Geology 1001 Exam 2

factors that influence the size, shape, and sorting of sedimentary rocks

1. steepness of slope 2. sediment supply 3. strength of current 4. agents of transport

syncline

A fold in which rocks fold down in the shape of a U

Which of the following are differences between an eruption column and pyroclastic flow?

A pyroclastic flow forms when the gas flux cannot support the column.

Which of the following sites near a volcano might be relatively less dangerous?

A site on a ridge as opposed to a site in a valley.

mass extinction

According to the fossil record, what events have coincided with the approximate times when flood basalts were erupting?

Which of the following is NOT a way in which sandstones are commonly expressed in the landscape?

As outcrops that show evidence of being dissolved during weathering.

At what depth do gas bubbles have the most effect on magma?

At very shallow levels, such as within the volcano.

faults

Fractures along which the rock has slipped relative to the other side are called

Which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock?

Graded beds indicate that the strength of the current decreased through time.

Which of the following is a correct statement about resources in sedimentary rocks?

Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures.

If a rock is metamorphosed but does not contain foliation or lineation, what has probably happened to the rock?

It has been metamorphosed but not deformed.

What is the geologic setting of Vancouver, British Columbia?

It is along the Fraser River and its delta.

The downfall of which ancient civilization in the Mediterranean closely followed the caldera-forming eruption at Santorini?

Minoan

What was the most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Vesuvius in Italy?

One or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of Pompeii.

subduction zones

Potentially explosive composite volcanoes are most common above

how does branded iron formation form? https://www.google.com/search?q=banded+iron+formation&sxsrf=ACYBGNSNzP-du6fBltItw1eW2LRnNG-RCQ:1570644212507&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOkuvS4Y_lAhUDX60KHcgiCAsQ_AUIESgB&biw=1368&bih=799

Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history.

How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth?

Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust.

quartz

Rocks rich in this mineral tend to have a poor solubility during weathering

Which of the following is characteristic of a regression?

Sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits.

Which of the following is common in lava flows associated with scoria cones?

Some scoria cones are not accompanied by a lava flow and vice versa and some lava flows squeeze out near the base of the scoria cone.

In this section, a lower gray rock is successively overlain as follows: limestone is overlain by mudstone, which is overlain by beach sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on?

The area was experiencing a regression.

pacific ring of fire

The largest concentration of composite volcanoes on Earth is located along this

Which of the following is a characteristic of fine-grained clastic rocks?

The rocks tend to be easily eroded.

Which of the following is NOT true of calderas?

They are produced by removal of easily eroded pyroclastic materials.

welded tuff

This igneous rock contains flattened pieces of pumice and small crystals of quartz and feldspar. What type of rock is it?

marble

This light-colored rock is composed of finely crystalline calcite. It also contains metamorphosed fossils and cleavage

volcanic dome

This relatively small volcanic feature consists of solidified lava and some volcanic ash. What kind of volcano is it?

these clasts have been transported to a significant distance

What is the best explanation for the shape of these clasts?

A volcanic eruption occurring beneath an ice sheet is likely to cause

a hazardous flood

columbia plateau

a location in which flood basalts errupt

Which of the following factors indicates a high risk for volcanic mudflows or lahars?

a volcano with a thick covering of snow or ice

High fluid pressure in a rock body will

act to decrease the confining pressure.

Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor on volcanic eruption style?

age

Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are

all correct

flood basalts influence life on earth because

all of the above

Choose those statements that correctly describe limestone.

all the above

Horizontal shear stresses, like those pictured, may produce

all the above

What types of rocks would be common in a composite volcano?

all the above

Which of the following are dangerous aspects of composite volcanoes?

all the above

Which of the following are forms of differential stress?

all the above

Which of the following are locations where flood basalts are known to have occurred?

all the above

Which of the following structures can be related to or can occur close to faults?

all the above

Which of the following was common to the eruptions of Vesuvius, Mount Pelée, and Mount St. Helens?

all the above

Which of the following activities is NOT used to monitor volcanoes?

all the above are used

Which of the following does NOT cause metamorphism?

any of these

regional metamorphism

arrows pushing a rock on either side

What is the typical setting for fold and thrust belts?

associated with convergent plate boundaries

Volcanic domes commonly form from all of the following rocks EXCEPT

basalt

Why could the geologic setting in this figure cause metamorphism?

because it forces some rocks deeper as they are overridden by rocks above the fault

shield volcanoes have

broad, gentle slope. composed of basaltic lava flows. also have fissure erruptions, fire fountains, and dikes.

