AP Bio Midterm
substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycoloysis
100%
how many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose (C12H22O11) a disaccharide
12
upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 556 amino acids. how many peptide bonds are present in this protein
555
which process could be compared to how rushing steam turns a water wheel
ATP synthase activity
in the absence of oxygen yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation resulting in the production of
ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
in an experiment studying photosynthesis performed during the day, you provide a plant with radioactive carbon (14C) dioxide as a metabolic tracer. The 14C is incorporated first into oxaloacetate and it moves into the bundle of sheath cells. This plant is best described as
C4 plant
plants that fix CO2 into organic acids at night when the stomata are open and carry out the calvin cycle during the day when the stomata are closed are called
CAM plants
cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins in a cell. This tagging of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. which of the following is the most likely the pathway for movement of this protein in the cell
ER to Golgi to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
liver cells manufacture glycoproteins while adipose cells store fat. which of the following sub cellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells
Golgi apparatus
which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond
H2O
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis
NADH, and pyruvate
all of the following are directly associated with photosynthesis II except
NADPH formation
The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps
Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell
which of the following descriptions best fit the class of molecules known as nucleotides
a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
a plant or animal
in the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by functioning as
a sign stimulus
the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
the movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input is
active transport
All of the following are functions of the citric acid or krebs cycle except
adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water
the R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is is -CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution.
alanine would be in the interior and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein
what do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water
all are properties related to hydrogen bonding
microfilaments are well known for their role in which of the following
ameboid movement, formation of cleavage furrows during cell division, contracting of muscle cells
which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
an amino acid such as glycine
mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. which of the following statements is justified by these observations
an ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryotic in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells
lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified
as a disaccharide
in an experiment studying predator and prey relationships a scientist offers a naïve toad a bumblebee for food. the bee stings the toad and when the toad tries to catch and eat it. Afterwards the toad avoids eating the bee. This is a demonstration of
associative learning on the toads part
which of the following are prokaryotic cells
bacteria
inactive in the dark
both the light reactions and the calvin cycle
how does a non-competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction
by changing the structure of the enzyme
all of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis except
carbon dioxide is incorporated into G3P
about 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter.
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
which term best describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
catabolism
what is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of the other proteins
chaperone protein
when homogenized (pureed in a blender) cells are spun in a centrifuge, the heaviest organelle settles into the pellet. The remaining liquid can be spun again and the next heaviest organelle will go into that pellet. Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasing rapid spins in a centrifuge
chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes
increasing the amount of substrate in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following
competitive inhibition
the sodium potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it
contributes to the membrane potential
what is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds`
covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms
what is the term used for a major change in a proteins three-dimensional shape or conformation due to a disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds
denaturation
the chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy. If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation.
during the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADO + Pi to ATP
energy from movement of protons through ATP synthase
the primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. to carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all the following except
enzymes for glycolysis
which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true
enzymes lower the activation energy needed and therefor increase the rate of a reaction
During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to
excite electrons
glucose diffuses slowly through artificial membranes which are only made of phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. using this info which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells
facilitated diffusion
know the graphs on the test and short answers and go over typed out nearpods
first test 1-3 graph questions: #4, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 36 and go over short answer second test 4 &5 graph questions: #9, 16, 17, 18, 19 and go over short answer third test 6&7 graph questions: #3, 36, 37, 39 and go over short answer
during aerobic respiration electrons travel downhill in which sequence
food to NADH to electron transport chain to oxygen
which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions
gastric juice at pH 2
which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation
glycolysis
saturated fatty acids
have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than do unsaturated fatty acids
desert rabbits are adapted to the warm climate because their large ear aid in the removal of heat due to the
high heat of vaporization of water
humans can digest starch but not cellulose because
humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta glycosidic linkages of cellulose
female sea turtles return to the specific beach they hatched at to lay their eggs. which term best fits with this behavior
imprinting
young ducklings first see a researchers red boots and then begin to follow him around. What kind of behavior are the ducklings demonstrating.
imprinting
water passes quickly through cell membranes because
it moves through aquaporins in the membrane
you have a friend who lost 7 kg of fat on a low carb diet. How did the fat leave her body
it was released as CO2 and H2O
muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to _______, and in this step gain ________
lactate or lactic acid; NAD+
the advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
light microscopy allows one to view the processes in living cells
produces molecular oxygen O2
light reactions alone
what is one of the functions of cholesterol in animal cell membranes
maintains membrane fluidity
cyanide binds with at least one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP. Following exposure of a cell to cyanide, most of the cyanide could be expected to be found within the
mitochondria
where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located
mitochondrial inner membrane
hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are
nonploar substances that repel water
which of the following processes include all others
passive transport
which type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes
phagocytic white blood cell
an organism with a cell wall would have the most difficulty doing which process
phagocytosis
which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration
photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it in a form the cell can use
the difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that
pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity
water in a pond contaminated with the weed killer atrazine is suspected of inhibiting metamorphosis in northern leopard frogs. A team of scientists collected fertilized northern leopard frog eggs from a different pond that is not contaminated. which of the following is the best experimental design to determine whether atrazine is responsible for inhibiting metamorphosis in these frogs?
place half of the fertilized eggs in a pool of water with the same concentration of atrazine as the contaminated pond and place the other half of the eggs in a pool of water that has no atrazine. Monitor the development of the embryos through metamorphosis into adulthood.
in a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
polar covalent bonds
which of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except
protein synthesis
the transmission of an impulse from one neuron to another neuron typically involves the
release of chemical messengers into the space between the axon of the sensory neuron and the plasma membrane of the interneuron
which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell
rough ER
what kind of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily
small and hydrophobic
what is the primary function of the calvin cycle
synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
produces three-carbon sugars
the calvin cycle alone
requires ATP
the calvin cycle alone
which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperature
the double bonds form a kink in the fatty acid tail, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart
which of the following statements are correct about an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction
the molecule that is reduced gains electrons, the molecule the is oxidized loses electrons
a patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will happen?
the patients red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells
which of the following is an example of hydrolysis
the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water
which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions
the reaction results in a net releasee of free energy
polymers of polysaccharides and proteins are synthesized from monomers by what process
the removal of water (dehydration synthesis)
which of the following is true about neuron cells at resting potential
the sodium potassium pump keeps the membrane polarized
which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true
the splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons, chlorophyll absorb light energy which excites electrons, ATP is generated by photophosphorylation
assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damages will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes
the synthesis of ATP
which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions
they maintain a relatively constant pH
what is the primary reason for including a control group within the design of the an experiment?
to ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable
a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell
vacuole
all of the following statements are correct regarding the calvin cycle except
water is required to supply electrons