Geology 1100 Lab Exam 1

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Calcite

Luster- non metallic hardness - 2.5-3 cleavage - 3 directions @ 90 white streak

glassy

no grains at all, rock is a homogeneous mass of glass

Barite

luster- non metallic hardness- 2.5-3.5 cleavage- 2 directions white streak

Staurolite

luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage - 2 directions not @ 90 tanish gray streak

These next rocks were

not in the box in class but could still be on test

No magnetism involved

transform

slide past each other

transform

Andalusite

luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- 2 directions not @ 90 white

Are all continental coastlines plate boundaries?

No

Seafloor spreading

ocean grows wider

ridge

divergent

rules of contour lines

1. Two different contour lines cannot cross because the would be saying two different lines are the same height 2. The spacing on contour lines on a map reveals the steepness of the ground surface. Closely spaced contour lines indicate steepness and widely spaced contour lines indicate gentle slopes. 3. Concentric contour lines indicate a hill 4. Concentric hachured contour lines indicate a closed depression 5. Contour lines form a V when they cross a stream. The open part of the stream faces a downstream.

Conversions

100 cm in a meter, 1000 mm in a meter, 1000 meters in a Km

Triple junction

3 plates come together.

Landsat image

Any of various satellites used to gather data for images of the Earths land surface and coastal regions. Shows the topographic grain most clearly. Shows highways. Shows recent changes and is the newest technology.

S- Waves

Can ONLY travel through solids. Not liquids or GASES. (freddie)

Topographic map

Characterized by large scale detail. Shows natural and man made features. Shows highways and can be used at night.

Movement at a divergent plate boundary

Divergent

Movement at a mid ocean ridge

Divergent

Mantle/ crust

Earths crust and the uppermost part of the layer below it, called the mantle, form a relatively rigid outermost layer called the lithosphere that extends to a depth of 100 to 150 km.

Mohs hardness scale

Fingernail - 2.5 U.S. Penny - 3.0 Nail- 5-5.5 Glass - 5.5 streak plate- 6.5-7

Foliation

Grains are aligned parallel to each other and creates this type of layering

Thick flows of glowing red lava engulf farms and villages on the flanks of Mt. Etna, a volcano in Sicily. The cold, black rock formed when these flows are cool enough to walk on is?

Igneous

medium grained

Individual grains can be seen with the naked eye but are to small to be identified

Hematite

Luster - metallic hardness- 5.5 cleavage - fracture brown streak

Gypsum

Luster- Non Metallic hardness- <2.5 cleavage-3 directions not @ 90 White streak

Potassium Feldspar

Luster- Non metallic Hardness- 6 Cleavage- 2 directions @ 90 White streak

Quartz

Luster- Non metallic Hardness- 6< Cleavage- fracture White streak

Galena

Luster- metallic hardness - <2.5 cleavage - 3 directions black streak

Plagioclase Feldspar

Luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- 2 directions @ 90 White streak

Halite

Luster- non metallic hardness- 2-2.5 cleavage- 3 directions @ 90 White streak

Fluorite

Luster- non metallic hardness- 4 cleavage- 4 directions white streak (also the purple rock)

Augite

Luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- 2 directions @ 90 white streak

Magnetite

Luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage - fracture black streak

The broad tundra plains of northern canada expose a gray, massive rock the formed many kilometers below a mountain belt. This rock, exposed only after the overlying rock was stripped away is?

Metamorphic

Where does the oceanic crust separating North America from Europe form?

Mid-atlantic ridge

Longitude

North and south.

Aerial Photograph

Photographs of ground from elevated/direct down position. Least helpful in trying to visualize hills, valleys and lakes because photos were taken by satellites and pieced together.

Divergent plate boundary

Plates move away from each other at the mid-oceanic ridge or oceanic ridge.

What can plotting the s-wave shadow zone on your model tell us about the earths structure?

S-waves are not transmitted through the liquid outer core. This is used as the main piece of evidence to deduce the size of the core.

Along the coast, waves carry sand out into deeper, quieter water, where it accumulates and gradually becomes buried. A rock formed from sand grains cemented together is ?

Sedimentary rocks

The rule of V's

Suggests which direction the stream flows by the contoured lines. The stream flows the way the V opens up.

what is the main factor that controls the width of the arc trench gap?

