Geology 1330 test 4

what happens when depth is less than 1/2 the wavelength?? circular motion of water particles at the surface______. (increase or decrease)

decrease

The cone of depression is when the rate of water withdraw _____ the rate of groundwater flow.

exceeds

An alluvial fan is a ___ shaped structure that picks up and ____ sediments.

fan, deposits

___ are constructed at right angle to the beach/shore where deposition is on the up current side and erosion is on the down current side geotube seawall breakwaters jetty groin

groin

A geyser is an fountain of ___ water ejected periodically from the _____

hot, ground

A aquitard is an _____ bed that ____ groundwater movement. Impermeable, allows Permeable, prevent Permeable, allows Impermeable, prevents

impermeable, prevents

Influent streams ___ water to the groundwater system by ___ through the streambed lose, outflow gain, outflow gain, inflow lose, inflow

lose, outflow

Porosity is the percentage of _____ _____ within a given volume of rock/regolith

open spaces

A delta is when a ________.

stream enters a body of water.

P waves ________ when entering the outer core. Speed up Slow down

slow down

Permeability is the measure of a materials ability to transmit _____

water

Saturated zones are pore spaces filled with 100% ____

water

The hydrologic cycle traces the cyclical movement of ____through the various reservoirs.

water

The two transition zones in Earth's mantle, one at 400 km and the other at 670 km depths, are characterized by... Changes in mantle temperature Changes from a completely solid to partly molten mantle peridotite Changes in gravity in the mantle due to changes in mantle chemistry Abrupt increases in P- and S-wave velocities due to closer atomic packing of crystal structures in mantle minerals

Abrupt increases in P- and S-wave velocities due to closer atomic packing of crystal structures in mantle minerals

Tidal flats are mostly submerged during ebb tides. True False

False

wave velocity increases in the asthenosphere True False

False

A _________ tide is a tidal current flowing through an inlet into a bay or estuary. Forward Spring Flood Ebb

Flood

Higher latitudes ______ the angle of the magnetic lines of force Increase Decrease

Increase

What dissolves the most in groundwater?

Limeston bedrock

___________ currents move offshore sand and water parallel to the beach. Reflected Longshore Translational Tidal

Longshore

Which of the following characteristics are found in all good aquifers? High porosity and high permeability Low permeability and high potability High porosity and low permeability Low porosity and low permeability

Low permeability and high potability

Which of the following terms does not belong with the other terms? Spit Tombolo Barrier island Marine terrace

Marine terrace

The ___________ is the seismic discontinuity that forms the boundary between the crust and mantle. Asthenosphere D' layer 400 km transition zone Moho

Moho

Where is stream erosion concentrated along a meandering stream? On the straight channel segment between meander bends On the outer bank of a meander bend On the inner bank of a meander bend were a point bar forms On the floodplain during times of low discharge

On the outer bank of a meander bend

For a passing wave, the depth below which the motion of water particles become negligible is equal to... One half the total water depth Twice the wavelength One-half the wavelength One half the wave height

One-half the wavelength

The __________ of the Earth does not transmit S waves. Outer mantle Inner crust Outer Core Deep mantle

Outer core

A(n) __________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop. Back swamp Divide Point bar Oxbow Lake

Oxbow Lake

Which of the following is good evidence for a solidified, inner core? P waves are faster in the inner core than in the outer core S waves do not pass directly through the core S waves are slower in the inner core than in the outer core S waves are focused at the center of the P-wave shadow zone

P waves are faster in the inner core than in the outer core

Excessive groundwater withdrawal can lead to which of the following results? An influent stream becomes an effluent stream Expansion of the dewatered aquifer Porosity in the aquifer increases as the water is removed The water table drops or declines in elevation.