Which of the following is NOT a typical eruption style during the growth of a composite volcano?

caldera collapse

Which of the following types of eruptions is among the most deadly of natural disasters?

caldera forming

the most dangerous volcanoes question w/ picture

choose A and B (by end of europe and by south america)

what type of rock would you form in a plant rich swamp?

coal

Which of the following does NOT correctly match a rock with a possible environment in which that rock forms?

coal-deep-sea organic-rich black shale

crater at crater lake was formed by

collapse of overlying rocks into an emptied magma chamber.

what type of volcano is Mount Rainier

composite

classic volcano shape

composite volcano

When a rock is buried deep in the Earth and experiences the same force from all sides, it is under

confining pressure

These sandstone beds are interlayered with dark marine shales. What is the most likely environment in which the sandstone formed?

deep water turbidity currents

What sedimentary environments dominate the area around Vancouver, British Columbia?

deposition of sediment carried by a braided river

Compared to non-fractured rocks, the rate of weathering in fractured rocks of the same composition is

faster

chert

forms by Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

When basaltic lava reaches the ocean it

forms pillow basalts

not a rock found in calderas

gabbro

Because shales and siltstones are easily eroded, the areas where they are exposed typically

have soft slopes and soil cover

The typical large clasts found in breccia indicate that the energy levels of the transporting medium were

high

In which part of New England would you most likely find gneiss?

in New Hampshire and Maine where domes expose high-grade metamorphic rocks

The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement?

its size decreases

Volcanic mudflows (lahars) are common on composite volcanoes because

large amounts of rain and snowmelt mix with loose ash on steep slopes.

What types of structures dominate the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

large folds and thrust faults that have been eroded

channel of a braided river

least likely to deposit siltstone/shale

Which of the following is characteristic of a transgression?

marine sedimentary facies move toward the land

Volcanic eruptions can produce huge floods by

melting ice sheets

What tectonic setting is interpreted to be the cause of volcanism at Yellowstone?

movement of north america over a mantle plume

in what environments does low pressure/high temperature metamorphism occur?

near magma but at shallow levels

mount ranier question

none of them are true for this question

mesa

not a common type of volcano

gabbro

not a rock found in calderas

thermal expansion

not considered to be chemical weathering

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a volcanic dome?

not the largest type of volcano

he most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Mount Pelée, Martinique, was

one or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of St. Pierre.

Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from

other locations

the 2 MAIN PROCESSES BY WHICH SEDIMENT IS PRODUCED IS

physical and chemical weathering

The most likely cause of graded bedding found in sedimentary rocks is

reduction in water current velocity

Which site on the island has evidence for collapse of a volcanic dome?

rock 3

shale

rock composed of the smallest sedimentary clasts

Which of the following is typically erupted from a volcano?

scalding hot ash, lava, and gases.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of

sediment size

platinum

sedimentary deposits/rocks do not commonly host this resource

When lava flows reach the ocean, they...

solidy and add land to an island

What is the plate-tectonic setting of Mount Rainier?

subduction beneath the Pacific Northwest

What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?

the clasts become more rounded.

basalt magma

the largest volcanic erruptions on earth

fluvial

the processes and sediment of streams and rivers.

What is the main difference between conglomerate and breccia?

the shape of the clasts

Which of the following is a common characteristic of carbonate rocks?

they commonly have a dissolved appearance

Many sedimentary rocks exposed in the Denver region are tilted at a high angle to the horizontal, indicating that

they were deposited after they were deposited and lithified

Which of the following is NOT evidence of recent activity at a volcano?

thick, well developed soil

Which environment is a setting that can deposit sand?

turbidity currents along a continental slope

horizontal tension

type of stress that forms a fault

The natural cements that hold clasts together precipitate in the empty pore spaces after compaction. Those precipitates come from

water containing dissolved materials

Which of the following would be evidence that a volcano has NOT been active for a long period of time?

well-developed soils on volcanic rocks

sandstone

what rock is this

strike slip fault

what type of fault is this?

Which of the following is NOT a typical hazard posed to human-made structures by lava flows?

winds