Psych Chapter 6

Which statement about the information-processing model of memory is TRUE?

B) Short-term memory is the middle stage of the three stages.

Mnemonic strategies facilitate retention by encouraging:

B) elaborative rehearsal.

The similarity between the learning and retrieval contexts influences how well information will be remembered. This is known as the:

B) encoding specificity principle.

Psychologists use the term _____ memory to refer to photographic visual impressions that last less than a second.

B) iconic

Which factor is NOT one of the three general memory processes identified at the beginning of the chapter?

B) perception

In _____ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in _____ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

B) proactive; retroactive

An essay question is a _____ test of memory. A multiple-choice question is a _____ test.

B) recall; recognition

Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question but not being quite able to say it. This is called the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, and is a failure of:

B) retrieval.

When one uses the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, one is making reference to the memory process of:

B) retrieval.

In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

B) retrograde; anterograde

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of _____ memory.

B) short-term

The primacy effect refers to the fact that:

B) the first-presented items in a list are more likely to be remembered than are items in the middle of the list.

The recency effect refers to the fact that:

B) the last items on a list are more likely to be remembered than are the middle items.

Chad was finding it difficult to remember the name of the scientist who developed the general theory of relativity. Chad's professor told him that the scientist's name begins with the letter "A." Chad soon remembered and said that the name of the scientist is Albert Einstein. In this scenario, the letter "A" serves as:

C) a retrieval cue.

Mood-congruent memory is BEST seen as a specific instance of the:

C) encoding specificity principle.

Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is that the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing _____ interference.

C) proactive

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

C) procedural

If Lola begins to list all the classes she's ever taken in college, she will most likely recall her last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called?

C) the recency effect

Sarah witnessed a hit and run and immediately called 911 from her cell phone. She provided almost all the details regarding the vehicle that caused the accident, except the license plate number, because she did not pay enough attention to it. Sarah's failure to provide the license plate number is MOST likely due to _____ failure.

D) encoding

Which Sequence BEST reflects the order in which memory processes information, from first to last?

D) encoding, storage, retrieval

Memories of which a person is not consciously aware are called _____ memories.

D) implicit

The idea that memory reflects a blend of fact and fiction is called the:

D) reconstructionist model.

An "oldie" playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a(n):

D) retrieval cue.

The inability to retrieve past memories is called _____ amnesia. The inability to develop new memories is called _____ amnesia.

D) retrograde; anterograde

Zoe glanced through the entire lyrics of a new song. After a few minutes, she was asked to recall and recite the song lyrics but she could only remember the first verse. Zoe could only remember the first verse, MOST likely because of:

D) the primacy effect.

According to the encoding specificity principle:

D) the similarity between learning and retrieval contexts influences memory.

_____ amnesia involves an inability to form new memories.

A) Anterograde

_____ is Miller's name for grouping pieces of information together into meaningful subsets to expand the capacity of short-term memory.

A) Chunking

_____ is a technique used for stretching short-term memory by repeating what you want to remember over and over in your mind.

A) Maintenance rehearsal

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between priming and a retrieval cue?

A) Priming is the unconscious awakening of memories based on retrieval cues.

The misinformation effect highlights the:

A) changeability of memory.

Which explanation of forgetting is CORRECTLY described?

A) decay - Information is lost over time as a result of nonuse.

Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.

A) declarative

The _____ states that memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval.

A) encoding specificity principle

Janna is puzzling over a fill-in-the-blank question on a sociology test. Answering the question correctly requires Janna to use her _____ memory.

A) explicit

Psychologists use the word _____ to refer to the processes whereby the brain collects, stores, and retrieves information for later use.

A) memory

A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:

A) retrieval cue.

Which stage in the information-processing model of memory comes FIRST?

A) sensory memory

Which Sequence CORRECTLY arranges the information-processing stages of memory in the correct order?

A) sensory memory > short-term memory > long-term memory

People's ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is known as the _____ effect.

A) serial position

The duration of short-term memory is about:

B) 30 seconds.

_____ memory is a type of sensory memory that stores sounds and lasts for about 1 to 10 seconds.

B) Echoic

_____ devices are methods for improving memory.

B) Mnemonic

_____ amnesia involves an inability to retrieve old memories.

B) Retrograde

The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. Princess Diana's death. The Sandy Hook school massacre. People's vivid memories surrounding these events are called _____ memories.

B) flashbulb

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____.

B) less than 1 second; 10 seconds

Arturo studies by rewriting and rereading his class notes over and over again; this process is somewhat analogous to _____ rehearsal.

B) maintenance

Which statement is TRUE of iconic memory?

C) It dissolves in less than a second.

_____ memory temporarily maintains and processes limited information for about 30 seconds.

C) Short-term

Rhonda is unable to form or hold new memories following a brain surgery. Given this information, it can be stated that Rhonda is suffering from _____ amnesia.

C) anterograde

How does short-term memory differ from sensory memory?

D) It can store information longer than that of sensory memory.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between iconic and echoic memory on the one hand and sensory memory on the other?

Iconic and echoic memory are different types of sensory memory.

According to the levels of processing framework, which student should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she has learned in other classes