The water table drops or declines in elevation

Continental crust is generally thicker than oceanic crust. True False

True

Differences in the height of Earth's geoid are measured relative to a perfect ellipsoid. True False

True

In areas underlain by unconsolidated or weakly consolidated strata, lowering of the water table can cause the land to subside True False

True

Neap tides are produced when the Moon is at right angles to the line connecting the Earth and Sun. True False

True

Shale is least permeable True False

True

The geothermal gradient is a curve showing the increase of temperature with depth within Earth's interior. True False

True

The lowest base level for most streams is sea level. True False

True

Water infiltrates down to the water table from influent streams. True False

True

An artesian well is one in which... The water is warm, fairly saline, and recharged by an affluent stream Pressurized groundwater rises from a deep, unsaturated aquifer but does not reach the surface Water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping The well is horizontal and the water table is perched

Water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping

Water movement and sand transport parallel to the beach are fundamentally caused by... Strong, offshore winds picking up and blowing beach sand behind the beach Waves impinging obliquely onto a beach Deep-water waves breaking offshore A long fetch parallel to the beach

Waves impinging obliquely onto a beach

Which of the following statements concerning artesian wells is not true? The well penetrates an aquifer overlain by an aquitard The well penetrates an aquifer underlain by an impermeable bed The aquifer is generally inclined, and it is saturated to an elevation above the point where the well penetrates the aquifer When the well penetrates the aquifer, the groundwater reverses flow such that the water table drops in the well

When the well penetrates the aquifer, the groundwater reverses flow such that the water table drops in the well

Which of the following statements best describes how geysers erupt? Water suddenly cools in disconnected voids and cracks above the water table, causing the aquifer to explosively fragment Water slowly percolates downward in a network of vertical cracks above the water table; The buildup of water in the underlying aquifer pushes the rest of the water to the surface Rising magma in the lower crust pushes overlying water upward through vertical fractures, causing the water to spill out on the surface With a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent.

With a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent.

____ are built to protect boats from the force of large, breaking waves geotube seawall breakwaters jetty groin

breakwater

A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient? 2 m/km 2 km/m 0.5 m/km 1 km/m

0.5 m/km

The water table is.... A boundary between unsaturated bedrock and an underground river A boundary between unsaturated bedrock below and saturated bedrock above An underground ,ass of partly saturated bedrock A boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above

A boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above

Which one of the following coastlines would typically have wave-cut cliffs, sea stacks, sea arches, and sea caves? A coastline where bedrock is vigorously eroded as sea level rises A coastline where a bedrock, wave-cut cliff is rapidly retreating inland as sea level falls A coastline where unconsolidated sediments are being eroded as sea level falls A coastline where unconsolidated sediments are being rapidly deposited as sea level rises

A coastline where bedrock is vigorously eroded as sea level rises

A perched water table develops when... The regional water table is overlain by a vertical aquitard; Fish within the groundwater are prevented from swimming across the aquitard A horizontal aquitard above the regional water table prevents downward-percolating water from reaching the main aquifer. Downward percolating water accumulates above the aquitard to form a secondary zone of saturation above the main water table. The main aquifer below the regional water table is bounced above and below by aquitards An aquitard above the regional water table reaches the surface, allowing birds to perch on it

A horizontal aquitard above the regional water table prevents downward-percolating water from reaching the main aquifer. Downward percolating water accumulates above the aquitard to form a secondary zone of saturation above the main water table.

Which of the following statements logically explains why parts of some cavern systems are aerated? The caves formed and later the water table rose A nearby, downcutting stream lowered the water table after the caves had formed. Streams formerly flowing on the surface were diverted into the groundwater system through sinkhole, causing the water table to rise The main water table is perched above the cavern roof, allowing air to enter

A nearby, downcutting stream lowered the water table after the caves had formed.

An aquifer is... The porous and permeable, saturated cone of depression in an aquitard A layer or stratum in which groundwater flows downward to the water table A saturated, porous, and permeable layer or stratum An unsaturated, influent-flow bed or stratum below a spring

A saturated, porous, and permeable layer or stratum

Which one of the following best characterizes the asthenosphere? A layer of soft, solid, magnesium silicates and molten iron droplets at the base of the mantle A zone of hardened silicate rock at the base of the oceanic crust A zone of softened Peridotite in the upper mantle The zone in the mantle where the velocity of P- and S-waves dramatically increase

