Geology 1001 Exam 2
factors that influence the size, shape, and sorting of sedimentary rocks
1. steepness of slope 2. sediment supply 3. strength of current 4. agents of transport
syncline
A fold in which rocks fold down in the shape of a U
Which of the following are differences between an eruption column and pyroclastic flow?
A pyroclastic flow forms when the gas flux cannot support the column.
Which of the following sites near a volcano might be relatively less dangerous?
A site on a ridge as opposed to a site in a valley.
mass extinction
According to the fossil record, what events have coincided with the approximate times when flood basalts were erupting?
Which of the following is NOT a way in which sandstones are commonly expressed in the landscape?
As outcrops that show evidence of being dissolved during weathering.
At what depth do gas bubbles have the most effect on magma?
At very shallow levels, such as within the volcano.
faults
Fractures along which the rock has slipped relative to the other side are called
Which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock?
Graded beds indicate that the strength of the current decreased through time.
Which of the following is a correct statement about resources in sedimentary rocks?
Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures.
If a rock is metamorphosed but does not contain foliation or lineation, what has probably happened to the rock?
It has been metamorphosed but not deformed.
What is the geologic setting of Vancouver, British Columbia?
It is along the Fraser River and its delta.
The downfall of which ancient civilization in the Mediterranean closely followed the caldera-forming eruption at Santorini?
Minoan
What was the most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Vesuvius in Italy?
One or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of Pompeii.
subduction zones
Potentially explosive composite volcanoes are most common above
how does branded iron formation form? https://www.google.com/search?q=banded+iron+formation&sxsrf=ACYBGNSNzP-du6fBltItw1eW2LRnNG-RCQ:1570644212507&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOkuvS4Y_lAhUDX60KHcgiCAsQ_AUIESgB&biw=1368&bih=799
Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history.
How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth?
Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust.
quartz
Rocks rich in this mineral tend to have a poor solubility during weathering
Which of the following is characteristic of a regression?
Sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits.
Which of the following is common in lava flows associated with scoria cones?
Some scoria cones are not accompanied by a lava flow and vice versa and some lava flows squeeze out near the base of the scoria cone.
In this section, a lower gray rock is successively overlain as follows: limestone is overlain by mudstone, which is overlain by beach sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on?
The area was experiencing a regression.
pacific ring of fire
The largest concentration of composite volcanoes on Earth is located along this
Which of the following is a characteristic of fine-grained clastic rocks?
The rocks tend to be easily eroded.
Which of the following is NOT true of calderas?
They are produced by removal of easily eroded pyroclastic materials.
welded tuff
This igneous rock contains flattened pieces of pumice and small crystals of quartz and feldspar. What type of rock is it?
marble
This light-colored rock is composed of finely crystalline calcite. It also contains metamorphosed fossils and cleavage
volcanic dome
This relatively small volcanic feature consists of solidified lava and some volcanic ash. What kind of volcano is it?
these clasts have been transported to a significant distance
What is the best explanation for the shape of these clasts?
A volcanic eruption occurring beneath an ice sheet is likely to cause
a hazardous flood
columbia plateau
a location in which flood basalts errupt
Which of the following factors indicates a high risk for volcanic mudflows or lahars?
a volcano with a thick covering of snow or ice
High fluid pressure in a rock body will
act to decrease the confining pressure.
Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor on volcanic eruption style?
age
Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are
all correct
flood basalts influence life on earth because
all of the above
Choose those statements that correctly describe limestone.
all the above
Horizontal shear stresses, like those pictured, may produce
all the above
What types of rocks would be common in a composite volcano?
all the above
Which of the following are dangerous aspects of composite volcanoes?
all the above
Which of the following are forms of differential stress?
all the above
Which of the following are locations where flood basalts are known to have occurred?
all the above
Which of the following structures can be related to or can occur close to faults?
all the above
Which of the following was common to the eruptions of Vesuvius, Mount Pelée, and Mount St. Helens?
all the above
Which of the following activities is NOT used to monitor volcanoes?
all the above are used
Which of the following does NOT cause metamorphism?
any of these
regional metamorphism
arrows pushing a rock on either side
What is the typical setting for fold and thrust belts?
associated with convergent plate boundaries
Volcanic domes commonly form from all of the following rocks EXCEPT
basalt
Why could the geologic setting in this figure cause metamorphism?
because it forces some rocks deeper as they are overridden by rocks above the fault
shield volcanoes have
broad, gentle slope. composed of basaltic lava flows. also have fissure erruptions, fire fountains, and dikes.