The angel of sub-ducting plate

What relationship through geological time do you observe between the evolution/extinction of patterns of plants and animals and sea level?

The less plants and animals there are, the less the sea level is

Asthenosphere

The lithosphere plates rest on it, its a zone in the upper mantle that, although solid has such a low rigidity that it can flow like plastic. Asthenosphere acts as a lubricant, permitting the plates above it to move.

Line spacing contour lines

The closer the lines are the steeper it is, the further the line spacing the more gentle it is.

What relationship through geological time do you observe between sea level and amount of volcanism?

The higher the sea level the higher the volcanism.

What relationship through geological time do you observe between abundance of plants and abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere?

The more plants there are the more oxygen there is

Which one of the four types of imagining methods we discussed uses elevation contours to show landforms?

Topographic

Public land survey system

Township and Range

Movement at a transform plate boundary

Transform

What is the relationship between glaciations and sea level through geological time?

When glaciers melt sea level goes up. Vice versa

When the lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere. Can it return back up?

Yes. Example- Squeeze a water bottle then let go

Cleavage

a break of a crystal face where a new face is formed where the mineral broke. Natural.

subduction zones

a region of the earths crust where tectonic plates meet. The boundary between the two plates is a deep ocean trench.

the angel of sub-ducting plate controls the width of the ?

arc-trench gap

Continental rifts

are places where continental lithosphere is stretched and pulled apart in the process of breaking apart at a new divergent margin

very fine grained

cannot be seen with naked eye or lens

Clastic texture

cemented grains in a sedimentary rock/ cemented fossils

May cause mountains to form

convergent

May involve subduction

convergent

Movement at a convergent plate boundary

convergent

trench or collision

convergent

New crust created

divergent

Sedimentary Rocks

form at or near the surface of the Earth in two basic ways: When grains of preexisting rocks accumulate are buried and then are cemented together by minerals precipitating out of groundwater and when minerals precipitate out of water near the Earths surface either directly or through the life function of an organism, and either form a solid mass or are cemented together later.

Igneous rocks

form through the cooling and solidification of molten rock, which is created by the melting of preexisting rock in the mantle or lower crust.

Metamorphic rock

form when preexisting rocks are subjected to a physical and chemical conditions within the earth, such as the increase in pressure and temperature and or shearing at elevated temperature.

Course grained

grains are large enough so you can identify the minerals or grains present

metamorphic

has stripes, foliated, crystalline structure

fine grained

individual grains are to small to be seen with naked eye but can be seen with hand lens.

Digital Elevation model

is a digital model or 3d representation of a terrains surface, Shows topographic grain clearly. You can recognize the topography most easily.

Fracture

is the characteristic way a mineral breaks.

Muscovite

luster - non metallic hardness - <2.5 cleavage - 1 direction white/silver streak

Hornblende/ Amphibole

luster- metallic hardness- 5.5- 6 cleavage- fracture red streak

Pyrite

luster- metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- fracture black streak

Malachite

luster- non hardness- 3.5-4 pale green streak

chlorite

luster- non metallic hardness- 2-2.5 cleavage - irregular pale green streak

sulfur

luster- non metallic hardness - 1.4-2.5 pale yellow streak

Biotite

luster- non metallic hardness - 2.5 - 3 cleavage- 1 direction tan streak

Sphalerite

luster- non metallic hardness 3.5-4 cleavage - 6 directions brownish red streak

Limonite

luster- non metallic hardness- 2-2.5 cleavage - find out at test brown streak

Latitude

measure east and west.

Hotspot plume

middle of active volcano and the volcano becoming active

Tectonic cycle

new oceanic lithosphere is created at the oceanic ridges, moves away from the ridges during seafloor spreading and returns to the mantle in subduction zones.

What do nested contour lines show?

peaks

Igneous

rock with holes, look like granite and be shiny, crystalline structure

sedimentary

sandy feel, clastic, grainy,

Convergent plate boundary

two plates move toward each other, and the oceanic lithosphere of one plate sinks into the mantle below the other in subduction zones.

Transform plate boundary

two plates slide past each other along a vertical zone of fracturing called a transform fault

The most accurate way to describe the scale of a map is a?

verbal scale

Plate boundary

where two plates make contact


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