Geology 1100 Lab Exam 1
Calcite
Luster- non metallic hardness - 2.5-3 cleavage - 3 directions @ 90 white streak
glassy
no grains at all, rock is a homogeneous mass of glass
Barite
luster- non metallic hardness- 2.5-3.5 cleavage- 2 directions white streak
Staurolite
luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage - 2 directions not @ 90 tanish gray streak
These next rocks were
not in the box in class but could still be on test
No magnetism involved
transform
slide past each other
transform
Andalusite
luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- 2 directions not @ 90 white
Are all continental coastlines plate boundaries?
No
Seafloor spreading
ocean grows wider
ridge
divergent
rules of contour lines
1. Two different contour lines cannot cross because the would be saying two different lines are the same height 2. The spacing on contour lines on a map reveals the steepness of the ground surface. Closely spaced contour lines indicate steepness and widely spaced contour lines indicate gentle slopes. 3. Concentric contour lines indicate a hill 4. Concentric hachured contour lines indicate a closed depression 5. Contour lines form a V when they cross a stream. The open part of the stream faces a downstream.
Conversions
100 cm in a meter, 1000 mm in a meter, 1000 meters in a Km
Triple junction
3 plates come together.
Landsat image
Any of various satellites used to gather data for images of the Earths land surface and coastal regions. Shows the topographic grain most clearly. Shows highways. Shows recent changes and is the newest technology.
S- Waves
Can ONLY travel through solids. Not liquids or GASES. (freddie)
Topographic map
Characterized by large scale detail. Shows natural and man made features. Shows highways and can be used at night.
Movement at a divergent plate boundary
Divergent
Movement at a mid ocean ridge
Divergent
Mantle/ crust
Earths crust and the uppermost part of the layer below it, called the mantle, form a relatively rigid outermost layer called the lithosphere that extends to a depth of 100 to 150 km.
Mohs hardness scale
Fingernail - 2.5 U.S. Penny - 3.0 Nail- 5-5.5 Glass - 5.5 streak plate- 6.5-7
Foliation
Grains are aligned parallel to each other and creates this type of layering
Thick flows of glowing red lava engulf farms and villages on the flanks of Mt. Etna, a volcano in Sicily. The cold, black rock formed when these flows are cool enough to walk on is?
Igneous
medium grained
Individual grains can be seen with the naked eye but are to small to be identified
Hematite
Luster - metallic hardness- 5.5 cleavage - fracture brown streak
Gypsum
Luster- Non Metallic hardness- <2.5 cleavage-3 directions not @ 90 White streak
Potassium Feldspar
Luster- Non metallic Hardness- 6 Cleavage- 2 directions @ 90 White streak
Quartz
Luster- Non metallic Hardness- 6< Cleavage- fracture White streak
Galena
Luster- metallic hardness - <2.5 cleavage - 3 directions black streak
Plagioclase Feldspar
Luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- 2 directions @ 90 White streak
Halite
Luster- non metallic hardness- 2-2.5 cleavage- 3 directions @ 90 White streak
Fluorite
Luster- non metallic hardness- 4 cleavage- 4 directions white streak (also the purple rock)
Augite
Luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- 2 directions @ 90 white streak
Magnetite
Luster- non metallic hardness- 6 cleavage - fracture black streak
The broad tundra plains of northern canada expose a gray, massive rock the formed many kilometers below a mountain belt. This rock, exposed only after the overlying rock was stripped away is?
Metamorphic
Where does the oceanic crust separating North America from Europe form?
Mid-atlantic ridge
Longitude
North and south.
Aerial Photograph
Photographs of ground from elevated/direct down position. Least helpful in trying to visualize hills, valleys and lakes because photos were taken by satellites and pieced together.
Divergent plate boundary
Plates move away from each other at the mid-oceanic ridge or oceanic ridge.
What can plotting the s-wave shadow zone on your model tell us about the earths structure?
S-waves are not transmitted through the liquid outer core. This is used as the main piece of evidence to deduce the size of the core.
Along the coast, waves carry sand out into deeper, quieter water, where it accumulates and gradually becomes buried. A rock formed from sand grains cemented together is ?
Sedimentary rocks
The rule of V's
Suggests which direction the stream flows by the contoured lines. The stream flows the way the V opens up.
what is the main factor that controls the width of the arc trench gap?
