositional shore 5. depositional and erosional shore

1. abyssal clay 2. oolites 3. metal sulfides 4. tektites 5. coccolthophores

1. lithogenous sediment 2. hydrogenous sediment 3. hydrogenous sediment 4. cosmogenous sediment 5. biogenous sediment

The age of the Earth and Solar system is thought to be about ____________ years.

4.6 billion

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom:

Animalia.

Christopher Columbus established trade routes from Europe around Africa to India.

False

Deep ocean water does not travel across the equator.

False

An overabundance of organic matter results in eutrophication.

False

__________ gives one side of the water molecule, the O side a negative charge, and the H side a positive charge.

Polarity

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere?

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

The sublittoral (subtidal) zone is the area:

below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf.

Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to:

be deflected toward the east.

A spring tide:

has very high high tides and very low low tides

Eroded material along coastlines is carried from high wave energy areas to:

low-energy areas

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:

neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits.

Sediments found on continental margins are called:

neritic.

The two most abundant components of dry air are: carbon dioxide and water vapor.

nitrogen and oxygen.

If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for?

spilling breakers

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries?

volcanic island arcs

All of the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except:

warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.

The diameter of an orbital wave is _________________.

wave height

The time between two successive waves is called the:

wave period

Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.

wind; the Coriolis effect and land