A zone of softened Peridotite in the upper mantle

Which of the following accounts for the largest usage of groundwater in the United States? Water for livestock and poultry Domestic and municipal supplies Industrial uses Agriculture and irrigation

Agriculture and irrigation

What type of terrain is characteristic of the Trellis drainage pattern? Highly jointed bedrock where joints intersect at right angles Highly uniform bedrock Alternating weak and resistant bedrock characteristic of folded terrain Isolated volcanic cones or domes

Alternating weak and resistant bedrock characteristic of folded terrain

How does wave refraction affect the crest and trough orientations of incoming waves along a beach? As the waves move into shallower water, the angle between the wave crests and shoreline increases and the crests become perpendicular to the shoreline As the waves move into shallower water, the angle between the wave crests and shoreline decreases and the crests become more parallel with the shoreline No change occurs in the angle between the shoreline and incoming wave crests as waves move into shallower water As the waves move into shallower water, the wave crests reverse direction and roll back out to sea

As the waves move into shallower water, the angle between the wave crests and shoreline decreases and the crests become more parallel with the shoreline

Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form? Base level drops, the stream raises its channel by depositing sediment, and the former floodplain is left below the present elevation of the stream Base level drops, the stream actively downcuts and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream. Base level rises, the stream downcuts, and the old floodplain is left well about the elevation of the present-day channel A temporary base level such as a dam is constructed, the stream aggrades its channel upstream from the temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well below the present elevation of the stream

Base level drops, the stream raises its channel by depositing sediment, and the former floodplain is left below the present elevation of the stream

How does a water gap form? An antecedent stream; Land is uplifted to form a ridge or mountain. The pre-existing stream downcuts into the rising structure at a rate equal to the rate of uplift A stream lengthens its coarse by headward erosion, eventually capturing and diverting the flow of another stream by means of stream piracy A superposed stream downcuts through flat sedimentary rocks into a buried, preexisting structure such as a ridge or anticline Both antecedent and superposed streams can create water gaps.

Both antecedent and superposed streams can create water gaps.

Underground density anomalies are deep, then the geoid anomalies are____ Narrow Broad

Broad

The common, rock-forming mineral __________, which comprises the rock _______________, most readily dissolves in slightly-acidic groundwater? Calcite / limestone Quartz / Chert Feldspar / shale Mica / schist

Calcite/ limestone

Which of the following is not part of the hydrologic cycle? Water evaporating from a lake Water infiltrating into the soil and bedrock Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater Water moving into creeks and streams following a rainstorm

Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater

Which of the following describes the total sediment load transported by a stream? Capacity Discharge Competence Hydro-load factor

Capacity

Contamination of wells by saltwater intrusion is commonly a problem in _______________ Landfills Perched water tables Coastal Areas Volcanic rocks

Coastal Areas

Which of the following describes the total particle size transported by a stream? Capacity Discharge Competence Hydro-load factor

Competence

Which of the following describes the changes likely to occur in an unconfined aquifer around a pumping well? Inflowing groundwater forms a saturated bulge around the well Spiral motion of groundwater in an upward direction around the well raises the water table Groundwater initially flowing towards a newly-dug well reverses direction once pumping begins Cone of depression forms around the well

Cone of depression forms around the well

Heat from the core is transferred through the mantle to the base of the crust mainly by __________ Conduction Convection Radiation Radioactivity

Convection

What kind of stream pattern develops on uniform bedrock with a branching pattern and a gentle, rolling topography? Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

Dendritic

A dam and reservoir are constructed on a graded river. What will happen? Deposition upstream from the dam; channel down cutting below Channel downcutting upstream from the dam; deposition below Deposition both upstream and downstream from the dam Channel downcutting both upstream and downstream from the dam

Deposition upstream from the dam; channel down cutting below

Which of the following factors do not influence stream turbulence and average velocity? Channel shape and bed roughness Dissolved load and water temperature above freezing Discharge and stream gradient Stream gradient and channel roughness

Dissolved load and water temperature above freezing

At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ________. Tributaries Gullies Rills Distributaries

Distributaries

What is the relationship between drawdown and the cone of depression associated with a pumping well? The drawdown is the diameter of the cone of depression measured at the elevation of the original water table The drawdown is the percentage of available water in the aquifer that has already been used Drawdown is the distance between the original water table and the water level in the well. There is no relationship between drawdown and the cone of depression

Drawdown is the distance between the original water table and the water level in the well.

