AP Bio Midterm

substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycoloysis

100%

how many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose (C12H22O11) a disaccharide

12

upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 556 amino acids. how many peptide bonds are present in this protein

555

which process could be compared to how rushing steam turns a water wheel

ATP synthase activity

in the absence of oxygen yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation resulting in the production of

ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

in an experiment studying photosynthesis performed during the day, you provide a plant with radioactive carbon (14C) dioxide as a metabolic tracer. The 14C is incorporated first into oxaloacetate and it moves into the bundle of sheath cells. This plant is best described as

C4 plant

plants that fix CO2 into organic acids at night when the stomata are open and carry out the calvin cycle during the day when the stomata are closed are called

CAM plants

cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins in a cell. This tagging of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. which of the following is the most likely the pathway for movement of this protein in the cell

ER to Golgi to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

liver cells manufacture glycoproteins while adipose cells store fat. which of the following sub cellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells

Golgi apparatus

which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond

H2O

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis

NADH, and pyruvate

all of the following are directly associated with photosynthesis II except

NADPH formation

The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps

Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell

which of the following descriptions best fit the class of molecules known as nucleotides

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

a plant or animal

in the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by functioning as

a sign stimulus

the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

the movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input is

active transport

All of the following are functions of the citric acid or krebs cycle except

adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water

the R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is is -CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution.

alanine would be in the interior and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein

what do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water

all are properties related to hydrogen bonding

microfilaments are well known for their role in which of the following

ameboid movement, formation of cleavage furrows during cell division, contracting of muscle cells

which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

an amino acid such as glycine

mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. which of the following statements is justified by these observations

an ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryotic in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells

lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified

as a disaccharide

in an experiment studying predator and prey relationships a scientist offers a naïve toad a bumblebee for food. the bee stings the toad and when the toad tries to catch and eat it. Afterwards the toad avoids eating the bee. This is a demonstration of

associative learning on the toads part

which of the following are prokaryotic cells

bacteria

inactive in the dark

both the light reactions and the calvin cycle

how does a non-competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction

by changing the structure of the enzyme

all of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis except

carbon dioxide is incorporated into G3P

about 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter.

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

which term best describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

catabolism

what is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of the other proteins

chaperone protein

when homogenized (pureed in a blender) cells are spun in a centrifuge, the heaviest organelle settles into the pellet. The remaining liquid can be spun again and the next heaviest organelle will go into that pellet. Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasing rapid spins in a centrifuge

chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes

increasing the amount of substrate in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following

competitive inhibition

the sodium potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it

contributes to the membrane potential

what is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds`

covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms

what is the term used for a major change in a proteins three-dimensional shape or conformation due to a disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds

denaturation

the chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy. If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation.

during the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released

In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADO + Pi to ATP

energy from movement of protons through ATP synthase

the primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. to carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all the following except

enzymes for glycolysis

which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true

enzymes lower the activation energy needed and therefor increase the rate of a reaction

During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to

excite electrons

glucose diffuses slowly through artificial membranes which are only made of phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. using this info which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells

facilitated diffusion

know the graphs on the test and short answers and go over typed out nearpods

first test 1-3 graph questions: #4, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 36 and go over short answer second test 4 &5 graph questions: #9, 16, 17, 18, 19 and go over short answer third test 6&7 graph questions: #3, 36, 37, 39 and go over short answer

during aerobic respiration electrons travel downhill in which sequence

food to NADH to electron transport chain to oxygen

which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions

gastric juice at pH 2

which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation

glycolysis

saturated fatty acids

have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than do unsaturated fatty acids

desert rabbits are adapted to the warm climate because their large ear aid in the removal of heat due to the

high heat of vaporization of water

humans can digest starch but not cellulose because

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta glycosidic linkages of cellulose

female sea turtles return to the specific beach they hatched at to lay their eggs. which term best fits with this behavior

imprinting

young ducklings first see a researchers red boots and then begin to follow him around. What kind of behavior are the ducklings demonstrating.

imprinting

water passes quickly through cell membranes because

it moves through aquaporins in the membrane

you have a friend who lost 7 kg of fat on a low carb diet. How did the fat leave her body

it was released as CO2 and H2O

muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to _______, and in this step gain ________

lactate or lactic acid; NAD+

the advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

light microscopy allows one to view the processes in living cells

produces molecular oxygen O2

light reactions alone

what is one of the functions of cholesterol in animal cell membranes

maintains membrane fluidity

cyanide binds with at least one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP. Following exposure of a cell to cyanide, most of the cyanide could be expected to be found within the

mitochondria

where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located

mitochondrial inner membrane

hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are

nonploar substances that repel water

which of the following processes include all others

passive transport

which type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes

phagocytic white blood cell

an organism with a cell wall would have the most difficulty doing which process

phagocytosis

which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration

photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it in a form the cell can use

the difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that

pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity

water in a pond contaminated with the weed killer atrazine is suspected of inhibiting metamorphosis in northern leopard frogs. A team of scientists collected fertilized northern leopard frog eggs from a different pond that is not contaminated. which of the following is the best experimental design to determine whether atrazine is responsible for inhibiting metamorphosis in these frogs?

place half of the fertilized eggs in a pool of water with the same concentration of atrazine as the contaminated pond and place the other half of the eggs in a pool of water that has no atrazine. Monitor the development of the embryos through metamorphosis into adulthood.

in a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

polar covalent bonds

which of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except

protein synthesis

the transmission of an impulse from one neuron to another neuron typically involves the

release of chemical messengers into the space between the axon of the sensory neuron and the plasma membrane of the interneuron

which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell

rough ER

what kind of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily

small and hydrophobic

what is the primary function of the calvin cycle

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

produces three-carbon sugars

the calvin cycle alone

requires ATP

the calvin cycle alone

which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperature

the double bonds form a kink in the fatty acid tail, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart

which of the following statements are correct about an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction

the molecule that is reduced gains electrons, the molecule the is oxidized loses electrons

a patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will happen?

the patients red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells

which of the following is an example of hydrolysis

the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water

which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions

the reaction results in a net releasee of free energy

polymers of polysaccharides and proteins are synthesized from monomers by what process

the removal of water (dehydration synthesis)

which of the following is true about neuron cells at resting potential

the sodium potassium pump keeps the membrane polarized

which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true

the splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons, chlorophyll absorb light energy which excites electrons, ATP is generated by photophosphorylation

assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damages will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes

the synthesis of ATP

which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions

they maintain a relatively constant pH

what is the primary reason for including a control group within the design of the an experiment?

to ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable

a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell

vacuole

all of the following statements are correct regarding the calvin cycle except

water is required to supply electrons