The angel of sub-ducting plate
What relationship through geological time do you observe between the evolution/extinction of patterns of plants and animals and sea level?
The less plants and animals there are, the less the sea level is
Asthenosphere
The lithosphere plates rest on it, its a zone in the upper mantle that, although solid has such a low rigidity that it can flow like plastic. Asthenosphere acts as a lubricant, permitting the plates above it to move.
Line spacing contour lines
The closer the lines are the steeper it is, the further the line spacing the more gentle it is.
What relationship through geological time do you observe between sea level and amount of volcanism?
The higher the sea level the higher the volcanism.
What relationship through geological time do you observe between abundance of plants and abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere?
The more plants there are the more oxygen there is
Which one of the four types of imagining methods we discussed uses elevation contours to show landforms?
Topographic
Public land survey system
Township and Range
Movement at a transform plate boundary
Transform
What is the relationship between glaciations and sea level through geological time?
When glaciers melt sea level goes up. Vice versa
When the lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere. Can it return back up?
Yes. Example- Squeeze a water bottle then let go
Cleavage
a break of a crystal face where a new face is formed where the mineral broke. Natural.
subduction zones
a region of the earths crust where tectonic plates meet. The boundary between the two plates is a deep ocean trench.
the angel of sub-ducting plate controls the width of the ?
arc-trench gap
Continental rifts
are places where continental lithosphere is stretched and pulled apart in the process of breaking apart at a new divergent margin
very fine grained
cannot be seen with naked eye or lens
Clastic texture
cemented grains in a sedimentary rock/ cemented fossils
May cause mountains to form
convergent
May involve subduction
convergent
Movement at a convergent plate boundary
convergent
trench or collision
convergent
New crust created
divergent
Sedimentary Rocks
form at or near the surface of the Earth in two basic ways: When grains of preexisting rocks accumulate are buried and then are cemented together by minerals precipitating out of groundwater and when minerals precipitate out of water near the Earths surface either directly or through the life function of an organism, and either form a solid mass or are cemented together later.
Igneous rocks
form through the cooling and solidification of molten rock, which is created by the melting of preexisting rock in the mantle or lower crust.
Metamorphic rock
form when preexisting rocks are subjected to a physical and chemical conditions within the earth, such as the increase in pressure and temperature and or shearing at elevated temperature.
Course grained
grains are large enough so you can identify the minerals or grains present
metamorphic
has stripes, foliated, crystalline structure
fine grained
individual grains are to small to be seen with naked eye but can be seen with hand lens.
Digital Elevation model
is a digital model or 3d representation of a terrains surface, Shows topographic grain clearly. You can recognize the topography most easily.
Fracture
is the characteristic way a mineral breaks.
Muscovite
luster - non metallic hardness - <2.5 cleavage - 1 direction white/silver streak
Hornblende/ Amphibole
luster- metallic hardness- 5.5- 6 cleavage- fracture red streak
Pyrite
luster- metallic hardness- 6 cleavage- fracture black streak
Malachite
luster- non hardness- 3.5-4 pale green streak
chlorite
luster- non metallic hardness- 2-2.5 cleavage - irregular pale green streak
sulfur
luster- non metallic hardness - 1.4-2.5 pale yellow streak
Biotite
luster- non metallic hardness - 2.5 - 3 cleavage- 1 direction tan streak
Sphalerite
luster- non metallic hardness 3.5-4 cleavage - 6 directions brownish red streak
Limonite
luster- non metallic hardness- 2-2.5 cleavage - find out at test brown streak
Latitude
measure east and west.
Hotspot plume
middle of active volcano and the volcano becoming active
Tectonic cycle
new oceanic lithosphere is created at the oceanic ridges, moves away from the ridges during seafloor spreading and returns to the mantle in subduction zones.
What do nested contour lines show?
peaks
Igneous
rock with holes, look like granite and be shiny, crystalline structure
sedimentary
sandy feel, clastic, grainy,
Convergent plate boundary
two plates move toward each other, and the oceanic lithosphere of one plate sinks into the mantle below the other in subduction zones.
Transform plate boundary
two plates slide past each other along a vertical zone of fracturing called a transform fault
The most accurate way to describe the scale of a map is a?
verbal scale
Plate boundary
where two plates make contact