Which of the following is NOT a typical eruption style during the growth of a composite volcano?
caldera collapse
Which of the following types of eruptions is among the most deadly of natural disasters?
caldera forming
the most dangerous volcanoes question w/ picture
choose A and B (by end of europe and by south america)
what type of rock would you form in a plant rich swamp?
coal
Which of the following does NOT correctly match a rock with a possible environment in which that rock forms?
coal-deep-sea organic-rich black shale
crater at crater lake was formed by
collapse of overlying rocks into an emptied magma chamber.
what type of volcano is Mount Rainier
composite
classic volcano shape
composite volcano
When a rock is buried deep in the Earth and experiences the same force from all sides, it is under
confining pressure
These sandstone beds are interlayered with dark marine shales. What is the most likely environment in which the sandstone formed?
deep water turbidity currents
What sedimentary environments dominate the area around Vancouver, British Columbia?
deposition of sediment carried by a braided river
Compared to non-fractured rocks, the rate of weathering in fractured rocks of the same composition is
faster
chert
forms by Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.
When basaltic lava reaches the ocean it
forms pillow basalts
not a rock found in calderas
gabbro
Because shales and siltstones are easily eroded, the areas where they are exposed typically
have soft slopes and soil cover
The typical large clasts found in breccia indicate that the energy levels of the transporting medium were
high
In which part of New England would you most likely find gneiss?
in New Hampshire and Maine where domes expose high-grade metamorphic rocks
The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement?
its size decreases
Volcanic mudflows (lahars) are common on composite volcanoes because
large amounts of rain and snowmelt mix with loose ash on steep slopes.
What types of structures dominate the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?
large folds and thrust faults that have been eroded
channel of a braided river
least likely to deposit siltstone/shale
Which of the following is characteristic of a transgression?
marine sedimentary facies move toward the land
Volcanic eruptions can produce huge floods by
melting ice sheets
What tectonic setting is interpreted to be the cause of volcanism at Yellowstone?
movement of north america over a mantle plume
in what environments does low pressure/high temperature metamorphism occur?
near magma but at shallow levels
mount ranier question
none of them are true for this question
mesa
not a common type of volcano
gabbro
not a rock found in calderas
thermal expansion
not considered to be chemical weathering
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a volcanic dome?
not the largest type of volcano
he most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Mount Pelée, Martinique, was
one or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of St. Pierre.
Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from
other locations
the 2 MAIN PROCESSES BY WHICH SEDIMENT IS PRODUCED IS
physical and chemical weathering
The most likely cause of graded bedding found in sedimentary rocks is
reduction in water current velocity
Which site on the island has evidence for collapse of a volcanic dome?
rock 3
shale
rock composed of the smallest sedimentary clasts
Which of the following is typically erupted from a volcano?
scalding hot ash, lava, and gases.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of
sediment size
platinum
sedimentary deposits/rocks do not commonly host this resource
When lava flows reach the ocean, they...
solidy and add land to an island
What is the plate-tectonic setting of Mount Rainier?
subduction beneath the Pacific Northwest
What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?
the clasts become more rounded.
basalt magma
the largest volcanic erruptions on earth
fluvial
the processes and sediment of streams and rivers.
What is the main difference between conglomerate and breccia?
the shape of the clasts
Which of the following is a common characteristic of carbonate rocks?
they commonly have a dissolved appearance
Many sedimentary rocks exposed in the Denver region are tilted at a high angle to the horizontal, indicating that
they were deposited after they were deposited and lithified
Which of the following is NOT evidence of recent activity at a volcano?
thick, well developed soil
Which environment is a setting that can deposit sand?
turbidity currents along a continental slope
horizontal tension
type of stress that forms a fault
The natural cements that hold clasts together precipitate in the empty pore spaces after compaction. Those precipitates come from
water containing dissolved materials
Which of the following would be evidence that a volcano has NOT been active for a long period of time?
well-developed soils on volcanic rocks
sandstone
what rock is this
strike slip fault
what type of fault is this?
Which of the following is NOT a typical hazard posed to human-made structures by lava flows?
winds