Which one of the following features is not characteristic of a submergent coastline? Elevated, wave-cut terraces Irregular shorelines Land subsidence Numerous large estuaries

Elevated, wave-cut terraces

As P waves pass from the mantle into the outer core, velocities increase abruptly. True False

False

Earth's radius is slightly longer at the pole, but shorter at the equator. True False

False

Gradients usually increase downstream in a major river system. True False

False

After ice sheets and glaciers, which of the following reservoirs contain(s) the next highest percentage of the Earth's freshwater? Atmosphere Lakes and rivers Groundwater Oceans

Groundwater

Which of the following statements regarding the mapping of the water table is INCORRECT? Groundwater flow lines parallel the water-table contour lines Groundwater flows in a downslope direction perpendicular to the water -table contour lines A landfill can contaminate wells located further downslope of the regional water table in the direction of groundwater flow Water table contours are drawn based on the depth of the water table as measured in nearby wells

Groundwater flow lines parallel the water-table contour lines

For unconfined aquifers, what hydrologic factor is approximated by the slope of the water table? Porosity head Hydro competency Affluent decline Hydraulic gradient

Hydraulic gradient

. How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin? Both runoff and infiltration decrease Runoff decreases while infiltration increases Both runoff and infiltration increases Infiltration decreases while runoff increases

Infiltration decreases while runoff increases

____________ are coastal structures designed to keep tidal and harbor inlets from shifting location or filling with sand. Breakwaters Seawalls Jetties Groins

Jetties

Swash and backwash describe... Movements of water and sand as waves wash up and back again on a beach The circular movement of water beneath a passing wave The motion of longshore currents transporting sand offshore The flow of seawater into and out of an inlet due to the daily rise and fall of tides

Movements of water and sand as waves wash up and back again on a beach

Underground density anomalies are near the surface, then the geoid anomalies are _______ Narrow Broad

Narrow

Which of the following features characterize wide streams and valleys? Rapids and channel-bed potholes Waterfalls and entrenched meanders V-shaped valley cross-sections Natural levees and broad floodplains

Natural levees and broad floodplains

Which one of the following statements is true concerning natural levees? Natural levees are formed where the coarsest sediments are deposited adjacent to the channel during floods Natural levees are depositional features that only form during times when stream discharge is low Natural levees are erosional features left behind when meander cutoff occurs Natural levees are flat terraces on both sides of a stream valley that represent former flood plains left behind by a downcutting stream

Natural levees are formed where the coarsest sediments are deposited adjacent to the channel during floods

Which of the following statements about the 'D' layer is false? Occurs directly below continental and oceanic crust Comprises the bottom few hundred kilometers of the lower mantle Exhibits large horizontal variation in both temperature and composition Birthplace of some mantle plumes

Occurs directly below continental and oceanic crust

_____________ is probably closest in chemical composition to the upper mantle. Granite Shale Andesite Peridotite

Periodotite

What force pushes groundwater from pore to pore below the water table? Integrated saturation impulse Capillary action Pressure gradient or hydraulic gradient Osmosis

Pressure gradient or hydraulic gradient

What type of stream pattern develops only on growing mountains like volcanoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upward? Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

Radial

Which of the following features are characteristic of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution? Rapids, V-shaped valley, and lots of whitewater Wide floodplains and meandering streams U-shaped valley profile with a wide base Natural levees and oxbow lakes

Rapids, V-shaped valley, and lots of whitewater

What kind of stream pattern develops on highly jointed bedrock, containing joints intersecting at right angles and is characterized by straight segments of streams taking on perpendicular directions in areas of joints. Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

Rectangular

The P-wave shadow zone is largely the result of... Reflection of P waves from the inner core-outer core boundary Lower P wave velocities in the mantle than in the crust Refraction of P waves crossing the mantle-core boundary P waves not being able to pass through the outer core

Refraction of P waves crossing the mantle-core boundary

How are spits and baymouth bars formed? A headland is eroded and the sand is deposited in an offshore basin Wave erosion cuts away both sides of a long sand bar, leaving a sand ridge aligned parallel to the shore Sand is deposited partly or completely across an inlet or bay by beach drift and longshore currents Sand eroded from a wave-cut cliff is deposited around sea stacks and arches

Sand is deposited partly or completely across an inlet or bay by beach drift and longshore currents

Geoid is a representation of ________ and its distorted relative to a perfect spheroid formed solely by earths rotation

Sea level

Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams? Sea level drops; land subsides Sea level falls; land rises Sea level rises; land subsides Sea level rises; land rises

Sea level falls; land rises

A ____________ is an isolated, exposed remnant of bedrock that is now offshore. Sea stack Sea span Sea rampart Sea spit

Sea stack

_____________ are built behind a beach and serve to protect structures from strong waves and surges. Jetties Groins Piers Seawalls

Seawalls

Which of the following make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams? Silt and clay-sized, detrital grains Dissolved ions and sand Dissolved salts Sand and gravel that move during floods

Silt and clay-sized, detrital grains

Which of the following rock types would have the largest capacity to naturally remove sewage pollutants? Fractured granite Well-sorted, coarse gravel Slightly clayey sand Limestone with solution channels and caverns

Slightly clayey sand

Which of the following did not contribute to Earth's internal heat? Heat released by colliding particles during the formation of Earth 4.5 billion years ago Solar radiation from the early sun Heat released as iron crystallized to form the solid inner core of early Earth Heat emitted by radioactive decay of isotopes of uranium, thorium, and potassium

Solar radiation from the early sun

______ are the maximum-amplitude tides produced when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned. Rip tides Spring tides Surf tides Neap tides

Spring tides

A ________ is the icicle-like speleothem that grows down from the roof of a cavern. Karst tower Stalactite Stalagmite Sink hole

Stalactite

A ____ is a column like form that grows upward from the floor of a caver. Karst tower Stalactite Stalagmite Sink hole

Stalagmite

A __________ refers to the broad dome of water moving with the eye and frontal portion of a hurricane. Cyclonic mound Storm surge Eyewall ridge Sea dome

Storm surge

Large estuaries are more common on a(n) ___________ coastline. Submergent Retreating Stable Emergent

Submergent

Which of the following statements about barrier islands is false? Barrier islands are low sand ridges that occur offshore and parallel to the mainland. The beach side of barrier islands is identical to the lagoon side in terms of overall appearance, types of sediments, and vegetation Galveston is an example of a barrier island Barrier islands may be associated with a general rise in sea level and are separated from the mainland by a lagoon Barrier islands may migrate over time

The beach side of barrier islands is identical to the lagoon side in terms of overall appearance, types of sediments, and vegetation

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with regard to the water table? The level of the water table never changes regardless of the time of year The water table is the boundary between the zone of aeration above and zone of saturation below The water table intersects the land surface at lakes, streams, and swamps The water table somewhat mimics the surface topography of the landscape

The level of the water table never changes regardless of the time of year

A natural sand bar or low, sand ridge that connects one island to another island or to the mainland is called a __________. Sand groin Spit Barrier island Tombolo

Tombolo

The Earth's magnetic field originates by... Weak electrical currents associated with hot, rising mantle plumes Weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core Magnetic minerals in the inner core Magnetization of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmospheric ozone layer by solar radiation

Weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core

Unsaturated zones are pore spaces filled with ___ & ____

air, water

Darcy's law is the relationship between _____ and ______ conductivity

discharge, hydraulic

A divide is an imaginary line that separates the _____ of two streams, ofter found along a ____.

drainage, ridge

effluent streams ___ water from the ____ of groundwater through the streambed lose, outflow gain, outflow gain, inflow lose, inflow

gain, inflow

A water gap is a notch where a ______ cuts through a _____ that lies in its path

river, ridge

A wave-cut cliff is when a ____ cuts into a _____

surf, cliff